Требования к уровню усвоения содержания дисциплины 4 страница

4. The economic model behind Replay TV is completely different. You pay

one price for the hardware⁵, and that's it. The box hooks up to your television and

receives its broadcast information through a built-in⁶ modem and your telephone

line. In order to make sure of that, there is a mom and pop test.

5. By contrast, Replay TV is simple. The product includes a transparent program guide, which you call up with a remote, allowing you to choose which programming you'd like to record. You can also make what is called a personalized Replay Channel, within simply search the channel guide for shows based on a certain criteria - such as an actor's name, the title of a show or even a genre.

5. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What does Replay TV include ?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. Mention should be made that during the war the radar was being used for detecting airplanes.

2. Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been impossible 60 years ago.

3. If we had used solar energy on a wide scale we should have found a solution to all energy problems.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these molecules being in constant motion.

2. In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and depth.

3. The rays passing through the object being examined produce an image on X-ray film.

4. The engineers are interested in plastics because they offer a rare combination of properties found in no other materials.

5. Electrical forces seem to play a very important part in holding crystals together.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. As to this device it is capable to convert sunlight to another form of energy.

2. Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.

3. The structure of the atom is similar to a planetary system since electrons orbit around a central nucleus.

3.Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

X-RAYS

1. The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery. In 1895 a German scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube X-rays were created.

2. Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and expose in X-ray film This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine, a use we are familiar with.

3. Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what the rays were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.

4. As mentioned above X-rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery. Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries. Flaws and cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X-ray techniques. Famous paintings are often X-rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries.

5. Using X-rays- irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well-known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc. They could obtain materials, of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.

6. Radiation is known to be a mutagenic agent. In microbiology mutations are increased by irradiation. When a large-scale production of penicillin was introduced the best strain yielded 100-200 units of penicillin. Being irradiated with X-rays, the same strain produced more than 1.000 units. Many new uses have been found for this treatment, in agriculture.

5. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What increase was obtained in the productivity of penicillin being irradiated with X-rays?

1. a five-fold increase.

2. a ten-fold increase.

3. a hundred-fold increase.

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. Without progress in the field of electronics it would be impossible to develop either energetics or automation.

2. If we used new plastics materials we should reduce the weight of artificial satellites.

3. X-ray chemical analysis should be applied when the elements to be examined differ widely in atomic number.

1. Some materials undergo chemical changes when subjected to heat and pressure.

2. There are still many problems to be solved concerning radio, radar and television.

3. To make a radioisotope generally means to change the nucleus of a stable element.

4. Matter is said to exist in four states solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma, the latter being a hot ionized gas.

5. The energy being released during the fission of one gramme of uranium is equal to the energy produced by two and a half tons of coal.

1. The speed of electrons is almost the same as the speed of light.

1. This metal possesses high strength due to the addition of tungsten.

3. Copper is in a wide use for cables because it is a good conductor of electricity.

4.Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4, 5-й абзацы.

ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Many of the most serious environment problems of the technological nations result from the use of energy. Every form of energy production is known to cause some damage to the surroundings. A large part of urban air pollution is probably caused by emission from internal combustion engines.Other forms of urban air pollution result from the combustion of coal and low grade oil in steam electric plants or central heating plants.

2. Hydroelectric plants are considered to cause serious problems in the environment as well. One major problem of hydroelectric plants is the enormous weight of the water that fills the lake behind the dam rather quickly after the dam is constructed- The added weight places severe stresses on the geological formation, causing earthquakes in the area- The most severe earthquake - 6.5 on the Richter scale - happened as the lake behind the dam in Kogna (India) was filled.

3. Perhaps, the most tragic problem created by the Aswan High Dam on the

Nile River is the increase of diseases. The still waters behind the dam prove to create a good ground for insects carrying diseases.

4. Another form of environment degradation common to electric power generation is thermal pollution - the dumping of wasted heat into streams of water or the atmosphere. The warmed water-is rather quickly mixed with the streams of water in a lake, this having harmful effect upon ecological balance of the lake.

5. In order to obtain enormous amounts of energy we are building powerful atomic electric stations which open up tine prospects in atomic power industry. However nuclear plants are capable of polluting the environment with radioactive atoms of various elements. Moreover, nuclear reactors of the types now being built will not be widely used as a source of energy because of the scarcity of the isotope "U" which is used as fuel.

6. The largest potential source of nuclear energy is thermo-nuclear fusionby which the nuclei of small atoms are combined to form larger nuclei. However these power plants also contaminate the environment with radioactive elements that are released when the fuel is burnt.

5. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What substances do power plants contaminate the environment with?

1. with radioactive elements.

2. with wasted heat.

3. with gases.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Without up-to-date crystallographic equipment it would be impossible to study the atomic structure of materials.

2. In order to satisfy the demands of comprehensive automation the output of automatic instruments should be greatly increased.

3. Had man learnt to control thermonuclear explosions he would have a practically inexhaustible source of energy.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая, во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. When developing space technology we are facing a number of difficult problems.

2. The main disadvantage of plastics is likely to be poor resistance to heat.

3. Scientists consider solar energy to be an ideal source of power for artificial satellites.

4. Liquid lubricants evaporating in vacuum, scientists developed solid lubricants for space engineering.

5. Wood was perhaps the first material to be used by man for building purposes.

1. As matter and weight are closely connected we usually measure the amount of matter in an object by weighing it.

2. For a long time scientists dreamed to obtain electric power directly from

the sun.

3. Through television we can see events as well as hear programmes even if

they take place many kilometres away.

4. Перепишите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4-й абзацы.

LUNAR EXPLORATION

1. The Earth's nearest celestial neighbour - the Moon - is only 384,400 km away from us. That is why, it appears sufficiently large and bright Lunar exploration began in 1959 when the Soviet Union sent its Luna-3 spacecraft around the Moon. It radioed back- the first photographs of the Moon's far side. In July 1969 two American astronauts landed on the Moon and carried out a variety of experiments on the surface of the Moon.

2. The kilometres of film exposed by the astronauts, the specimens of rock brought back to the Earth and other data studied by hundreds of scientists from countries all over the Earth have led to new views on several basic problems.

3. Before the Moon landings it was thought that the Moon was a simple body with the same composition throughout. But we now know it to be a body with a metallic core at its centre a silica-rich mantle and a crust. Lunar soils proved to contain a type of structure that is not common on Earth. Small glassy globules were present in the soil.

4. The types of rocks that were encountered on the Moon are familiar to our geologists. However, almost all of these rocks have lower proportions of elements with lower melting points than does the Earth. Detailed examinations of the lunar rocks indicate to relatively high proportions of elements with high melting points such as calcium, aluminium and titanium. So the Moon and the Earth seem to lie more similar than had been thought for the last few years. None of the lunar rocks contain any trace of water bound inside their minerals. This ends all hope that water and life existed on the Moon at any time in the past.

5. Thus, due to the lunar exploration the scientists were provided with some information about the composition of the solar system, with the information of the Moon and its relationship to the Earth. One day we may be able to use the far side of the Moon as a site for scientific observatories, for optical, ultraviolet or infrared observations. Twenty or thirty years from now we may be able to visit the Moon as researchers or even as tourists.

5. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What purpose will the Moon's surface be used in future for?

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. In the future new alloys and synthetic materials should replace the metals we use today.

2. If the voltage increased electrons would acquire an energy high enough to ionize neutral molecules which they collide with.

3. It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium without

using the electrothermal method.

1. Many sources of X-rays are supposed to exist in the Universe, but the technical difficulties of observing them are great.

2 Having subjected crystals to X-radiation the scientists could obtain materials with special properties.

3. Welded joints were X-rayed to examine the strength of welding.

4. Architects have designed and built houses to be heated by solar radiation.

5. Radioisotopes being produced in atomic reactors, the engineers began to apply them; for physical measurements and in radiography.

1. Man has recognized that sunlight is a powerful source of energy since ancient times.

2. Hydroelectric energy requires no fuel for electricity is produced from the energy of falling water.

3. In the field of chemistry lasers are used either for diagnostic purposes or for producing chemical changes.

4.Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы.

BASIC STEPS AND CRITERIA

1. Before any product is considered for development, a need for the product must be established. Need is generally established through a market survey of some type. Market surveys vary in scope and complexity, from the detailed questionnaire with personal-interview follow-up of a randomly selected sample of participants, to the simple query by sales personnel of their customers and the observation of customer reactions when a proposed product is first discussed. This latter method is inexpensive and rapid, and has been found very useful by many companies in the small or medium-sized category. To avoid the pitfall of mistaking one's own underlying thought of the survey must be to answer the question: Is there a real need for this product, and, if so, what is the need which this product will fill?

2. The answers to these questions are an invaluable aid in determining the criteria, which must be presented as a prelude to product development.

3. As an example, consider a company contemplating the introduction of a canned roast beef. In questioning, it may be learned that there is a need. What is the need? First, it will add variety to the «instantly» ready meat meals now available. Second, it will fill a need as an item for sandwiches, snacks, and parties. Third, a house-wife with little effort and in a short time will be able to present an appetizing hot meal and thus fill her need to actually perform the function of meal preparation.

4. Criteria for a new product may be established through a joint effort of the departments of sales, quality control, and product development. These criteria outline the underlying factors, which must be built into the new product.

5. Using our previous example of the canned roast beef, the criteria might be:

a) have the appearance and flavor of conventionally prepared roast beef;

b) be self-stable at room temperature for, a minimum of one year;

c) yield a minimum of 90% edible meat from the total weight in the can;

d) serve an average family of four from a unit package.

Armed with the criteria we can now begin the product development cycle.

5. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

How many criteria might be for a new product?