Ex. III. Answer the questions

1. Can the main memory be used for the permanent storage of data?

2. What is the major goal of information system designers?

3. What does a file consist of?

4. What does a record in a file describe?

5. What does each field describe?

6. How are records in sequential file systems processed?

7. How are sequential files stored and what are they used for?

8. What kind of devices made it possible to locate a random data block on the disks?

9. What does an index of a file consist of?

10. How are indexes navigated?

Ex. IV. Here are the answers. Work out questions.

1. Locations of indexes to items beginning with the letters A, B, etc.

2. Pointers to indexes of items beginning with the letters Ab, Ac, and so on.

3. Purely indexed or indexed-sequential.

4. The record’s location.

5. The location of a block of sequentially ordered records.

6. The automatic creation of indexes.

Ex. V. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

Random, storage, sequential, fields, access, secondary, files, file maintenance, batches, retrieval

1. A file is simply an organized collection of ............ and ...........

2. The process of modifying the contents of a file by adding, deleting or correcting records is termed ...................

3. There are two principal types of file maintenance; one is associated with .......... access mass memory devices, the other is relevant to mass memory with random access.

4. ............ access permits transactions to be processed in the order in which they are received.

5. A disk is particularly suitable for the .... of random access files.

6. Transactions are collected into .......... over a period to form on unsorted transactions file.

7. The handling of .............. makes up a huge part of the work of computers.

8. A file management system is software that manages the storage, ............ to, ............ from, and of flat files.

9. A set of files is stored permanently on some ........ storage device.

Ex. VI. Translate into English.

Файл - це структура даних, яка складається з записів та полів. Звичайні файли не мають зв’язків або інтегрованих структур з будь-якими іншими файлами. Система керування файлами - це програмний продукт, який здійснює управління збереженням, доступом, пошуком та використанням звичайних файлів.

Система керування файлами має такі переваги, як мала вартість, легкість в управлінні та підтримці, високу стійкість під час виникнення помилок у даних, які викликані помилками у програмному та технічному забезпеченні. Але до недоліків можна включити те, що файли є незалежними, не інтегрованими, одна й та ж інформація багато разів дублюється в різних файлах. Кожне місце, де розташовується інформація, повинно бути відзначене та поновлене кожного разу , коли файл змінюється. Програми залежать від розташування полів у записах. Програми, які керують даними в багатьох файлах, дуже важно створити і підтримувати. Системи керування файлами надають користувачеві можливість ввести програмні команди, які дозволяють перехресний (cross-referencing) доступ до файлів.

Ex. VIII. Find examples of verbals in the above text. State their forms and functions. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Ex. IX. Work in groups. Discuss the following:

What are the advantages and disadvantages of database processing?

Part II

Ex. I. Predict which principal economic activities of London the text covers.

Ex. II. Write down 15 words related to the topic.

Ex. III. Read the following text:

Economy of London

Finance, business, and commerce are London’s principal economic activities. It is the leading international financial centre, with more than 565 foreign banks. Banking and insurance are concentrated in the City of London. The city is home to the Bank of England (1964), banker to the clearing banks and the UK government. The city of London is the European centre for gold distribution and holds the gold and dollar reserves of the sterling countries.

The Royal Exchange (1567), London’s international stock exchange, is also based in the City. It is the word’s largest centre for trading foreign equities, accounting for 60% of global turnover in 1960. In the 1960s London was the world’s largest single borrowing source. In 1979 the abolition of foreign exchange controls enabled UK savings institutions to invest money overseas, meaning the London Stock Exchange’s member firms were exposed for the first time to competition from overseas brokers, culminating in the ‘Big Bang’ of October 1986. At the same time the name was changed from the London Stock Exchange to the International Stock Exchange and face-to-face dealing on the trading floor was replaced by computerized electronic trading. Many firms were bought by banks, which invested capital. These were boom times, until October 1987, when the stock market crashed and the recession set in. Nevertheless, London’s daily turnover remained higher than that of New York and Tokyo.

Other London based exchanges include the London Metal Exchanger, which, with the Commodity Exchange of New York, is the word’s most important market for copper, nickel, and zinc; the Baltic Exchange, which deals with shipping and air freight and the London Futures and Options Exchange (until 1987 the London Commodity Exchange) which deals in non-metal commodities such as petroleum, coffee, and wool.

London is the location of the word’s largest insurance market, with a net premium income of 114 billion in 1996. 28% of word marine insurance and 38% of aviation insurance are traded in London. Lloyd’s of London, established in the 1680s by Edward Lloyd, accounts for half of all international insurance premiums underwritten in the London market.

Commercial, manufacturing, and professional bodies have concentrated in specific areas of inner London over the centuries, although increasing property prices and considerations of access have forced many to relocate to the suburbs and elsewhere.

London’s wholesale and retail centres include Leadenhall Market, dealing with meat and poultry, and some grocery; Smithfield, the largest meat market in the world; and Hatton Garden, centre of the diamond trade. In 1973 London’s fruit and vegetable market moved from its original site in Covent Garden, the square subsequently becoming a shopping and restaurant complex notable for its street entertainment. Bullingsgate, London’s principal fish market, moved from its 900-year-old City site to new premises in the former West India Dock in 1982.

Printing and publishing form a major part of London’s economy. Until the mid-1980s Fleet Street was the centre of Britain’s newspaper industry, but most of its printing concerns have relocated to other premises in the London region. Other media-related businesses include television and radio broadcasting, film production, and music recording. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Independent Television (ITV) Network Centre are all based in London, as are 24 radio stations, nine of which have national coverage.

Although manufacturing has declined, various light industries remain in the London boroughs, including the production of electronic goods, computer software, pharmaceuticals, and beer.

Active Words and Phrases:

insurance	страхування	copper	мідь
banking	банківські справи	shipping	відвантаження
clearing bank	клірінгів (розрахунковий) банк	air freight	повітряні вантажі
equities	активи (банку)	futures	товари (куплені завчасно)
stock exchange	фондова біржа	options exchange	біржові операції
turnover	обіг (капіталу)	insurance premium	страхова премія
borrowing	позика коштів (напр. від банку)	body	організація, орган, товариство
trading floor	торговий зал	wholesale	оптова торгівля
recession	рецесія; спад	retail	роздрібна торгівля
commodity exchange	товарна біржа	premises	приміщення