Skim the text to answer the questions. 1. What was the middle-class identity built on in Victorian times?
1. What was the middle-class identity built on in Victorian times?
2. What was the role of women at that time?
3. Why were women seen as moral and spiritual guardians?
4. Why do historians need to go beyond the world of public debate and published sources and rediscover private documents?
5. What is so special about the letters that Martha Busher and Amelia Roper wrote to each other?
Summarize the main idea of the text in 8-10 sentences.
In Unit II we touched upon several aspects connected with the times of Queen Victoria’s reign.
This amazing period of British history is worth a special quiz - this was an era of discovery, of industry, of engineering, of exploration, of science, of literature, of art and of so many other facets of life that blossomed in these times.
QUIZZ
The Victorian Era refers to
a. The life and times of Queen Victoria
b. The time Victoria Principal acted in 'Dallas'
c. The reign of Queen Victoria
d. The time when Victoria Falls were discovered
e. The period when Victoria, Australia was founded and colonized
For how long did Queen Victoria reign (complete years)?
a. 59
b. 60
c. 61
d. 63
e. 65
Who was Prince Consort?
a. Prince Philip
b. Prince Charles
c. Prince Charming
d. Prince Edward
e. Prince Albert
After whom was The Albert Hall named?
a. Albert Einstein
b. Uncle Albert in 'Only Fools and Horses'
c. Albert Dock
d. Prince Albert
e. Albert Brooks
When was the first adhesive postage stamp used?
a. 1830
b. 1840
c. 1850
d. 1860
e. 1870
Which country name appeared on it?
a. England
b. Britain
c. Great Britain
d. UK
e. none of those
What was the first postage stamp called?
a. Penny Red
b. Penny Blue
c. Penny Black
d. Penny Postage
e. Penny Farthing
What colour was the first postage stamp?
a. Green
b. Blue
c. Red
d. Black
e. White
Why was Queen Victoria later depicted as austere and sad?
a. She never recovered from a riding accident
b. She never got over the loss of a child
c. She forever mourned Prince Albert
d. She was naturally serious
e. She liked grey and black
When was Queen Victoria's birthday?
a. 20th May
b. 24th May
c. 26th May
d. 28th May
e. 30th May
UNIT III
MADE IN BRITAIN
You now know that Britain used to have many manufacturing industries, but since the Second World War its service industries, especially banking and retailing, have expanded. Heavy industries, including steel manufacture and shipbuilding, have been replaced by high-technology manufacturing industries, such as aeroplane engine manufacture and pharmaceuticals.
In Britain, there are only a few successful large companies, but very many successful small companies. Many of them appeared in the 1980s.It was at that time that small businesses began to increase rapidly. At the end of 1990 officially there was a total of more than 1.5 million small businesses, though the real figure, including the «black economy», was probably nearer two million. However proportionately there were 50 per cent more in West Germany and the United States, and about twice as many in France and Japan.
Unfortunately, many small businesses fail to survive, mainly as a result of poor management, but also because, compared with almost every other European Community member, Britain offers the least encouraging conditions. But such small businesses are important not only because large businesses grow from small ones, but also because over half the new jobs in Britain are created by firms employing fewer than 100 staff.
The large companies invest a lot of money in research and development (R & D) to find new and better, usually high-technology, products. Glaxo is Britain's leading pharmaceutical company and is one of the largest in the world. It tries to find and make new medicines that can cure or reduce the effects of disease.BP (British Petroleum) is at present the second-largest company in Europe. It is involved in oil and gas exploration, oil refining and the manufacture of petrochemical products. It is investing money in making cleaner petrol.
Successful small manufacturing companies in the UK often make expensive products. These companies are successful because they use first-class materials, have excellent quality control and the workers are proud of what they make. Such companies include J.Barber & Sons, the Morgan Motor Company, Quad Electroacoustics, Wilkin & Sons. J.Barber & Sons makes waterproof jackets. Originally designed for fishermen and farmers, these waterproof jackets are now fashionable in cities throughout Europe and the US. The Morgan Motor Company produces elite cars. Quad Electroacoustics is well-known for its expensive but high-quality loudspeakers and hi-fi equipment. Wilkin & Sons makes jams which British people cannot do without.
Vocabulary
| retail (n) | розничная продажа |
| retail (a) | розничный |
| retail (v) | продавать в розницу |
| small business | малый бизнес |
| black economy | теневая экономика |
| management (n) | управление; менеджмент |
| large business | крупная компания |
| employ (v) | нанимать на работу |
| employee (n) | работник |
| employer (n) | работодатель |
| high technology | высокие технологии |
| quality control | контроль качества |
| produce (v) | производить |
Vocabulary exercises
29. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:
| 1. Since the Second World War Britain has had many manufacturing industries. | |
| 2. There are very many successful large companies in Britain. | |
| 3. Many small businesses appeared in the 1980s. | |
| 4. The end of the 1990s saw the decline of private entersprise in the UK. | |
| 5. Some European countries and the US had a better developed sector of small business than the UK at the end of the 20th century. | |
| 6. Poor management resulted in bancruptcy for many small businesses. | |
| 7. Britain is not a member of the European Community. | |
| 8. Large companies prefer to avoid investing money in R&D. | |
| 9. Glaxo is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. | |
| 10. Quad Electroacoustic is at present the second-largest company in Europe. |
30. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
1. Over half the new jobs in Britain are aerated by firms … fewer than 100 staff.
2. … … grow from small ones.
3. These companies are successful because they use first-class materials, have excellent … … and the workers are proud of what they make.
4. The Morgan Motor Company … elite cars.
5. Since the Second World War Britain’s service industries, especially banking and …, have expanded.
6. At the end of 1990 officially there was a total of more than 1.5 million small businesses, though the real figure, including the «…», was probably nearer two million.
7. Unfortunately, many small businesses fail to survive, mainly as a result of poor … .
8. The large companies invest a lot of money in research and development (R & D) to find new and better, usually …, products.
9. It was at that time that … … began to increase rapidly.
10. … … , including steel manufacture and shipbuilding, have been replaced by high-technology manufacturing industries.
31. Fill in the table with the data from the text:
| The small companies | The large companies |
| 1. | |
| 2. | |
| 3. |
32. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:
| 1. Банковское дело | |
| 2. Расширяться | |
| 3. Сталелитейная промышленность | |
| 4. Успешный | |
| 5. Резко увеличиться, возрасти | |
| 6. Выживать | |
| 7. Европейское сообщество | |
| 8. Рабочее место | |
| 9. Вкладывать деньги | |
| 10. Разведка месторождений нефти и газа |
33. Translate into Russian:
| 1. Over half the new jobs | |
| 2. Manufacturing companies | |
| 3. R&D | |
| 4. First-class materials | |
| 5. Waterproof jackets | |
| 6. To be well-known for smth. | |
| 7. To be proud of smth. | |
| 8. Petrochemical products | |
| 9. Effects of disease | |
| 10. Pharmaceuticals |
34. Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases: