INPUT —► PROCESS —► OUTPUT 5 страница

You might have to break your usual rules for thinking or create some new ones when trying to make an idea work. You need to ask «what if» questions. By doing this, you allow yourself to question the possible, the impractical, and even the impossible. For example, what if there were a pill that would make anyone smarter? Who would take it? How many would you have to take to be really smart? Would you want everyone to have the same degree of «smartness»?

To improve your creativity even more, take a closer look at things you usually take for granted. For example, who says a wheel has to be round? Part of being creative is changing patterns, looking at things differently, and experimenting.

б) За допомогою словника перекладіть виділені слова, слово­
сполучення та частини речень.

в) Розбийте текст на смислові фрагменти та коротко визначте
їх зміст.

г) Виберіть з тексту якомога більше дієслів та словосполучень
з дієсловами, які стосуються теми „Problem-solving strategy".

д) Дайте письмовий переклад трьох останніх абзаців тексту.
є) Знайдіть у тексті речення, в яких є неособові форми дієслова.

Який відсоток від кількості речень тексту становлять ці ре­чення? Перекладіть їх рідною мовою.

ж) Дайте свої відповіді на запитання „what if" з п'ятого абзацу тексту.

І ЗАВДАННЯ ДО УРОКІВ 5-6

Завдання 1.Перекладіть рідною мовою:

a) to expect, to break, to choose, to guess, to investigate, to prove, to
process, to check, to gather, to fix, to explore, to give up, to predict,
to restrict.

b) definition, requirement, output, input, feedback, amount, source,
circuit, accident, trap, key.

c) whole, even, common, exact, particular, pure, strict, willing.

авдання 2.

а) Складіть якомога більше словосполучень з поданими нижче
словами:

design, mistakes, statement, development, research, problem, input, cycle, engineer, system, rocket, data, model, scientist, modem, strategy, definition, information, achievements, sources, solution, output, correction, age, necessity, computer, services, science, identification, production.

research strategies development; design information sources;

б) Проаналізуйте та перекладіть подані нижче словосполучення,
які складаються з трьох іменників, за такою схемою:

information analysis stage; problem input cycle; information mistake analysis; design strategy definition; research data analysis.

ЗавданняЗ. Перекладіть подані нижче речення рідною мовою:

1. Always use the guards on each machine. Keep hands and fingers
away from all moving parts.

2. Technology is growing at an exponential rate. It is doubling
every few years. To make it even faster, the time it takes to
double is getting even shorter.

3. Three - dimensional graphs can make it easier to understand
information.

4. Solar panels help to solve the problem of using fossil fuels like
gasoline.

5. The energy produced by the sun can charge batteries to power
electric vehicles.

6. Saving our world is a problem we all need to work on.

7. Solar - powered vehicles can help to save our environment.

8. The steps of the problem-solving strategy can be used to help
you solve problems by learning from past experiences and
mistakes.

9. This knowledge can then be used to change or improve technology
that already exists.

10. You are not forced to "re-invent the wheel" each time you want
to begin a project.

11. Only a few hundred of the thousands of human - made objects
in space today are considered w^Torking spacecraft.

12. Liquid crystal battery testers change color to show if the battery
is strong or weak.

13. About a century ago skyscraper construction was made possible
through the use of steel framing.

14. The world's tallest self-supporting structure of any kind,
anywhere, is a TV and radio transmission tower in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada.

15. Asking "what-if" questions helps open your mind.

16. Now anyone can use calculators without special training, and
anyone can afford to buy one.

17. Some technologies have changed to better meet our needs.

18. It is easy to see how the speed of technology has increased when
you chart it on a type of graph called a timeline.

19. Being able to communicate with others is a very important skill
that you work with in all your subjects.

20. You also must know how to enter the information correctly
into the calculator or computer.

21. The fast food industry has used technology to help make food as
efficiently as possible.

22. Every fast-food restaurant must try to keep costs down to be
competitive.

23. It is important to exercise both your muscles and your brain.

24. The study area should include a place to write, a light, and a place
for a computer.

25. One of the most important abilities for you to develop is being
adaptable.

26. Being adaptable means you can change your work skills without
difficulty.

27. You learn the main skills needed to do a specific job as you are
doing the job.

28. The special chocolate bars are supposed to hold their shape at
temperatures of up to 140 F.

29. Tying all the subjects that are learned in school together makes
learning fun for students.

30. Part of your job as a member of society is to evaluate technology's
effects on you and on your environment.

31. Geographic Information System can be used to predict and to
visualize millions of pieces of information that would otherwise
be impossible to understand.

32. Silicon,the best ingredient for making computer chips today,also
turns out to be a great material for making mechanical parts.

33. Researchers can build micromachines using the technology
developed to make computer chips.

34. Micromachines are being used today to monitor automobile
brakes.

Завдання 4. Прочитайте поданий нижче текст, намагаючись якомога точніше зрозуміти його зміст.

Текст 7А

You live in an information age. You've already learned how fast the knowledge base is growing. You also know it is impossible for any one person to know everything. An educated person isn't necessarily someone who knows everything. An educated person knows where to find the information he or she needs!

A computer can be used to access (find) information on many topics. You can access information in several ways. Personal computers can be interfaced, or attached to, a CD-ROM (compact disk-read only memory) drive. An entire electronic encyclopedia, for example, can be accessed through a compact disk (CD). A compact disk can hold 1,300 times as much information as a floppy disk. Besides that, it accesses information in a matter of seconds. If you needed information on crash testing of cars, by the time you pulled the encyclopedia from the shelf, the computer would have that information for you. In addition, the computer lists cross-references that allow you to tie the information with other subjects. Sometimes not all the information is available on CDs but many electronic encylopedias also include a bibliography (list of resources) so you can explore further.

Another way to access information from the outside world is by hooking the computer to a modem and a telephone line. A modem is an electronic device that lets computers share information. Attaching a modem to your computer lets you communicate with any other computer that has a modem. Modem is another acronym. It stands for modulator- demodulator.

Two computers can communicate with each other only if one computer can decode (understand) the information received from the other computer. When you receive a file over a modem it is called downloading. When you send a file over the modem to another computer it is called uploading. Communications software on each computer sets up a protocol (special settings) to allow information transfer. One important protocol is how fast information is sent on the telephone line. This is called the baud rate. Most common modems operate from 1,200 to 9,600 baud. The faster the baud rate, the less time you have to spend using the telephone line. The baud rate is important because if you're communicating long-distance the cost can increase quickly!

Using your computer and modem, you can access information stored in huge mainframe computers. Information services are companies that sell information to you. Did you ever think about paying for information like you would for another product such as a hamburger? A rapidly growing use of computers is for accessing information. Whenever a topic needs to be researched, an information service can save valuable time. It gives you bibliographies and abstracts (brief summaries) of articles in magazines as well as books. Abstracts let you see whether that resource will be useful to you.

Завдання5. Перекладіть подані нижче слова та словосполучен­ня з Тексту 7А:

a) knowledge base, information age, compact disc drive, crash testing,
telephone line, communications software, information transfer,
mainframe computers, information services, cross references;

b) to access information, to interface a computer, to tie the
information with other subjects, to hook the computer to a modem,
to share information, to decode information, to receive information,
to communicate long-distance, to store information, to save time;

c) ROM (read only memory), CD (compact disc), bibliography, modem,
downloading, uploading, baud rate, abstract.

Завдання б.Дайте відповіді на запитання до Тексту 7:

1. Should an educated person know everything? What is important
for an educated person?

2. In what way can a personal computer be used to access
information?

3. Why is bibliography important?

4. What do we call "an abstract"?

5. What do we use a modem for?

6. How can you explain the terms "downloading", "uploading", "baud
rate"?

7. What is the baud rate of modern modems?

Завдання 7.Прочитайте вголос Текст 7 та перекладіть його рідною мовою.

Завдання 8.Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть рідною мовою поданий нижче текст.

Текст 7Б

Einstein believed that «The whole of science is nothing more than an improvement of everyday thinking». The way this improvement has been achieved has been through the discovery and perfection of the experimental method - possibly the greatest contribution science has made to human progress. Indeed, several writers considered that science is no more than this method - the scientific method as it is sometimes called. Karl Pearson, the founder of the twentieth century science of statistics, thought that «the unity of all science consists alone in its method, not in its material». This method is good for all the sciences and the technologies also, and is of course widely applied in other disciplines.

The first step a scientist (or technologist) takes towards solving a problem is to collect all the information that may relate to the question: this is the observation stage. He then formulates a theory as to how such facts are to be interpreted: this is the hypothesis stage. He then designs and makes a series of controlled tests to try to confirm his working hypothesis: this is the experimental stage. If results of the experiments prove his theory correct he formulates his answer to the problem: this is the conclusion stage. Of course, it often happens that the working hypothesis does not stand up under experiment. Т.Н. Huxley called this «the great tragedy of science". When this occurs the scientist must go back as often as necessary until he achieves a hypothesis that not only explains all the observed facts but can be confirmed by controlled experiment. This is the classic inductive theory of scientific method «still taught to every generation of students».

Завдання 9.Складіть 7 запитань до Тексту 7Б. Завдання 10.Дайте свій варіант назви до Тексту 7Б.

Завдання 11.Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи відому вам лексику та граматичні структури:

1. Комп'ютери - важливий інструмент для вирішення техніч­
них проблем.

2. Комп'ютери часто використовуються для пошуку та органі­
зації інформації, проведення розрахунків, письма, малювання
та розв'язання інших завдань.

3. Перші комп'ютери були більш громіздкими й дорогими, ніж
сучасні.

4. Закодована інформація, що керує комп'ютером, має назву «про­
грамне забезпечення».

5. Іноді комп'ютери використовуються як потужні електронні
друкарські машинки.

6. Спеціальні комп'ютерні програми використовуються, щоб
проектувати нові технічні пристрої.

7. Використовуючи комп'ютерну графіку, ми можемо створю­
вати сучасну рекламну продукцію.

8. Майбутні комп'ютери будуть більш швидкодіючими та менш
дорогими.

9. Для того щоб працювати з текстовою інформацією, ми вико­
ристовуємо спеціально розроблений текстовий процесор.

10. Використання автоматичного проектування - одна з найне-обхідніших умов розвитку виробництва сьогодні.

Завдання 12.Як ви розумієте вислів: „Science is built of facts, the way a house is built of bricks; but an accumulation of facts isno more a science than a pile of bricks is a house" (J. H.Poincare).

Завдання ІЗ.Підготуйте невелике письмове оповідання (200-250 слів), яке б розкривало зміст висловлення: „Science would not be science without communication."

Завдання І.Уважно прочитайте та запам'ятайте подані нижче слова та їх переклад:

to include	включати	включать
to hire	наймати	нанимать
raw	необроблений	необработанный
just as	так само, як	точно так, как
proper	відповідний	соответствующий
since	з того часу як	с тех пор как
to rely on	покладатися на	полагаться на
fuel	паливо	топливо
fossil	копалина	ископаемое
to remain	залишатися	оставаться
coal	вугілля	уголь
timber	лісоматеріали	лесоматериалы
once	якщо вже	если уж
supply	постачання	снабжение
to borrow	запозичати	заимствовать
loan	позика	заём
to bend	згинатися, гнутися	сгибаться, гнуться
to charge	доручати; заряджати	поручать; заряжать
profit	користь, прибуток	польза, выгода
bill	рахунок	счет
to waste	витрачати даремно	тратить зря
appropriate	придатний,	соответствующий,
	відповідний	подходящий

to pollute claim to dispose (of) garbage to bury to burn to dump

загрязнять требование избавляться (от) мусор, отбросы прятать, закапывать сжигать сбрасывать

забруднювати

вимога

позбавлятися (чогось)

сміття

ховати, закопувати

спалювати

скидати

Завдання 2.Прочитайте та перекладіть подані нижче слова, ґрун­туючись на їх подібності до слів рідної мови:

resources, production, material, contact, natural, training, intelligence, mineral, vegetation, oil, gas, energy, transport, factor! cycle.

Завдання З.Прочитайте подані нижче словосполучення. Дайте їх еквіваленти рідною мовою:

resource list, to meet the needs, raw materials, people skilled in a particular field, proper training and education, complex machines, remains of dead vegetation and animals, natural gas, the world's supply of oil, to last forever, solar energy, interest on the loan, food container, packaging materials.

Завдання 4.Використовуючи значення відомих вам слів та пра­вила словотворення, перекладіть подані нижче групи слів. Визначте, до якої частини мови кожне з них належить (майте на увазі, що іноді різні частини мови, дві чи три, збігаються за формою):

product - produce - producer - production

train - retrain - training

intellect ~ intellectual - intelligent - intelligence - intelligent

transport - transport - transportation

hot - heat(l,2) - heating

light (1,2,3) -lightening

place (1,2) - replace - placement

nucleus - nuclear

lend - lender

ever - forever

thermal - geothermal

safe (1,2) - safely

pollute - pollution - polluted - pollutant

round - around - surround

Завдання 5.

а) Уважно вивчіть таблицю вживання модальних дієслів:

МОДАЛЬНІ	ЗНАЧЕННЯ	Час
ДІЄСЛОВА		ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ/	МИНУЛИЙ
		МАЙБУТНІЙ
may	(1) ввічливе прохання	May I borrow your	-
		pen?
	(2) формальний	You may leave the	-
	дозвіл	room.
	(3) менш ніж 50%	-Where's John?	He may have been
	ймовірності	- He may be at the	at the library.
		library.
can	(1) наявність чи	I can run fast.	I could run fast
	відсутність вміння/		when I was a child,
	можливості		but now I can't.
	(2) неформальний	You can use my car.
	дозвіл
	(3) неформальне	Can I borrow your
	ввічливе прохання	pen?
	(4) неможливість	That can't be true!	That can't have
	(тільки негативне)		been true!
could	(1) вміння в минулому		I could run fast
			when I was a child.
	(2) ввічливе прохання	Could I borrow your	_
		pen?
		Could you help me?
	(3) припущення	-1 need help in math.	You could have
		- You could talk to	talked to your
		your teacher.	teacher.
	(4) менш ніж 50%	-Where's John?	He could have
	ймовірності	- He could be at	been at home.
		home.
	(5) неможливість	That couldn't be true!	That couldn't have
	(тільки заперечення)		been true!
be able to	(1) уміння, здібність	I am able to help you.	I was able to help
		I wiil be able to help	him.
		you.
must	(1) велика	I must go to class	I had to go to class
	необхідність	today.	yesterday.
	(2)заборона	You must not open
	(негативне)	that door.
	(3) 95% ймовірності	Mary isn't in class.	Mary must have
		She must be sick.	been sick
		(present only)	yesterday.

МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА	ЗНАЧЕННЯ	Час
ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ/ МАЙБУТНІЙ	МИНУЛИЙ
have to	(1) необхідність (2) відсутність необ­хідності (негативне)	І have to go to class today. I don't have to go to class today.	I had to go to class yesterday. I didn't have to go to class yesterday,
be to	(1)висока ймовірність, домовленість	You are to be here at 9:00.	You were to be here at 9:00.
shall	(1) ввічливий спосіб запропонувати якусь дію	Shall I open the window?	—

б) Перекладіть подані нижче речення та прокоментуйте значен­ня модальних дієслів:

І

1. Practice can do a lot of good.

2. You cannot see atoms even with a powerful microscope.

3. You could not see him yesterday.

4. He cannot make such a serious mistake.

5. You can become an expert in the field only if you work seriously
and creatively, and try to advance a little bit every day.

6. May I come in?

7. You may use my dictionary.

8. We may discuss the problem at the meeting.

9. May I have a smoke in this room?

10. You must have all the necessary books at the lesson.

11. One and all, we must devotedly work for the good of our country.

12. We badly needed the dictionary.

13. He does not need your book any longer.

14. Every student should read this article.

15. He should help his friend.

16. You should not do such things in future.

17. You should know this material perfectly well.
18.1 do not need your book any longer.

19. He will need your advice.

20. The students must work better to pass their examinations well.

II

1. You are to read this paper before the conference.

2. He is to make a report at the conference.

3. She is to come here at five o'clock.

4. As I was to be at the Academy at 9 sharp I had to take a taxi.

5. Will you have to get up early tomorrow?

6. No, I did not have to come to the Academy early.

7. Devices in the rocket have to operate under very difficult
conditions.

8. At the speed of seven miles per second the rocket will have to
travel over a million years to reach Sirius, one of the nearest
stars.

9. The rocket is able to travel in a vacuum even better than it can
through the air.

10. She is able to do this.

11. In some years we shall be able to solve this problem.

Ill

1. He must have translated that article yesterday.

2. They must have forgotten all about it.

3.The discussion must have been very interesting. It's a pity I could not stay.

4. The students may have translated these articles last month.

5. They may have returned home already.

6. My friend may have left two days ago.

7. They could have taken their exam in English yesterday.

8. She could have arrived some days ago.

9. He might have left his book in some other place.
10. She might have come if you had asked her.

11.1 should have done it before.

12. You should have translated those articles long ago.

13. You could have informed me in time.

14. The moving parts of the machine must have been lubricated not
to damage the machine at work.

15. A specially designed computer should have been used in the
equipment of the meteo probe.

16. You might have known that to stop the flow of electricity you
have to use a switch.

17. The article should have been translated long ago, where is the
translation?

IV

1. We can't always predict accurately how a change will affect us or our world. We can only be sure that everything changes eventually.

2. Advances in technology can have a great impact on the world if
they are made available to all people.

3. If medical equipment and people could be put in an airplane,
people all over the world might be helped.

4. If you wanted to design a bycicle, for example, you would not
have to invent the wheel. But you might just want to change the
shape of the wheel.

5. New knowledge can then be used to change or improve technology
that already exists.

6. The saying «you don't have to reinvent the wheel» means that
you do not have to start from the beginning to solve a problem.

7. You will see that even though you don't have to reinvent the
wheel, that doesn't mean you shouldn't try.

8. Researchers might try many ideas until the problem is solved.

9. The energy produced by the sun can charge batteries to pow^rer
electric vehicles.

10. Computers can be used to make 3-D graphics colourful and
interesting.

11. Life science and technology can be combined to produce food in
a fish farm.

12. Being able to communicate with others is a very important skill
that you work with in all your subjects.

13. In all your courses you need to be able to let your teachers and
others know what your ideas are.

14. Using calculators you have to know what math operations
(addition, substraction, multiplication, and division) to use in
solving a problem. You must also know how to enter the
information correctly into the calculator or computer.

15. Every fast-food restaurant must try to keep costs down to be
competitive.

16. As business manager you will have to solve a lot of problems.

Завдання б.Прочитайте текст, намагайтеся якомога точніше зро­зуміти і запам'ятати його зміст.

Текст 8 Where Do We Get Resources?

Before you can make anything you will need resources. Resources can be anything that is used in the production of a product. What are some of the resources you can use, and where do you find them? Your resource list might include: