Fill in the gaps with the necessary form of the adjective. (Table 7)
| This question is (easy) than that one. This question is easier than that one. |
1. London is the (big) city in Great Britain.
2. He knows English (good) than the professor of law does.
3. The Police Department is (far) from our house.
4. Psychology is the (difficult) subject for me.
5. Trafalgar Square is one of the (beautiful) squares in the world.
Modal Verbs and their Equivalents
| Can | = be able to |
| May | = be allowed to |
| Must | = have to = be to |
Can, May, Must and their Equivalents in Present, Past and Future
| Present | Past | Future |
| I can do it myself. Don’t help me. I am able to do it myself. Я могу ( в состоянии) | I could do it myself. I was able to do it myself. Я cмог ( был в состоянии) | ____ Don’t worry. I’ll be able to do it myself. Я смогу (буду в состоянии) |
| You may do it. You are allowed to do it. Вам разрешается (разрешено) | He said you might do it. You were allowed to do it. Вам разрешили (было разрешено) | ____ You will be allowed to do it. Вам разрешат |
| You must do it yourself. You have to do it yourself. Вы должны (вам нужно, вам придется) | ____ You had to do it yourself. Вы должны были (вам нужно было, пришлось) | ____ You will have to do it yourself. Вы должны будете (вам нужно будет, вам придется) |
| The lecture begins at 5 p.m. … | ||
| …so you are to come at 4.50 Вы должны (обязаны), вам нужно (предстоит) | …that’s why you were to come at 4.50 Вы должны были (вам нужно было) | ____ |
Modal Verbs Need, Should, Ought to
| Need нужно надо нет необходимости | Выражает: необходимость совершения действия или отсутствие таковой | You needn’t do it now. You can do it tomorrow. Need you go soon? |
| Should должен следует | a) моральную обязанность, совет b) вероятность | You shouldn’t speak like that. You should be more careful. What should I do now? The film should be interesting. |
| Ought должен следует | моральный долг, обязанность | You ought to help your sister. (Тебе следовало бы помочь сестре.) You oughtn’t to speak like that. Ought I to do it? - Yes, I think you should. |
Notes:
1. Modal verbs
· are used with the Infinitives of other verbs without the particle to (except ought);
· form the interrogative and the negative without the auxiliary do;
· do not take -s in the 3-rd person singular;
2. Need is used in questions and negative sentences only.
3. Need may be used as a main verb with the meaning "нуждаться".
Modal Verbs with the Infinitive in the Passive Voice
  Smb Smth It | must should can may ought to have to etc. | be + Participle II |
1. This law must be passed.
Этот закон должен быть принят.
2. It can be easily done in time.
Это легко можно сделать вовремя.
3. The letters have to be posted in the morning.
Письма должны быть отправлены утром
4. It cannot be denied that he is able to solve the problem.
Нельзя отрицать того, что он способен решить эту проблему.
Exercises
Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the use of the modal verbs.
1. Must we copy this text? – No, you needn’t. But you must copy these exercises. 2. She shouldn’t be so rude. 3. The children oughtn’t to eat so much chocolate. 4. It must be very dull to read this book. 5. He was to attend the lectures. 6. The train is to arrive at 10 p.m. 7. We shall have to discuss our problems. 8. You should wait for her. She doesn’t know the town. 9. She was allowed to go home.
10. Will you be able to solve all these problems? 11. A conversation with the witness might help the detective to find a clue to the mystery. 12. You should learn the rules. 13. The problem must be discussed right now. 14. The work must be finished by
5 p.m. 15. It cannot be denied that his work is a success.