INPUT —► PROCESS —► OUTPUT 3 страница

- computers that can think and learn on their own.
Research is being conducted on each of these areas today. For

example, your home or car of the future will be controlled by computers. Parts of them already are.

Завдання 7.Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть поданий ниж­че текст.

Until late the nineteenth century, engineering as an applied science was divided into two principal groups,civil and military. Mining and metallurgy was the first group to be recognized as a separate branch and the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers was founded in 1871. In 1880the American Society of Mechanical Engineers was created and in 1884 the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) was organized. In 1908the American Institute of Chemical Engineers appeared and since then a number of other branch societies have been founded to deal with the aims characteristic of specialized fields of engineering.

авдання 8.

а) Прочитайте текст з метою якомога точніше зрозуміти його зміст.

In fact the beginning of civilization and the beginning of engineering are coincident. Down through the ages, the engineer has been in the forefront as a maker of history. His material accomplishments have had as much impact on world history as any political, economic or social developments.

Basically, the role of engineer has not changed through the centuries. His job is to take knowledge and make practical use of it. He converts scientific theory into useful application, and in so doing, he provides for man's material needs and well-being.

Outstanding characteristics of engineers through the centuries have been a willingness to work and an intellectual curiosity about the behavior of things. Their queries about Why? , How? , With what?, At What Cost? have all served to stimulate an effort to find desirable answers to many types of technological problems.

Another characteristic associated with engineers is the ability to see ahead. The engineer must have a fertile imagination, must be creative, and must be ready to accept new ideas. Whether an engineer lived at the time of construction of pyramids or has only recently graduated in nuclear engineering, these characteristics have been an important part of his intellectual make up.

б) Визначте, які з поданих нижче речень відповідають змісту

тексту:

1. Civilization and engineering belong to different periods of time-.

о /

о о

2. Outstanding engineers have always been among those people
who determined the course of history.

3. Engineers use information and knowledge to invent devices
helping to make our life easier.

4. Asking a lot of questions does not help solving technological
problems.

5. Curiosity, creative imagination and desire to work in engineers
stimulate technology development.

в) Дайте пояснення або переклад виділених слів та словосполу­
чень.

г) Дайте відповіді на такі запитання:

1. What is the role of engineers in the history of mankind?

2. What characteristics should an individual possess to become a
good engineer?

Завдання 9.Перекладіть англійською мовою поданий нижче текст.

Що таке техніка? Якими шляхами вона розвивається? Давай­те знайдемо відповіді на ці запитання.

По-перше, ви повинні знати, що техніка почала своє існуван­ня багато століть тому. її розвиток поділяється на декілька пе­ріодів, які залежать від того, чим користувалися люди в той чи інший момент.

Перший період має назву «кам'яний вік». У цю епоху люди використовували знаряддя, виготовлені з каменю, кісток тварин чи з дерева.

Другий період — «бронзовий вік», де люди змішували мідь з оловом, щоб мати міцніший метал — бронзу.

Третій період має назву «залізний вік», де люди мали справу з залізом, за допомогою якого інструменти виготовлялися швидше.

Наступні періоди - «доіндустріальна революція» і «індустріа­льна революція» - відрізнялися тим, що тоді з'являлися фабри­ки. Велика кількість винаходів внесла зміни в життя того часу.

Останній період має назву «Новітня історія». Він поділяєть­ся на епохи, назви яких відображають технічний розвиток кож­ної епохи. Таким чином, ми можемо сказати, що техніка не сто­їть на місці.

Завдання 10.Складіть стислу доповідь на тему „Історія розвит­ку техніки, її місце в нашому житті та перспективи в майбут­ньому." (Обсяг доповіді 100 слів.)

Завдання1. Уважно прочитайте подані

клад. Запам'ятайте їх:

to state definition exact requirement amount to explore source current to evaluate particular to choose entire to fail slim

to give up відмовитися

заявляти визначення точний вимога кількість досліджувати джерело поточний оцінювати особливий, специфічний вибирати повний, цілий потерпати невдачу незначний, тонкий

right away price circuit

негайно ціна

контур, електричне коло

повертати, відновлювати

to retrieve

from scratch від початку

нижче слова та їх пере-

отказаться

заявлять

определение

точный

требование

количество

исследовать

источник

текущий

оценивать

специфический, особый

выбирать полный, весь потерпеть неудачу

незначительный, тонкий

немедленно цена

контур, электричес­кая цепь

восстанавливать, возвращать

с самого начала

pure	чистий	чистый
strict	точний, вибагливий	точный, строгий
to guess	припускати	предполагать
trap	пастка	ловушка
set	набір	набор
to restrict	обмежувати	ограничивать
path	шлях, доріжка	путь
to investigate	розслідувати	расследовать
accident	нещасний випадок	несчастный случай
willing	охочий	усердный, готовый
to prove	доводити	доказывать

Завдання 2.Прочитайте та перекладіть подані нижче слова, ґрун­туючись на їх подібності до слів рідної мови:

strategy, parameter, detail, specific, to identify, resources, chance, review, cycle, experimentation, department, actually, supermarket, portable, microchip, silicon, component, part, hypothesis, to block smth.

Завдання З.Прочитайте подані нижче словосполучення. По­дайте їх еквіваленти рідною мовою:

a design brief, throughout life, problem statement, to state what the problem is in your own words, to take measurements, accurate notes, totally perfect, along with, problem solving cycle, final solution, basic research, applied research, supermarket pricing, electronic circuit, to start from scratch, to keep an open mind, by accident, to have smth. in common, to have investigating minds, proven facts, the same, the exact same.

Завдання 4.а) Проаналізуйте подані нижче групи однокорене-вих слів щодо їх форми, значення та належності до певної час­тини мови:

to state - statement - to restate - restatement

accurate - accuracy - accurately

to research - research - researcher

to solve - solution

to define - definition

to require - requirement

to explore - exploration - explorer

current - currently

to identify - identification

to review - review - reviewer

to choose - choice

to predict - prediction

to guess - guess

willing - willingness

to reason - reason - reasoning

to evaluate - evaluation

to fail - failure

to restrict - restriction

to proove - proof

perfect - to perfect - perfection

б) Перекладіть слова із попереднього завдання рідною мовою та доповніть таблицю словотвору:

NOUN	VERB	ADJECTIVE	ADVERB

б) ING - forms

^^\VOICE TENSE^^-\^	ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ДІЯ
INDEFINITE	writing asking	, . { written bein9 asked	одночасна
PERFECT	, . , written havin9 } asked	having , written been ' asked	попередня

в) PARTICIPLE II

СТАНДАРТНІ ДІЄСЛОВА	НЕСТАНДАРТНІ ДІЄСЛОВА
V + -ed asked	третя форма за таблицею нестандартних дієслів written

Таблиця 2. Функції неособових форм дієслова

Завдання 5.Уважно вивчіть таблиці форм та функцій неособо­вих форм дієслова.

Таблиця 1. Неособові форми дієслова a) INFINITIVE

\^VOICE TENSE Xs,^	ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ДІЯ
INDEFINITE	to write to ask	to be written to be asked	одночасна
CONTINUOUS	to be writing to be asking	-	одночасна у розвитку
PERFECT	to have written to have asked	to have been written to have been asked	попередня
PERFECT CONTINUOUS	to have . writing been ' asking	-	попередня у розвитку

ФУНКЦІЯ	INFINITIVE	ING -форма	PARTICIPLE II
1) підмет	It was hard tosolve this problem. To haveyour criticism now would be important.	Learningrules without examples is useless. It's no use tryingto repair this device.	-
2) частина присудка	He began to workas an engineer last year. He was to present his report at our meeting.	One of the quickest ways of travelling is goingby plane. The effect of her words was terrifying.	This new motor will be used in our laboratory. The car has already done200 miles today.
3) додаток	I'd like to askhim what this equation means. He finds it easy to understandthis phenomenon.	We were right in thinkingthat the original structure dated back to some time before 1066. I should enjoy examiningthat at some time later.	-

Продовження таблиці 2

4) означен­ня	You must let me have time to consideryour proposal. She was the first to come.There is nothing to speakabout.	The problems being discussedat this conference are of great importance for the development of chemistry. It is a new and interesting way of working.	The used method was very important. The heat producedis equal to the work doneto produce it.
5) обстави­на	To understand these principles one must know the Periodic Law. This device is used to measurethe electric energy.	in, by, without; through, because of, far, for fear of, owing to; on, upon, after, before; in spite of; as if; if.	when, if, though
Water becomes ice when cooled If placedin different locations the weight of the body is different. Though invitedhe did not come
Being askedthe student answered perfectly well. Having finishedhis experiment, he compared the results. He achieved these results by raisingthe temperature. We understood the article without translatingit.

Завданняб. Перекладіть рідною мовою подані нижче фрагмен­ти речень, звертаючи увагу на неособові форми дієслова: a) a challenging problem, problem - solving strategy, steps to follow, a plan for solving a problem, the first in solving a problem, information related to a problem, a simple question to ask, a big step toward solving the problem, the chances of your idea being perfect,applied research,a silicon chip containing thousands of electronic circuits, a reason for keeping an open mind, proven facts, a problem requiring full use of our knowledge, the promised proposition, problems caused by the advancement of technology, technology - related careers, decisions based on facts, the problems being solved, tools made of stone.

b) where to start, use it to solve all kinds of problems, how to use the plan, in trying to solve a problem, being able to say it, you need to explore ideas, the idea promised to be exciting and fun, to obtain the job you need to have experience, technology involves thinking and doing, testing your idea, taking measurements,

evaluating what happened, gathering information, using this information, doing things is fun.

Завдання 7.Перекладіть речення рідною мовою, звертаючи ува­гу на використання неособових форм дієслова. Майте на увазі, що правильність вибору способу передачі значення неособової форми рідною мовою залежить від правильності визначення функції цієї форми в реченні.

1. In the problem solving strategy, you spend a lot of time exploring
ideas.

2. Someone may suggest an idea or invent something to solve a
particular problem.

3. Research helps us gather information.

4. Basic research is gathering information that helps us understand
things about the world around us.

5. Applied research is the kind of research done to solve a particular
problem.

6. Basic and applied research use the same two methods to get
information: gathering already - known information and
experimenting.

7. Using already - known information saves time because you do
not have to start from scratch every time.

8. Experimenting is like the testing part of your problem - solving
strategy.

9. Research is also done by experimenting to find out how things
work. This knowledge can then be used to change or improve
technology that already exists.

10. Knowledge how to work in a group is an important skill.

11. Having people with different experiences and backgrounds in
your group gives you more information to explore.

12. Some of us are better at testing out new ideas. Others are better
at putting ideas into action.

13. You will have a chance to do both as part of a group.

14. When you brainstorm ideas, you list as many ideas as possible
without people saying anything good or bad about any of them.

15. The abilities to work both independently and as part of a group
are important to you in solving problems.

16. Sometimes people make excuses for not doing things by saying,
«I'm just not creative.»

17. You might have to break your usual rules for thinking or create
some new ones when trying to make an idea work.

18. By doing this you allow yourself to question the possible, the
impractical, and even the impossible.

19. Part of being creative is changing patterns, looking at things
differently, and experimenting.

20. To improve your creativity even more, take a closer look at things
you usually take for granted.

21. Only a few hundred of the thousands of human - made objects
in space today are considered working spacecraft.

Завдання 8. Прочитайте текст, намагайтеся якомога точніше зро­зуміти і запам'ятати його зміст.

Текст 5 Problem Solving

Have you ever had a problem that you wanted to solve but you didn't know where to start? Many people give up before they even try. // you have steps to follow in trying to solve a problem, getting an answer will be easier. A step - by - step plan for solving problems is called a problem - solving strategy. Once you learn a problem -solving strategy, you can use it to solve all kinds of problems. If you really learn how to use it, it will help you throughout life.

All problem - solving strategies have some common parts. Usually, the first step in solving a problem is being able to say, or state, exactly what the problem is in your own words. The definition of the problem is sometimes called the problem statement.

A more detailed problem statement is called a design brief. // the problem statement is not very specific (exact) then you might not know when you have found a solution. A design brief gives specific details of the problem. It gives you a lot more information than a problem statement does.

The specific requirements for a problem are called parameters. Parameters might limit the amount of money you can spend to solve the problem, the amount of time, or the kinds of materials you can use.

Once the problem is identified, you need to explore ideas and gather information related to your problem. Ideas can come from many sources. You need to use as many resources as possible. You also need to be sure your information is current. You will find a great deal of information on most topics.You will need to evaluate the information and decide whether or not it is useful in solving your problem. A simple question to ask yourself is «Is this particular information «need to know» or is it just «nice to know»?»

Now that you have all the ideas, you have to do something with them. You select what you think is the best idea to try first. The fun part is testing your idea or solution. During the test you should review the parameters of the problem, so that you can stay on track. Testing usually requires taking measurements or accurate notes about what's happening. Evaluating what happened during the testing is the most important part of the entire problem - solving strategy. Sometimes you want so much for your idea to work that you do not look at the results carefully. Remember that there may be many possible solutions to a problem.

The chances of your first idea being totally perfect are slim. Just because your idea did not work, it doesn't mean you failed - it just means you learned what doesn't work. That is a big step toward solving the problem! You can use the successful parts of your idea along with some changes to create a second idea. You will need to test this new idea and evaluate it too. You might go through the problem solving cycle many times before you reach your final solution.

Завдання9. Перекладіть рідною мовою виділені в Тексті 5 ре­чення.

Завдання10. Визначте, які з поданих шіжче речень відповіда­ють змісту тексту:

1. Many people don't even try to solve a problem.

2. If you don't try to find an answer to the problem at once, but do
it step by step instead, success is almost inevitable.

3. The specific requirements for a problem are called parameters.

4. Testing your solution is fun.

5. Once you have all the ideas, you have to select the best one to try
it first.

6. A detailed plan for solving a problem is called a problem -

solving strategy.

7. The specific details of the problem are given in its detailed
definition, which is called a design brief.

8. There must be only one solution to a problem.

9. Your first idea is always the best one.

Iflf

Завдання 11. Назвіть п'ять стадій процесу вирішення наукової чи технічної проблеми.

Завдання12. Поставте запитання до Тексту 5А таким чином, щоб вони склали план переказу тексту.

Завдання13.

а) Прочитайте текст, намагаючись його зрозуміти якомога точніше.

Текст 5А

In the problem solving strategy, you spend a lot of time exploring ideas. Companies are always looking for new ideas, too. That's because every product starts as an idea. Someone may suggest an idea or invent something to solve a particular problem. Many companies have special research and development (R and D) departments. The people who work in R and D look for new ideas, find then they develop them into products. Of course, not every idea works. Only one out of every five ideas actually works.

Research helps us gather information. There are two kinds of research - basic research and applied research. Basic research is gathering information that helps us understand things about the world around us. Sometimes the information cannot be used right away. For example, people learned how to make a laser in the 1960s, but they did not know what to do with it. Today we use lasers for many things, from supermarket pricing to surgery.

Applied research is the kind of research done to solve a particular problem. The information can be used right away. For example, people wanted to make computers smaller and more portable. To do that they needed to put more components (parts) in a smaller space.

The microchip (a tiny silicon chip containing thousands of electronic circuits) was invented to solve this problem.

Basic and applied researches use the same two methods to get information - retrieving and experimenting. Retrieving is gathering already - known information from sources such as books, people, and computers. The information is part of the knowledge base. Using this kind of information saves time because you do not have to start from scratch every time.

б) Дайте відповіді на запитання до тексту:

1. What do R and D departments deal with?

2. What do we mean by research?

3. What kinds of research do you know?

4. What is the difference between basic and applied research?

5. What methods are used to do research?

в) Дайте назву тексту.

Завдання14. Зробіть письмовий переклад Тексту 5Б.

Текст 5Б The Scientific Method

The process of scientific problem solving is called the scientific method. The scientific method was developed by the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626). This method is used as a general rule and is not strictly followed in its purest form. The five steps of the scientific method are:

1. Recognize the problem.

2. Form a hypothesis (an educated guess) about the correct answer.

3. Make a prediction.

4. Experiment to test your prediction.

5. Make a general rule that will apply, or organize the hypothesis,
prediction, and results of your experiment.

Scientists and technologists face the same traps in trying to solve problems. Everyone has a set of ideas about how the world works. These ideas often block new ideas or restrict our thinking to one path. Scientists must keep an open mind about their investigations; this is important because their results have to be based on scientific facts. Scientists can't let their results be changed by what they think the results should be. Another important reason for keeping an open mind is that many scientific discoveries happen by accident!

All scientists have a few very important things in common. They have investigating minds, they are willing to perform experiments carefully, and they don't let themselves be influenced by anything but proven facts. Their experiments have to be done so that if someone else performs the exact same experiment, he or she will get the same results.

Завдання15.

а) Прочитайте та перекладіть поданий нижче абзац.

An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of the words in a phrase. The acronym SEARCH uses the main problem solving steps and adds a few extras. It was developed by a group of students to help them remember the problem - solving steps.

б) Вставте одне із запропонованих слів (одне з них використо­
вується декілька разів) у кожний пропуск:

real-life, to test, information, ideas, problem, idea.

£_tate the................... in your own words.

all .................. and..................... possible.

the best.................. and............... it. If it doesn't work.

j£_etry the................... or

CJiange your.................... and ................... it.

/Look what you have learned to............. -............... problems.

Завдання 16.Підберіть слова та словосполучення, які назива­ють можливі для вас джерела інформації:

а)

б)

Завдання 17.Складіть уточнений перелік кроків-операцій вирі­шення проблеми, використовуючи тексти та схеми із Завдань 8, 11, 14, 15.

Завдання 18.Перекладіть англійською мовою подані нижче речення:

1. Техніка завжди відігравала значну роль у нашому житті.

2. Уміння працювати в невеликих групах - це майстерність.

3. Вирішення будь-якої проблеми має бути ретельно спланова­
ним процесом.

4. Велика кількість людей відмовляюється вирішувати пробле­
ми, не знаючи, як це правильно зробити.

5. Існує науковий підхід до вирішення проблем.

6. Визначення проблеми називається твердженням.

7. Параметри - це специфічні вимоги до вирішення проблеми.

8. До параметрів ми відносимо: час, гроші та матеріал, який

використовуємо.

9. Ми завжди повинні бути впевнені в інформації, яку викори­
стовуємо для вирішення проблеми.

10. Треба об'єктивно оцінити зібрану інформацію та результати перевірки запропонованих ідей раніше, ніж дійти висновку.

Завдання 19.Як ви розумієте висловлення антрополога Макса Глюкмана, що наука — це «any discipline in which a fool of this generation can go beyond the point reached by the genius of the last generation?»

Завдання1. Прочитайте та перекладіть подані нижче слова, ґрун­туючись на їх подібності до слів рідної мови:

stereo, automobile, battery, machine, fact, rocket, operation, system,

combination, process, instruction, fund, result, graphics, mechanical!

conditioner, radiator, radio, pump, shock, antifreeze, fan, to absorb!

hydraulic, thermal, chemical, complex, to fix.

Завдання 2. Уважно прочитайте та залам'ятатйте подані нижче слова та їх переклад:

to expect	очікувати	ожидать
perfect	досконалий	совершенный
to break	руйнувати	разрушать
to frustrate	розстроювати	ломать,
		расстраивать
rather than	замість того щоб	вместо того чтобы
whole	увесь	весь
common	загальний, звичайний	обычный, общий
to find	знаходити	находить
careful	дбайливий, обережний	осторожный,
		тщательный
latch	засув	щеколда
even	навіть	даже
to order	замовляти	заказывать
to complete	закінчувати,	заканчивать,
	завершувати	завершать
to check	перевіряти	проверять
to steer	керувати кермом	управлять рулем