Answer the questions about the text.

1. How many types of anti-virus methods are described in the article?

2. How does anti-virus software act?

3. What is the practice known as "on-access scanning"?

4. What are the disadvantages of that practice?

5. Can one prevent the damage done by viruses by making regular backups of data?

6. How does it happen?

7. Which another method connected with using different operating systems on different file systems do you know?

8. Once a computer has been compromised by a virus, is it safe to continue using the same computer without completely reinstalling the operating system?

EXERCISE

EXERCISE 4

Read and translate the following text with the dictionary. Look at each line and decide if it contains an extra and unnecessary word. These extra words can be from the following groups: articles, auxiliaries, comparatives, conjunctions, prepositions, personal pronouns, modifiers, relative pronouns.

Why we call it “Virus”

0 ٧	The word as virus is derived from and used in the same sense as the biological equivalent.
	The term "virus" is often used in common parlance to describe all kinds of malware,
	including those more that are more properly classified as worms or Trojans. Most popular
	anti-virus software packages defend against all of these types of attack. In some technical
	communities, the term "virus" is also extended so to include the authors of malware, in an
	insulting sense. The English plural of "virus" is "viruses". Some people use "virii" or "viri"
	as a plural, but this is rare. For a discussion about whether "viri" and "virii" are to correct
	alternatives of "viruses", see plural of virus. The term "virus" was up first used in an
	academic publication it by Fred Cohen in his 1984 paper “Experiments with Computer
	Viruses”, where he credits Len Adleman with coining it. However, a 1972 science fiction
	novel by David Gerrold, “When H.A.R.L.I.E. Was One”, includes a description of a too
	fictional computer program called "VIRUS" that worked just like a virus (and was that
	countered by a program called "VACCINE"). The term "computer virus" with current
	usage also was appears in the comic book “Uncanny X-Men”, written by Chris Claremont
	and published in 1982. Therefore, although Cohen's use of "virus" may, perhaps, have been
	the first, it seems difficult to trace of the term “virus”.

EXERCISEEXERCISE 5

Speak about viruses and anti-virus programs, using the learnt vocabulary.

PART II

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

UNIT I

WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATIONS

EXERCISE 1

Read and translate the text

Telecommunications, devices and systems, transmit electronic or optical signals across long distances. Telecommunications enables people around the world to contact one another, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. Telecommunications usually involves a sender of information and one or more recipients linked by a technology, such as a telephone system, that transmits information from one place to another. Telecommunications enables people to send and receive personal messages across town, between countries, and to and from outer space. It also provides the key medium for delivering news, data, information, and entertainment.

Telecommunications devices convert different types of information, such as sound and video, into electronic or optical signals. Electronic signals typically travel along a medium such as copper wire or are carried over the air as radio waves. Optical signals typically travel along a medium such as strands of glass fibers. When a signal reaches its destination, the device on the receiving end converts the signal back into an understandable message, such as sound over a telephone, moving images on a television, or words and pictures on a computer screen.

Telecommunications messages can be sent in a variety of ways and by a wide range of devices. The messages can be sent from one sender to a single receiver (point-to-point) or from one sender to many receivers (point-to-multipoint). Personal communications, such as a telephone conversation between two people or a facsimile (fax) message (see Facsimile Transmission), usually involve point-to-point transmission. Point-to-multipoint telecommunications, often called broadcasts, provide the basis for commercial radio and television programming.

EXERCISE 2

Words and expressions to be remembered:

Device – устройство

Transmit – передавать

Toaccessinformationinstantly - иметь своевременный доступ к информации

sender - отправитель

recipient - получатель, абонент

deliver - доставлять, распространять

broadcasts – радиопередачи, трансляция

message – сообщение

point-to-pointcommunication – прямая связь, связь через коммутатор

EXERCISE 3