A) Read the text and answer the following questions

Are diesel engines as reliable as gas engines?

Is a diesel engine more reliable than a gas engine?

Does a diesel engine get better gas mileage than a gasoline engine? Why?

What does the author recommend to avoid fuel gelling?

1. Diesel engines get better fuel economy simply because they do not need to burn as much fuel as a gas engine to get the same power. Diesel engines are also built heavier than a gas engine to sustain the added stress of the higher compression ratio. Diesel engines do not have an ignition system so you will never have to tune them up. Exhaust systems last longer because diesel fuel exhaust is not as corrosive a gasoline engine exhaust. It is not unusual to see a diesel engine with 400,000, 500,000 and I have even seen them go as much as 600,000 miles.

2. The down side is they are fairly noisy. You will get the typical diesel clatter at idle, but that goes away off idle. At normal driving speeds they are as quiet as a gasoline engine. You won't get the same acceleration that you get from a gasoline engine. But a turbo diesel will get up and go fairly quickly. You will need to adjust your driving habits somewhat also.

3. As for maintenance, 3,000 mile oil changes are a must! Diesel fuel is not as refined as gasoline and the oil will get dirtier than a gasoline engine. I recommend replacing air and fuel filters once a year. If you live in a cold climate, you will need to switch to a winter blend fuel to prevent fuel gelling. There are additives you can put in the fuel to help prevent this as well. I also recommend replacing glow plugs every two years as well. If temperatures drop below 10 degrees F, I would also recommend a block heater. This will insure cold weather starts, especially with the heavier grade oil that diesel engines require.

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B) Complete the table.

Characteristics	Gasoline	Diesel	causes / results
fuel economy		better
weight
service life(exhaust system)			to sustain the added stress of the higher compression ratio
maintenance
Mileage
start and acceleration
fuel

Text 1C. Engines and Exhaust after Treatment Systems

For Future Automotive Applications

Render the following information according to this pattern:

1. The title of this text (information) is …

2. The text deals with … .

3. At the beginning the author explains (describes, introduces) …. .

4. Then the author pays attention to the issue of ( focuses on ) …

5. The author givesdetails concerning the ….

6. The advantages and disadvantages of …. are described and analyzed.

7. The improvements are proposed for …

8. The improved version of … is compared with (the conventional or analogue design).

9. The explanation is supported by (examples, results of experiments, pictures, graphs and diagrams).

10.In the end the author makes a conclusion that ….. .

Emission control systems with chemical and physical sensors

1. In order to meet the more and more stringent emission regulations gasoline as well as diesel engines will need continuously improved exhaust after treatment systems. The options for the various applications are highlighted in the following. Today exhaust gas of gasoline engines is typically treated with “Three Way Catalysts” (TWC). The catalyst converts the pollutants CO, NO_X and Hydrocarbons into harmless compounds like CO₂, H₂O and N₂ by chemical reactions. Lambda-Sensors control the air fuel ratio of the engine and catalyst performance in order to get the best possible conversion of the pollutants.

2. Modern lean burn engines have other options. Here the pollutants in the exhaust gases are only partially converted by a TWC function i.e. CO and Hydrocarbons. For the remaining NOX a so called NOX Storage Catalyst (NSC) is employed, which chemically stores NO and NO₂ during lean burn phase. For the conversion of stored NOX the engine is periodically shifted to fuel rich operation. This more complex system is controlled with the help of mathematical catalyst models and by Lambda-, Temperature- and optionally NOX-Sensors as well.

3. Diesel engine exhaust of heavy duty vehicles will be treated with ammonia by Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to reduce NOX additionally to the catalytic oxidation of CO and Hydrocarbons. The ammonia is generated on board of the vehicle using harmless precursors like for example urea. For the control of this system Lambda-, Temperature- NOX- and optionally NH₃-Sensors are employed.

4. In addition to gaseous pollutants the particulate emissions from diesel engines will be removed by Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF). The system of oxidation catalyst and DPF is controlled by Temperature-, Pressure- and Particulate-Sensors. The mentioned highlights show that all three goals safe, clean and efficient can be met in the future by both gasoline and diesel engines combined with modern exhaust after treatment systems.

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Unit 2

New Words

Nouns

	Cam	Кулачок
	Torque	Крутящий момент
	Bulkhead	Перегородка
	connecting rod	Шатун
	Throttle	Дроссельная заслонка
	bore and stroke	диаметр цилиндра и длина хода
	knock	детонационный стук в двигателе
	crankshaft	коленчатый вал
	capacity	емкость
	reliability	надежность

Verbs

	evolve	развивать
	explore	исследовать
	mate with	соединять с чем-л.
	be biased toward	быть рассчитанным на что-л.
	feature	иметь особенность
	employ	использовать
	Pressurize	повышать давление
	incorporate	включить

Adjectives

	Direct	Прямой
	Variable	изменяемый
	homogenous	Однородный
	smooth	гладкий/плавный
	forged	Кованый
	Liquefied	cжиженный /жидкий
	conventional	Обычный
	secure	Безопасный
	unique to	присущийтолько

Adverbs

	approximately	приблизительно
	Internally	между собой
	Infinitely	непрерывно
	Steadily	постоянно
	continuously	непрерывно
	Initially	первоначально

Word Combinations

	GM's North American engine volume	объем продаж двигателя, выпускаемого GM( GeneralMotors), рассчитанный на рынок Северной Америки
	EPA fuel economy regulations	требования AOOC, предъявляемые к расходу топлива (агентством по охране окружающей среды )
	the automakers global inline-four-cylinder range	целая серия рядных 4-х цилиндровых двигателей
	to have their eyes on	следить зачем-либо
	to put signifi­cant focus on	уделять особое внимание
	twin-port heads	головки блока цилиндров с двумя отверстиями
	the Chevrolet Volt's series-hybrid generator	генератор последовательного возбуждения
	two-step valve lift	подъем двухступенчатого клапана
	infi­nitely variable cam phasing	бесступенчатое регулированиекулачка
	smooth, low-rpm torque delivery	плавная работа двигателя на малых оборотах
	premium-octane fuel	бензин с высоким октановым числом
	variable valve timing (VVT)	Изменяемаяфазагазораспределения
	higher boost pressure	Давлениенаддува
	a freer flowing exhaust system.	система выпуска с низким противодавлением
	wide open throttle	режим работы при полностью открытой дроссельной заслонке
	high –capacity coolant passages	каналы системы охлаждения большого объема
	sodium-cooled exhaust valves	выпускные клапаны с натриевым охлаждением
	twin-scroll turbocharger	турбокомпрессор с двойной спиралью (двойной улиткой)
	a camshaft –driven pump	топливный насос с кулачковым валом
	a grey-iron casting	отливка из серого чугуна
	a cast –aluminum oil pan	литой алюминиевый масляный поддон
	a variable-dis­placement oil pump	насос переменного объема
	a conventional fixed –flow pump	обычный насос с постоянным расходом

Glossary

	Euro 6	is the latest diesel engine emission legislation being driven by the European Commission
	GM Family Zero	the new power plant for the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid with three-cylinder versions on lithium-ion batteries
	The Family II	is a straight-4piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in the early 1980s.
	The Ecotec brand	is a new engine family and compatible with most vehicles made after 2005.
	CNG	compressed natural gas (Methane stored at high pressure) that can be used in place of gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel and propane/LPG
	octane number	determines the resistance of a motor fuel to knock.

Exercise 1. Match the pairs of synonyms: