A. Look at the picture and answer the questions below.
LEARNINGENGLISH1.RU
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Учебно-методическим объединением по образованию
в области лингвистики Министерства образования и науки
Российской Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов, обучающихся по экономическим специальностям и направлениям
Казань
УДК 811.111:378
ББК Ш13(Англ)-923
Рецензенты:
А.Г. Садыкова, проф. Татарского государственного гуманитарно-педагогического университета, д-р филол. наук;
А.Р. Ахметшина, доц., помощник ректора КГФЭИ по международному сотрудничеству, к-т филол. наук
Learningenglish1.ru:учебное пособие / Е.М. Галишникова, Ю.Н. Горелова, Е.Е. Журавлева, Л.Р. Исмагилова, О.В. Полякова, Р.М. Марданшина, Л.В. Хафизова – КГФЭИ, 2011. – 195 с.
ISBN
Материалы учебного пособия направлены на формирование коммуникативной компетенции студентов средствами английского языка. Предлагаемые тексты и задания развивают навыки восприятия англоязычной речи на слух, способствуют овладению навыками чтения аутентичных источников, использованию речевых образцов, закрепляют умения самостоятельных высказываний в устной и письменной формах. Содержание учебного пособия отвечает требованиям, предъявляемым к оригинальным учебникам зарубежных издательств. Для него характерны: наличие словарного минимума в каждом учебном модуле, компактность подачи грамматического материала, наличие упражнений тренирующих различные виды чтения, профессионально-ориентированный материал для совершенствования навыков чтения, коммуникативная направленность тренировочных заданий, позволяющих студентам освоить активную лексику и приобрести навыки профессиональной деятельности, наглядность иллюстративного материала.
Для студентов экономических факультетов.
УДК 811.111:378
ББК Ш13(Англ)-923
ISBNКоллектив авторов, 2011
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов экономических факультетов.
Целью учебника является формирование коммуникативной компетенции средствами английского языка, что включает знание лексических единиц, грамматических структур, стилистических особенностей английского языка в рамках определенного уровня владения (intermediate, upper intermediate), формирование навыков восприятия англоязычной речи на слух, овладение навыками чтения аутентичных текстов, использование речевых образцов, умения самостоятельно высказываться в устной и письменной формах.
Учебник состоит из четырех разделов, в каждом по три модуля, что помогает тематически структурировать материал. Каждый раздел предваряется заданием, которое вводит студентов в тематику последующего материала. Комплексный подход к созданию модулей позволил объединить все составляющие речевой деятельности: чтение, говорение, аудирование, письмо.
В модулях содержатся задания для индивидуальной работы, мотивирующие студентов к самостоятельной познавательной деятельности.
Особое внимание уделяется грамматической составляющей учебника. Компактное представление грамматического материала в форме таблиц осуществляется на основе тематики модуля с опорой на экономическую терминологию. Упражнения по грамматике учитывают особенности использования речевых клише в устной речи и тонкости их перевода на русский язык. Тренировочные упражнения обеспечивают эффективное повторение и закрепление материала.
Лексическая составляющая учебника представлена аутентичными текстами соответствующей тематики, что способствует организации разнообразных видов работы по формированию навыков чтения и говорения. В конце каждого модуля предлагается активный лексический минимум.
Тематика учебника включает: Getting acquainted (Family life, Daily routine, Job hunting), Native land (Russia, the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan), English speaking countries (Across Britain, the USA, Canada), Higher education (Higher education in Russia, Higher education in Britain, Higher education in the USA), Texts for home reading, Grammar Reference.
Языковой материал наряду с общеупотребительной лексикой содержит экономическую терминологию, что позволяет студентам вести беседу на общие темы с элементами экономической направленности. Особое внимание уделяется аутентичным экономическим текстам для домашнего чтения с разнообразными заданиями (шестой раздел).
Грамматический справочник, включающий теоретическую и иллюстративную части, завершает представленный материал.
Материалы учебника прошли апробацию в Казанском государственном финансово-экономическом институте на кафедре иностранных языков в сфере экономики, менеджмента и бизнеса.
Разделы учебника разработаны преподавателями кафедры:
Раздел 1 – Исмагилова Л.Р., Горелова Ю.Н., Заляева Е.О., Солодкова И.М.;
Раздел 2 – Борзова М.В., Валеева Л.А., Журавлева Е.Е., Сиразеева А.Ф., Хафизова Л.В.;
Раздел 3 – Галишникова Е.М., Уразметова Д.И., Абдуллина Л.Г., Калганова Г.Ф., Марданшина Р.М., Соколова Т.А.;
Раздел 4 – Кудрявцева М.Г., Полякова О.В., Григорьева Е.В., Денисова В.С., Тарасова Е.В.;
Раздел 5 – Большакова Ю.А., КудрявцеваМ.Г.;
Раздел 6 – Хусаинова А.А.
Редакционная коллегия: профессор, д.п.н. Галишниковой Е.М., доценты к.филол.н. Горелова Ю.Н., к.п.н. Журавлева Е.Е., к.с.н. Исмагилова Л.Р., к.с.н.Полякова О.В., ст. преподаватели к.п.н. Марданшина Р.М., Хафизова Л.В.
CONTENTS
UNIT 1
GETTING ACQUAINTED
Module 1 Family Life
PREVIEW
VOCABULARY 1: JOBS
A. Discuss.
v Where were you born and brought up?
v Who is the core of your family?
v How many people form a family?
v What’s the ideal age to start up a family life?
v Does any ideal family exist?
B. Study the following.
Relatives = members of your family
| male | female | |
| Your parents' parents | grandfather | grandmother |
| Your parents' brother and sister | uncle(s) | aunt(s) |
| Your aunt's/uncle's children | cousin(s) | cousin(s) |
| The father and mother of the person you marry | father-in-law | mother-in-law |
| The brother and sister of the person you marry | brother-in-law | sister-in-law |
| Your brother's/sister's children | nephew(s) | niece(s) |
| The person you marry dies, so you are a ... | widower | widow |
| Your mother or father remarries, so you have a… | step-father | step- mother |
Family background = family history
My grandfather was a market gardener in Ireland. He grew flowers, fruit and vegetables, and sold them in the market every day. He worked hard all his life, and when he died, his son (now my uncle) and daughter (my mother) inherited a large house and garden (= received this house and garden from my grandfather when he died). They carried on the business together until my mother met my father. He wasthree yearsher senior. (She was 3 years junior to him). They got married, moved to England, and I was born two years later. They didn't have any more children, so I am an only child.
Family names
When you are born, your family gives you a first name, e.g. James, Kate. Sarah and Alex are common first names in Britain. Yourfamily name (also called your surname) is the one that all the family share e.g. Smith, Brown, Jones, and O'Neil are common surnames in Britain. Some parents give their children a middle name (like a first name), but you do not usually say this name. Your full name is all the names you have, e.g. Sarah Jane Smith.
Changing times
Society changes and so do families. In some places, people may decide to live together but do not get married. They are not husband and wife, but call each other their partner. There are also many families in some parts of the world where the child or children live(s) with just their mother or father; these are sometimes tailed single-parent families.
Friends
We can use a number of adjectives before friend:
an old friend (= someone you have known for a long time)
a closefriend (= a good friend; someone you like and trust)
your best friend (= the one friend you feel closest to)
We use the word colleagues to describe the people we work with.
Ex-
We use this for a husband/wife/boуfriend/girlfriend we bid in the past but do not have now: The children stay with my ex-husband at the weekend. I saw an ex-girlfriend of mine at the disco last night.
D. Correct the mistakes.
1) My full name is Katy.
2) Unfortunately my family is full, I live with my mum only.
3) There are so many helpful close friends in my office.
4) My partner (the man I got married with) has brought a wonderful bucket of flowers on our anniversary.
5) I divide the flat with my brother.
6) I’ve got a niece, son of my brother, who we name John.
7) We have so many best friends working with the hospital that I had to become a doctor.
8) His wife died last year so he is an ex-husband now.
9) She is my senior, so she does what she’s told.
10) As their uncle had no other relatives they were granted the house after his death.
PHRASAL VERBS
READING: MODERN FAMILIES
SPEAKING
B. What’s your opinion of the current situation with the family life in our country? Is it different from the situation twenty years ago? If yes, what are the possible reasons for that? And how could it be changed?
| Families | in the USA | in the UK | in Russia |
| Marriages that end in divorce | 50% | 33% | |
| Families with only parent | 25% | 25% | |
| Children who live in a single-parent home at some time | 50% | 33% | |
| Children whose parents aren’t married | 33% | 40% | |
| Single parents who are men | 10% | 10% |
GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES
| Present Simple | |
| Formation | V1, V-s/-es(for 3d person Singular) He reads newspapers every day. They always walk a dog in the morning. |
| Question form | do/does Does he read newspapers every day? Do they walk a dog in the morning? |
| Negative form | do + not (don’t)/does + not (doesn’t) He doesn’t read newspapers every day. They don’t walk a dog in the morning. |
| Usage | routine, habits, universal truth, facts |
| Signal words | always, often, rarely, never, usually, every day, sometimes |
| Present Progressive | |
| Formation | be (am, are, is) + Ving My nephew is sleeping now. Twin-brothers are playing football in the yard. |
| Question form | be (am, are, is) + subject +Ving Is my nephew sleeping now? Are twin-brothers playing football in the yard? |
| Negative form | be (am, are, is) + not + Ving My nephew isn’t sleeping now. Twin-brothers aren’t playing football in the yard |
| Usage | action going on at the moment of speaking, temporary event or situation, future arrangements describing a state which is changing |
| Signal words | now, at the moment, currently, at this period, Look! Listen! |
| Present Perfect | |
| Formation | have/has + V3 I have just called my sister-in-law. She has dyed her hair red. |
| Question form | have/has + subject+V3 Have I just called my sister-in-law? Has she dyed her hair red? |
| Negative form | have/has + not + V3 I haven’t just called my sister-in-law. She hasn’t dyed her hair red. |
| Usage | action started in the past and continues into the present, recent events with visible result, past events without specific time |
| Signal words | just, yet, still, already, never, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for |
LISTENING
(Across Cultures, 1c, Track 2)
OVER TO YOU
A. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words using the information from the sites:
http://www.learnenglish.de/basics/appearances.htm;
http://www.learn-english-online.org/Lesson42/Like.htm.
Diana, the Princess of Wales, was a(n) …, …. woman. She had … skin and …, … eyes. Her hair was neatly cut and … in length.
Princess Diana was always … and liked … clothes which were usually made by famous designers. However, when she was on holiday with her children she enjoyed wearing … clothes.
During her appearances with Princes Charles she was very … and didn’t speak much. Later on, however, she became more …. Unlike most members of the Royal Family, she was involved with ordinary people. She was a very … person who supported various charities.
B.Imagine, that your cousin/uncle/aunt/mother etc. must go to London on a business trip. Describe his/her appearance to the person who has to meet him/her.
WRITING: APPLICATION FORM
WORD FILE
| Unit 1 Module 1 | ||
| nurse surgeon dentist vet psychologist manual jobs bricklayer carpenter plumber electrician mechanic architect lawyer engineer accountant university lecturer broker (stock market) civil servant soldier sailor police officer firefighter grandfather/grandmother uncle(s)/aunt(s) cousin(s) father/mother/ brother/sister-in-law nephew(s)/ niece(s) widower/widow step-father/mother only child a first/family/middle/full name | partner single-parent family an old/close/best friend colleague ex wife/husband /girlfriend second wife/husband stepmother/-father/ -sister/-brother half-sister/brother couple husband/wife common name to grow up to bring up to tell smb off to take after smb to look after smb or smth to get on with smb to look up to smb to carry on (doing smth) to get divorced to turn smb on/off to inherit to get married to share to call divorce (n, v) to be smb’s junior/ senior/I'm senior to her | to fancy to like/dislike to hate to adore to idolize can't stand to respect to look up to to admire to look down on to despise to attract/ to be attracted to apartment to increase nearby because of to come from (three) times a year to live next door in the same street (15) miles away to move every other weekend to go to see suburbs (in the suburbs) average |
Module 2 Daily Routine
PREVIEW
A. Discuss.
1) Do you work or study long hours/at weekends/ at nights?
2) What is your favorite time of the day/week? Why?
3) What is your least favorite time of the day/week? Why?
4) What is a typical day like for you?
5) What do you do in your free time?
A. Study the following.
Sleep
During the week, I usually wake up at 6.30 a.m. I sometimes lie in bed for five minutes but then I have to get up. Most evenings, I go to bed at about 11.30 p.m. I am usually very tired, so I go to sleep/fall asleep very quickly. Occasionally though, I cannot get to sleep. When that happens, I sometimes manage to fall asleep at about 3 a.m., and then I oversleep in the morning. If I have a late night (≠ an early night), I try to have a nap in the afternoon. The weekends are different. On Saturday and Sunday I have a lie-in.
Food
In the week I have breakfast at 7.30 a.m., lunch at 1.00 p.m., and dinner around 7 p.m. I also have one or two snacks, e.g. cakes, biscuits or fruit, during the day at work. As I live alone/on my own/by myself, I also have to make my own breakfast and dinner, but during the week I do notbother to cook very much. I also have to feed my two cats twice a day as well.
Keeping clean
In the summer I have a shower in the morning, but in the winter I often have a bath instead. Sometimes I have a shave at the same time, or I shave when I have a wash and brush my teeth after breakfast. I wash my hair two or three times a week.
Study
In the morning I leave home about 7.30 a.m. and go to the university by bus. Ittakes meabout 20 minutes.My classes start at 8 a.m. We usually have two lectures and one seminar or practical. During the lecture we listen to the lecturer and makenotes. At the seminars we discuss different problems and answer the questions of the professor holding the seminar. My lunch break is about 40 minutes, so I can go to the refectory or to the snackbar. At the end of each term we take exams and have tests in several subjects.
Evenings
During the week I usually stay in, do my home assignments and have a rest. But at the weekend I often go out, but quite often I also have friends for dinner, or friends just come round for a chat or we play cards, e.g. poker or bridge.
Housework
I do the shopping on Saturday. Fortunately I have a cleaner and she does most of the housework: she does my washing, the washing-up and does most of the ironing.
LISTENING: DAILY SCHEDULE
(www.esl-lab.com/schedule/schedrd1.htm)
GRAMMAR 2: PAST TENSES
| Past Simple | |
| Formation | V2 I fell asleep very quickly last night. My brother-in-law livedin Moscow in 2008. |
| Question form | did + subject + V1 Did I fall asleep very quickly last night? Did my brother-in-law live in Moscow in 2008? |
| Negative form | did + not (didn’t) I didn’t fall asleep very quickly last night. My brother-in-law didn’t live in Moscow in 2008. |
| Usage | past action or a series of completed past actions |
| Signal words | yesterday, …years ago, last year, last month |
| Past Progressive | |
| Formation | was/were + Ving I was making my breakfast when Tom came. We were doing the shopping while our sisters were doing the housework. |
| Question form | was/were + subject + Ving Was I making my breakfast when Tom came? Were we doing the shopping while our sisters were doing the housework? |
| Negative form | was + not (wasn’t)/were + not (weren’t) + Ving I wasn’t making my breakfast when Tom came. We weren’t doing the shopping while our sisters were doing the housework. |
| Usage | action in progress in the past, two or more actions in progress at the same time |
| Signal words | from …to … |
| Past Perfect | |
| Formation | had+V3 He had already fedthe cat when I came. They had done the washing-up. |
| Question form | had + subject + V3 Had he already fedthe cat when I came? Had they donethe washing-up? |
| Negative form | had + not (hadn’t) + V3 He hadn’t already fed the cat when I came. They hadn’t done the washing-up. |
| Usage | action happened earlier than an action which followed |
| Signal words | before |
GRAMMAR: QUESTIONS
| Types of questions | |
| yes/no questions | Do you like dealing with figures? Did you visit the headquarters yesterday? Were you present at the conference last week? |
| wh-questions | What did you do in the office last weekend? |
| wh-question words | what, where, when, who, why, which, whose, how |
| wh-question words together with other words | what time, how much, how many, how often, how long, which one What time did you finish the report? How long have you worked here? |
| Word order | |
 When the main verb is to be, put the verb before the subject. Where were you yesterday? | |
| When there’s a main verb (with no auxiliary verb), we put do/does/did before the subject +infinitive. Do you like working as an accountant? | |
| For verbs with an auxiliary, we put the auxiliary verb (have/has/had/will/can/ would etc.) before the subject. Can you play business games? | |
| Subject questions | |
| When we are asking about the subject of a sentence, the verb comes after the question word (we don’t use an auxiliary) Who comes to visit us on Friday? NOT: Who does come to visit us on Friday? | |
| Object questions | |
| When we are asking about the animate object, we can also use the question word who. But the word order is reversed. The client complained to the manager. Who complained to the manager? (subject question) Who did the client complain to? (object question) | |
| Tag questions | |
| A tag question is formed by an auxiliary + subject: did she? aren’t they? have you? Positive sentences are generally followed by a negative tag, negative sentences – by a positive tag. They went to the conference, didn’t they? He’s waiting for his boss, isn’t he? | |
| Embedded questions | |
| Embedded questions are those that are hidden in long questions. In the normal question the position of the subject and the auxiliary is reversed, while in embedded questions it is like in affirmative sentences. Where is the bank? (normal question) Could you tell where the bank is? (embedded question) |
A. Write the words in the correct order to make questions.
1) coming / are / time / your / business partners / what
2) to work / you / always / why / drive / do
3) worked / how long / in / that company / she / has
4) last / make / a good presentation / did / when / you
5) tonight / are / make / your business plan / you / to / going
6) you / would / business lunch / like / tomorrow / to / have / with me
7) going / are / on business trip / time / where / next / you
8) her / make / a report / often / does / how / she
D. Make up tag questions.
1) You don’t like interviews.
2) She arrived yesterday.
3) This company is very famous.
4) She’s gone home.
5) He’s got no money at the moment.
6) You’re always forgetting your office password.
7) She didn’t like a new employee, when she met him.
8) We’ll go to a business trip next week.
VOCABULARY 2: WORK DUTIES
A. Study the following.
What do you do?
People may ask you about your job. They can ask and you can answer in different ways:
| What do you do? What's your job? What do you do for a living? | I'm (+ job) a banker/an engineer/a teacher/a builder I work in (+ place or general area) a bank/marketing I work for (+ name of company) Union Bank, Fiat |
NB'Work' is usually an uncountable noun, so you cannot say 'a work'. If you want to use the indefinite article you must say ‘a job’, e.g. She hasn't got a job at the moment.
What does that involve? = What do you do in your job?
When people ask you to explain your work/job, they may want to know your main responsibilities, or something about your daily routine. They can ask like this: What does that (i.e. your job) involve?
Main responsibilities
I'm in charge of all deliveries out of the factory.
I have to deal with any complaints.
I run the coffee bar and restaurant in the museum.
Daily duties/routines
I have to attend a lot of meetings.
I visit/see/meet clients. I advise clients.
It involves doing quite a lot of paperwork.
Pay
Most workers are paid every month and this pay goes directly into their bank account. It is called a salary. We can express the same idea using the verb to earn:
My salary is $60,000 a year. = I earn $60,000 a year.
With many jobs you get holiday pay and sick pay (when you are ill). If you want to ask about holidays, you can say: How much holiday do you get? orHow many weeks' holiday do you get?
The total amount of money you receive in a year is called your income. This could be your salary from one job, or the salary from two different jobs you have. And on this income you have to pay part to the government - called income tax.
Working hours
For many people in Britain, these are 8.30-9.00 a.m. to 5.00-5.30 p.m. Consequently people often talk about a nine-to-five job. Some people have flexi-time; and some have to do shiftwork. Some people also work overtime. Some people are paid to do/work overtime, others are not paid.
WRITING: INFORMAL EMAIL
A. Read the email and answer these questions:
1) What is Gaby describing?
2) What is Gaby doing?
3) Where is Gaby flat?
4) What does Gaby ask Enrico?
| Hi Mike, I’ve got so much to tell you. Things are different for me now. Last September we moved to Canada. Before we had lived in France for 6 months. We’re here for a year. James changed a lot of jobs. He was working in a shop, for an IT company, but now he is working for a bank in Vancouver and I’m studying at the film school. We’re staying in a lovely flat in the centre of the town. There are a lot of things to do in the city, but every weekend we go the countryside. It’s really beautiful! Last summer we couldn’t have a rest, but next summer we’re going to visit my parents and to have a trip around Europe. What about you? I’d love to know what you’re doing these days. Send me an e-mail soon. Love, Gaby xxx |
WORD FILE
| Unit 1 Module 2 | ||
| daily routine ready meals takeaways refectory to brush one’s teeth to come around for a chat to do shopping to do sport to eat out to fall asleep = to get asleep it takes me (2 hours) to make notes to hold seminars to take exams to pass exams to have tests to do home assignments to be keen on smth | to go out to hang out with friends to have a late night to have a lie-in to have a lunch break to have a nap to have a shave to have a shower (a bath) to have a snack to have a wash to have an early night to leave home to lie in bed to live alone (on one’s own; by oneself) to oversleep to participate in smth to set aside to socialize to stay in to stay up | to surf the net to work full-time to work long hours responsibility = duty complaint holiday pay income income tax nine-to-five job salary sick pay to advise (clients) to attend (meetings) to be in charge of to deal with to do paperwork to do shiftwork to earn to have flexi-time to involve = to include to run (a restaurant) to work overtime |
Module 3 Job Hunting
PREVIEW
VOCABULARY: PERSONAL TRAITS
C. Many positive words describing character have clear opposites with a negative meaning. Write the negative forms of the following adjectives using the prefixes un- (11 examples), in- (7 examples), dis- (3 examples), ir- (1 example), im- (1 example).
| tidy organised accurate systematic sensitive patient | orthodox honest conventional traditional convincing responsible | secure sincere experienced reliable obedient efficient | predictable friendly diplomatic trustworthy tolerant |
D. Which of the adjectives given in exercises A, B, C best describe either you own or a friend’s character? How do you or your friends demonstrate these characteristics? Which of these qualities are necessary for an economist?
e.g. sociable – I’m sociable because I love being with other people.
LISTENING: JOB INTERVIEW
(Test Your Listening/Penguin English CD: Do sit down, Track 10)
GRAMMAR: FUTURE ACTIONS
SPEAKING
WRITING: CURRICULUM VITAE
WORD FILE
| Unit 1 Module 3 | ||
| advertisement after-hours activities attitude to smth available (jobs) colleague = co-worker deadline employment agency in advance majority of qualifications skills smart (clothes) to criticize to get involved in (office gossip) to keep doing smth to look approachable to make a good/strong impression on smb | to make eye contact to make personal calls to match smth e.g. qualifications to take advantage of to trust to watch the things you say to work out accurate ambitious cautious conventional convincing demanding dynamic efficient experienced honest | nervous obedient organized patient polite predictable punctual relaxed reliable responsible secure self-confident sensitive sincere systematic tidy tolerant trustworthy |
UNIT 2
NATIVE LAND
Module 1 Russia
PREVIEW
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
A. What do you know about Russia? Match the above pictures 1-6 with descriptions a) – f). What information can you give about the pictures?
a) The Cathedral of the Redeemer d) Peter the Great
b) The Red Square e) Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation
c) The flag of Russia f) First Russian cosmonaut
SAYING DATES
| Years | Ordinal numbers |
| 1984 nineteen eighty four 2010 two thousand and ten | 1st first 2nd second 3rd third 4th fourth 5th fifth |
| Dates | |
| 3rd April 1998 (BrE) the third of April, nineteen ninety eight 3 April 1998 (BrE) April thethird, nineteen ninety eight April 3, 1998 (AmE) April third, nineteen ninety eight |
| New year is Victory day is Women’s day is Independence day is Christmas is Day of Knowledge is Day of the defender of Motherland is | on 9th May on 1st September on 7th January on 23rd February on 31st December on 12th June on 8th March |
HISTORY OF RUSSIA
C. Use the dictionary to find the meaning of the following words:
to found/to establish, to destroy, to rule, efforts, to invade, to divide into.
SAYING FIGURE 0 (BrE)
B. Study the vocabulary.
| vast territory to lie to extend to cover to border on in terms of according to census two-headed eagle to appear superpower to contain approximately | обширная территория лежать, находиться простираться, тянуться; длиться покрывать граничить c в отношении согласно…. перепись двуглавый орел появляться сверхдержава содержать в себе, включать приблизительно |
RUSSIA’S FACT FILE
| Location | Land borders | Territory | Population | Mineral resources |
| Political status | Religions | Official language | State symbol | National flag |
SPEAKING
STATISTICS
A. Match pictures 1-4 to a)-d).
1 
2 
3 
4 
| a) pie chart | b) bar chart | c) graph | d) table |
B. Graphs, charts and d 
iagrams give a clear picture of trading performance and other statistical information. Study the statistics vocabulary.
to stand at Sales stand at 5 units.
to remain constant Sales remained constant.
to reach a peak of Sales reached a pick of 5 units. |     5  2  to increase an increase of to rise by/to a rise of to go up to grow Chocolate price increased by £3. Chocolate price increased to £5. There was a price rise of £2.  2  to decrease a decrease of to fall a fall of to drop by/to a drop of to decline a decline of to go down Sales decreased to2 units last year. | |||||||||
    3 to level off at Sales levelled off at 3 units. |     to fluctuate Sales fluctuated for one year. | |||||||||
| You may use the following adverbs and adjectives with the above verbs and nouns | ||||||||||
| sharply/dramatically – резко rapidly – быстро slightly – слегка, немного gradually – постепенно steadily – стабильно Prices increased sharply last year. Sales declined rapidly during May. | sharp/dramatic rapid steady There was a sharp increase in sales. There was a rapid decline in May. | |||||||||
WORD FILE
| Unit 2 Module 1 | ||
| to found/to establish to destroy to rule efforts to invade to divide into zero nought nil nothing point vast territory to lie to extend to cover to border on in terms of population according to census two-headed eagle appear symbolize superpower contain approximately | STATISTICS pie chart bar chart graph table to stand at to remain constant to increase/an increase of to rise/a rise of to go up to grow to decrease/a decrease of to fall/a fall of to drop/a drop of to decline/a decline of to reach a peak of to level off at to fluctuate sharply/dramatically rapidly slightly gradually steadily at the beginning of at the end of in the middle of | by the beginning of/ by the end of/ by the middle during/for/over by 50 % almost 50% nearly/about/around 50% approximately/roughly 50% more than/over/above 50% less than/ under 50% exactly 50% up to 50% to double to gain to rocket to halve to triple to hit the bottom to improve to peak to plummet to recover to soar to collapse to stabilise |
PREVIEW
READING: TATARSTAN
History
Tatarstan is one of the most industrialized republics of the Russian Federation in terms of population and economic potential. The process of inhabiting the territory of the republic began at the time of the early Palaeolithic age (about 100,000 years ago). In the 8th – 9th centuries, the tribes of ancient Bulgars, ancestors of the modern Tatars, began to populate the Volga Region. The first state – the Volga-Kama Bulgaria – was set up at the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th centuries. In the 13th century this territory became a part of powerful Zolotaya Orda (Golden Hord) State. The collapse of the Golden Hord in the 30-40s of the 14th century resulted in the formation of new states including the Kazan Khanate. Kazan became the capital of this state. The Kazan Khanate ceased its existence in October 1552, when troops of Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) conquered Kazan. As the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic it was established on 27th May, 1920 on the territory of the former Kazan Province. Seventy years later, on 30th August, 1990 the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic was signed.
Geographical position
The Republic of Tatarstan is located in the center of the East-European Plain where Europe meets Asia and two large rivers - the Volga and the Kama – carry their joint waters to the Caspian Sea. The Republic of Tatarstan covers the territory of 67,800 sq.km and stretches for 290 km from North to South and for 460 km from West to East. Climate in the Republic is moderate-continental with warm, sometimes hot summers and moderate cold winters.
The capital
The capital of the Republic is Kazan, its industrial, commercial and cultural center, a city of more than 1.1 mln people. There are 19 cities and towns and 3,100 settlements in the Republic. The total population of the republic is about 3.8 mln people. Peculiarity of the Republic of Tatarstan and its culture is in that they reflect two different civilizations: eastern and western, and two different religions: Moslem and Christian (Orthodox). Tatarstan is a multinational republic, as it is home to representatives of more than 100 nationalities: the Tatars (over 50%), the Russians (nearly 42%), the Chuvashes, the Mordvinians, the Mari, the Udmurts, etc.
The government
The head of the government in Tatarstan is the President. Tatarstan’s unicameral State Council is elected for 5 years as well and has 100 seats: 50 are for representatives of the parties, other 50 are for deputies from the republic’s localities. The official languages are Tatar and Russian. The state emblem represents a winged snow leopard with a round shield on his side. The national flag is a horizontal tricolor with stripes of green, white and red.
Industrial regions
The main industries of the Republic are oil production, petrochemistry, aircraft industry, mechanical engineering and instrument-making. The territory of the Republic is divided into several economic regions.
Old industrial Northwest region with Kazan and Zelenodolsk as its centre. Major industries of the region are machine-building, instrument-making, chemical and light industries. OAO Kazanorgsintez is one of the giants of petrochemical center of Tatarstan. It produces more than a half of the whole polyethylene production of the country. Produce quality meets the European standards and is exported to many countries. Kazan Automotive Industrial Enterprise (KMPO) has more than 60 years experience in aircraft engine production. It has been producing 65% of all engines for civil planes, as well as the engines for bombers and helicopters.
New industrial Northeast region with Naberezhniye Chelny and Nizhnekamsk as its centre. Major industries of the region are power engineering, automobile and chemical industries. OAO Kama Automobile Works (KamAZ), situated in the city of Naberezhniye Chelny, is considered to be the best Russian exporter of heavy-duty trucks. These large capacity lorries work under any road and climatic conditions. KamAZ has 6 enterprises located in Russia, the Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The products of KamAZ are used in over 83 countries of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. As for Nizhnekamsk, it is the main chemical center of Tatarstan. OAO Nizhnekamskneftekhim is the largest producer and exporter of petrochemical products in Eastern Europe and one of the largest budget-forming enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan. OAO Nizhnekamskshina is one of the leading tyre manufacturers in the CIS.
The Southeast oil-extracting region. It is oil that made our republic well-known all over the world. The main oil-producing towns are Almetyevsk, Leninogorsk and Bugulma. Tatneft, located in Almetyevsk (a city of about 151,000 people) is the main oil-producing company of the Republic. Since 1994, it exists as a joint-stock company.
The North, Central, South and Southwest parts of the Republic are rural agricultural regions. Agricultural sector employs more than 16% of economically active population. Agriculture of the Republic covers the local needs in the basic food stuffs. 4.5 mln hectares of land are cultivated which is equal to 67% of the Republic’s territory. Main grain crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats and buckwheat. Fodder crops cover 36% of the sowing area. The Republic is also well-known for its cattle-breeding. Production of such staples as meat, potatoes, milk, eggs per capita in Tatarstan is 15-60% higher than in Russia.
The Republic of Tatarstan ranks number one among the Volga regions in terms of foreign trade turnover and foreign economic activity. The foreign relations of Tatarstan have expanded especially over the past decade. It has signed agreements with Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Germany, Australia, etc. The main export products are crude oil, petrochemical items, compressors, optical devices, trucks, automobile tyres and spare parts.
B. Work in pairs. Write down 3 true and 3 false statements about the Republic of Tatarstan using the information from the text. Read the statements to each other, and agree or disagree with them using expressions from the Language skills box above.
GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE
A. Open the brackets.
| Present Simple am/is/are +Ved/V3 | Applicants (shortlist) and (interview). Modern production (characterize) by the high level of automation. Jobs (create) where society needs them. |
| Past Simple was/were+ Ved/V3 | Help (give) to small farmers. Many enterprises (set up) in 1990s. |
| Present Perfect Simple has/have been + Ved/V3 | The agreement (sign) by our countries. The problems (solve) immediately. |
| Modal verbs can/may/must/ be +Ved/V3 | The data (can/regard) as conclusive. Preparation for the project (must/ complete) this week. This (may/call) a local problem. |
| Future Simple will be + Ved/V3 | New laboratory (provide) with the most modern equipment. |
| Future Perfect will have been + Ved/V3 | About a quarter of all electricity (generate) by atomic power plants. |
B. Find passive forms in the text about Tatarstan and analyse their tense form.
A. Write an itinerary for a business trip of your partner who is in oil business. You may wish to include all oil-extracting cities of Tatarstan. Don’t forget about an entertainment programme. Use the example below.
Itinerary of William Smith, trip to New York, 23-26 November
| Date | departure/ from (time and place) | arrival/ to (time and place) | Flight no. | Info |
| Sunday 23 November | 9:05 AM London Heathrow | 11:35 AM New York, JFK | UA 9238 | take taxi to Lowell Hotel 28 east sixty third Street (28 km, 20 minutes drive) |
| Monday 24 November | take taxi to CitiLife, 315 Bleecker Street, New York, NY 10014, phone: 212-349-6726 (100 km, 60 minutes drive) | |||
| 8:15 AM | 12:30 PM room no C3. | Meeting with Mr. Braun, Mrs. Green, Mr. Yoko, Mr. Walker and Mrs. Mankowich | ||
| 12:30 PM | 1:30 PM company restaurant | lunch with Mr. Braun and Mr. Bright (senior account manager) | ||
| 1:30 PM | 4:00 PM room no. B20 | Meeting with the marketing department. Host: Mrs Johnson | ||
| 4:00 PM | 7:00 PM | Free time, visiting sights, gifts shopping | ||
| 7:00 PM | 10:00 PM | Dinner with Mr. Braun. He will pick you up at the hotel | ||
| Tuesday 25 November | 8:15 AM | 2:30 PM room no. B23 | Report to Mr. Braun. Guided tour of the factory, including lunch | |
| 3:00 PM | 4:00 PM room no. A55 | Meeting with the new PR-manager, Mrs. White (successor of Mr. Gefferson). | ||
| Wednesday 26 November | 8:30 AM New York, JFK | 12:00 AM London, Heathrow | UA 9082 | Take a taxi to the airport (28 km, 20 minutes drive) |
B. Create an advertisement that advertises your itinerary. The advertisement should include some pictures of places that are in the itinerary, but you may create it however you think would be most effective.
WORD FILE
| Unit 2 Module 2 | ||
| industrialized republic to inhabit tribe troop to populate age/century ancient collapse to cease one’s existence to conquer conqueror conquest to number … people to be established on the territory of … to sign (agreements) to be situated = to be located plain to cover the territory of … sq.km. to stretch for … km from… to… moderate-continental settlement total population peculiarity to reflect nationality religion: moslem/ christian (orthodox) multinational civilization to be home to smb to elect smb for the term of … years party | unicameral/bicameral representative (n, a) deputy to be divided into regions giant (a) to meet standards to export/to import to produce = to manufacture enterprise budget-forming enterprise to work under any conditions leading agglomeration CIS countries to exist joint-stock company rural agriculture; agricultural to employ economically-active population main = major to cover the needs hectare sowing area per capita foreign trade turnover to expand to exist to extract to exceed to cultivate to be equal to industries = branches of industry oil production | oil-extracting petrochemistry aircraft industry mechanical engineering/engineering/ machine-building automobile industry/ motor-car industry instrument-making machine-tool industry chemical industry light industry power engineering manufacturing/processing mining items of produce oil/crude oil/petrochemical items polyethylene aircraft engines (for civil planes, bombers and helicopters) heavy-duty trucks/large-capacity lorries compressors optical devices automobile tyres (AmE tires) spare parts grain crops (wheat, rye, barley, oats and buckwheat) fodder crops cattle-breeding basic food stuffs/staples (meat, potatoes, milk, eggs) |
Module 3 Kazan
PREVIEW
SPEAKING
A. Here are some extracts from a sightseeing programme for a group of tourists who visit Kazan for 4 days. When they arrived at the Kazan railway station they were met by the representatives of the Tourist Agency which organized their trip, who acted as their guides.
Discuss what you think the tourists could do on Wednesday and Thursday. Work out a programme for these days. Some ideas: The Kremlin, Bauman street, Kremlyovskaya street, the National museum, the art gallery, shopping, etc.
B. If you come from other cities of Russia and Tatarstan, you may prefer to speak about your native town or city. Work out a plan of places to visit and to see in it. Present it as an excursion around the city.
WORD FILE
| Unit 2 Module 3 | ||
| anniversary to date back to (from) a fortress due to a contribution an establishment alongside midpoint to host | a pedestrian walkway a keepsake to hold to have smth at one’s disposal mosque to found it is worth +Ving to contribute to smth contribution | hangout pedestrian walkway keepsake to hold sights to do the sights/to go sightseeing |
UNIT 3