Answer the following questions.
1) What branch of science does economics belong to?
2) What problems does economics deal with?
3) Why do you think some people are poor and others are rich?
4) Which two main divisions of economics do you know?
5) What do micro- and macroeconomics deal with?
Complete the sentences. Use the information from the text.
1) Economics studies a wide _________ questions.
2) Economics is closely tied with ________ .
3) Many social philosophers were trying to solve a questions of ________ .
4) Economics is subdivided into ________ .
5) Microeconomics deals with ________ industries.
6) A household can be considered as a _______ .
7) The firm must make a ________ what to produce.
8) Microeconomics doesn’t ______ with the questions of output distribution.
9) The functioning of national economic complex is the sphere of ________ .
Give the English equivalents to the following words and phrases from the text.
1) изучать экономику
2) иметь глубокие корни в
3) национальная экономика
4) отдельная самостоятельная экономическая единица
5) изучать проблему
6) домашнее хозяйство
7) отдельная предпринимательская фирма
8) получить представление
9) функционирование отдельных отраслей промышленности
Match the synonyms in columns A and B.
| A | B |
| range | well-to-do |
| part | piece |
| to produce | comprehension |
| to deal with | to examine |
| to explore | to manufacture |
| unemployment | outside the sphere |
| discipline | question |
| a firm | scope |
| wealthy | company |
| province | subject |
| understanding | several |
| a number | connection |
| tie | lack of jobs |
| issue | to consider |
Complete the sentences and give a short summary of the text.
1. The text tells us about ________________ .
2. The author points out _______________ .
3. He believes ____________________ .
4. In the second part of the text he continues _______________ .
5. The author also gives the information about __________ .
6. In conclusion, ________________ .
Lesson XII.
What is chemistry?
Lead-in
How would you define chemistry?
Think of the word “chemistry”. What comes to your mind?
Fill in the spidergram with your associations; share your ideas with your fellow students.
Vocabulary
| 1) definition | - определение |
| 2) to include | - включать в себя |
| 3) matter | - вещество, материал |
| 4) space | - пространство |
| 5) ratio | - пропорция, соотношение |
| 6) composition | - состав, структура, смесь |
| 7) property | - свойство, качество |
| 8) substance | - субстанция, вещество |
| 9) personality traits | - личные свойства, особенности |
| 10) to produce | - производить, вырабатывать |
| 11) to convert | - преобразовывать, превращать |
| 12) ancient times | - древние времена |
| 13) empirical | - эмпирический, основанный на наблюдении |
| 14) practical goal | - практическая цель |
| 15) scientific method | - научный метод |
| 16) branch of science | - раздел науки |
| 17) universe | - вселенная, космос, мироздание |
| 18) phenomenon | - явление |
| 19) animate thing | - живая природа |
| 20) inanimate thing | - неживая природа |
| 21) to observe | - наблюдать |
| 22) to create | - создавать |
| 23) to improve | - усовершенствовать |
| 24) to require | - требовать |
| 25) rapid growth of technology | - стремительный рост технологии |
Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
[ju:] universe, produce
[ei] relate, create, application, nature
[i] empirical, principle, difficult
Pay attention to the stress in the following words. Pronounce them.
| exֽperimen´tation | ֽfunda´mental |
| ´complicated | ֽcompo´sition |
Read the text and fulfil the exercises.
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
All definitions of chemistry include the study of matter. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. All matter is arranged and organized. The way it is arranged is called its structure. The parts of the structure and the ratio in which they are organized are called its composition. In addition, all matter has characteristics or properties. That is, each substance has a set of properties that are characteristic of that substance and give it a unique or special identity. These physical or chemical properties are the “personality traits” of that substance. In brief, chemists study the properties, the composition, and the structure as well as the reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems. Basically, chemistry is a science that deals with the composition and properties of substances and with the reactions by which substances are produced from, or converted into, other substances.
People have practiced chemistry since ancient times. The Egyptian, Arabic, Greek, and Roman cultures each contributed significant developments to chemistry. These early developments were empirical. That is, they were achieved by trial and error and were not based on any valid theory of matter. The alchemists (500-1600 A.D.) whose practical goal was to change base metals into gold and to prolong life, also contributed to the development of chemistry. However, it was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that modern chemistry began to develop through systematic experimentation rather than trial and error. In fact, this systematic experimentation, called thescientific method, is usually credited with being the most important single factor in the development of chemistry and its application to technology.
Chemistry is related to physics, another basic branch of science. It is also related to biology, the science of life, because life itself is basically a complicated system of interrelated chemical processes. The range, or scope, of chemistry is very wide. In fact, it includes the whole universe and every animate (living) and inanimate (nonliving) thing in it. Chemistry may be broadly classified into two main branches: organicchemistry (of living things) and inorganic chemistry (of nonliving things). Through the study of chemistry we try to learn and understand the principles and lawsthat control the activity of all matter.
Chemists may try to observe and to explain natural situations, or phenomena, or they may invent experiments that will show the composition and structure of complex substances. They may look at methods to improve natural processes or, sometimes, create or combine substances that are unknown in nature.
Even though the total of chemical knowledge is so enormous that no one could learn all of it in one’s lifetime, the basic concepts are not difficult. In fact, these fundamental concepts in chemistry have become part of the education required for many professionals in a wide variety of fields and they have contributed to the rapid growth of technology.