Scientific and technological|scitech| progress and production intensification
LECTURE
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL|SCITECH| PROGRESS
AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE
Scientific and technological|scitech| progress and production intensification
Scientific and technological|scitech| progress is interconnected forward development of scientific and technological|scitech| progress, which shows up in the permanent|constant| influence of the scientific|science| discoveries|discovery| and inventions for the level of technique and technology|technicology|, and|but| similarly for the application of new|firsttime| devices and equipment|EQP|. It affects the transformation and development of labor facilities and the interrelation of people in the process of production.
Scientific and technological|scitech| progress is|appear| a powerful instrument of rapid growth of economy, which solves a lot of social tasks|tsk|. The rates|tempo| of introducing|introducting| its|its| achievements and manufacturing efficiency greatly depend on making and|logical| carrying out scientifically grounded|substantiate| national policy|politics| in this sphere of activity.
Continuous perfection|triming| of machines,|vehicle| tools and other means of production and the introduction|introducting| of progressive technology|technicology| and production organization serve as the concrete expression of scientific and technological|scitech| progress.
Scientific and technological|scitech| progress influences the labor productivity due to the increase of the amount|quantity| of machines|vehicle| and their effective application and by means of scientific and technical factors affecting other factors of production, which are instrumental in the growth|height| of products|production| during a working time unit. Among these factors, the important place|seat| is taken by the change|variating| of the content and terms of labor, its|its| organization, the level|Y-level| of labor force development and the character of its use, etc.
Scientific and technological|scitech| progress creates pre-conditions|pre-requisite| and material and technical conditions for overcoming the existing difference between mental and physical|physics| work, it is instrumental in the change|variating| of place|seat| and role of man in the process of production.
Under the modern influence of scientific and technological progress the transition from extensive growth|height| of production, when new|firsttime| material and money resources are attracted|draw|, to|by| intensive growth|height| due to higher labor productivity, the perfection|triming| of technology|technicology| and organization of production, upgrading|upclassing| products|production|, further decreasing|lowering| prime price is carried out.
The scientific and technological|scitech| progress shows up in its development in two interconnected and interdependent forms|shape| - evolutional and revolutionary.
The evolutional form|shape| of the scientific and technological|scitech| progress is characterized|describe| with the gradual continuous improvement of traditional technology|technicology|, the accumulation|upbuilding| of these improvements. Such process|Carbro| can last long enough and provides|secure|, especially at the initial|elementary| stages, substantial economic results.
There is accumulation|upbuilding| of technical improvements at the certain|definite| stage. On the one side, they are already not enough effective, on the other side they create the necessary base|baseline| for fundamental transformations of productive forces|strenth|, which provides|secure| the achievement of qualitatively|quality| new|firsttime| public labor, higher productivity. Then there appears revolutionary situation. Such form|shape| of development of scientific and technological|scitech| progress is called the revolution. There happen fundamental changes|variating| in the material and technical base|baseline| of production under the influence of the scientific and technological|scitech| revolution.
The scientific and technological|scitech||scitech| progress (in any|its| form)|shape| plays the determining role in the development and intensification of industrial production. It engulfs|embrace| all links of the process|Carbro|, including|switch| fundamental, theoretical research|work-up|, applied|canalside| research, research and development work|elaboration|, the creation|making| of new|firsttime| technology samples, their mastering and industrial production, and the introduction|introducting| of new|firsttime| technology into the national economy. Updating|renovation| the material and technological base|baseline| of industry is carried out, labor productivity grows, the efficiency of production rises. The research|work-up| shows that during a number of years|Hecht| decreasing|lowering| production inputs for industrial products|production| manufacturing was provided|secure| due to the measures|step| of the scientific and technological|scitech| progress by 2/3 on the average.
Intensification (from Latin intension – tension, strengthening and fakio – to do) is a process in the development of production due to the application of more effective means of production and production organization unlike the extensive economic growth due to the expansion of production with the retaining level of technology and quality of resources. Intensification presupposes the increase of production inputs, however, these expenses are paid back with more effective and economical use of all applied resources. Due to the intensification there is a process of transforming the structure of resources used, since the application of new machines and equipment results in saving living (direct) labor and the growth of its productivity. There is also saving the articles of labor and natural resources due to the replacement of natural materials with synthetic ones, the introduction of the newest technologies, among them technologies, resulting in zero-emission production. Changes in the use of all factors of production take place as the result of intensification. Labor tension grows, that shows up in the increase of the density of the use of working hours, strengthening physical, nervous and intellectual load for labor force; the production organization is improved; saving all costs of production and raw material is carried out. The decisive factor of the intensification of production and the economic growth is scientific and technological progress which presupposes the development of fundamental research, applied research and the development and introduction of new technologies, the creation of fundamentally new technique and equipment. This process on the whole is called the innovative one. The indices of the innovative process are the percentage of products of science intensive industries in the total production volume, the coefficient of the equipment withdrawal, the coefficient of new technique introduction, etc. The same indices are the main indices of the production intensification.
Presently the greater value is acquired by the direct state investing in innovative projects for strengthening intensification processes. The state by means of purchases of commodities and services, which are produced by science intensive enterprises (aviation, space, electronic ones) stimulates innovative processes, organizes tax and credit stimulation of innovative enterprises, carries out obligatory programs of personnel training. At the same time the state tries to neutralize negative consequences of the intensification, such as, for example, excessive "urbanization" of life, ecological problems etс. The process of neutralizing negative consequences of the intensification and the economic growth is carried out by means of strengthening the direct influence of the state for the structure of national economy, state support is used for closing unpromising types of production and enterprises.