Major directions of scientific and technological progress
One of the major directions of scientific and technological|scitech| progress at the modern stage is|appear| the comprehensive mechanization and comprehensive automation. It is wide introduction|introducting| of the interconnected|interreated| and mutually complementary| systems of machines|vehicle|, vehicles, devices, equipment|EQP| in all areas of production, operations and types of work|wrk|. It|her| is instrumental in the intensification of production, the growth|height| of labor productivity, the reduction|abbreviation| of the portion|share| of manual labor in the production, facilitation and improvement of working conditions, in the decrease|lowering| of labor intensiveness of products|production|.
Under the term ‘mechanization’ mainly|par excellence| ousting manual|manual| labor and its replacement by machine one in those links, where it remains until now|thus far| (in basic|main| technological and auxiliary operations|AUX|, subsidiary, load-transfer, permutable and other labor operations) is understood.
Under modern conditions, there exists a task|tsk| to complete comprehensive mechanization in all industries|branch| of production and unproductive spheres|worth, to make a large|major| step|footpace| towards the manufacturing automation with the transition to|by| shops-| and enterprises-automats, to|by| the systems of automated|computer-managed| management and planning.
The automation means the application of technical means, with the purpose of complete or partial|part-time| replacement of participation of man in the processes|Carbro| of receiving, transformation, transmission and use|utillizing| of energy, materials|fabric| or information. There is partial automation|part-time|, automation, which covers separate operations and processes|Carbro|, and comprehensive automation, which automates|computerise| the whole cycle|runddown| of work|wrk|. In that case, when the automated|computer-managed| process|Carbro| is realized without|senza| the direct|immediate| participation of man, they say about complete automation of this process|Carbro|.
The transition|transfer| of automation on the base|baseline| of modern computer-aided technique was instrumental in functional|function| approach|closing-in| of both directions. Mechanical engineering began to master machine-tools and automatic transfer lines with numerical program control, which are able to process|work| the wide nomenclature|nomeuclature| of details, later industrial robots and flexible manufacturing systems appeared.
Organization and technical pre-conditions|pre-requisite| of the automation are as follows|appear|:
The need in the perfection|triming| of manufacturing and its|its| organization, the necessity of transition from discrete to|by| continuous technology|technicology|;
The necessity of improving the character|nature| and terms of labor of a worker;
The appearance|occurring| of technological systems, the management of which without|senza| application of automation facilities is impossible because of the |because of| high speed of the processes carried out|Carbro| in them or their complicacy;
The necessity of the combination of automation with other directions of scientific and technical|scitech| progress;
The optimization of complex manufacturing processes|Carbro| with the introduction|introducting| of automation facilities.
The comprehensive manufacturing automation presupposes automation of all basic|main| and auxiliary|AUX| operations. In mechanical engineering the creation|making| of the computer-integrated manufacturing section of machine-tools and their management with the help of a computer will allow to raise|raise| the labor productivity of machine-operators 13 times, to shorten|reduce| the number of machine-tools sevenfold.
Among the directions of comprehensive automation there is introduction|introducting| of rotor|rotary| and rotor-conveyer lines, automatic transfer lines for mass products|production| and creation|making| of the automated|computer-managed| enterprises.
Under conditions of the multiple-job computer-integrated manufacturing |computer-managed|the large|big| volume|CU| of work|wrk| is carried out, for which the basic|main| production is functionally|function| tied up with such systems, as the automation system of scientific|science| research|work-up|, computer-aided design systems of engineering development.
The computer engineering is still more widely used not only for the manufacturing automation, but also in its|its| different|diverse| spheres. Such involvement of the computing and microelectronic technology into the activity of the different|diverse| production systems is called|call| the computerization of manufacturing.
Computerization is the basis|backing| of technical rearmament|re-equiping| of manufacturing, the necessary condition|COND| of increasing|rise| its|its| efficiency. Technological complexes, machines|vehicle| and equipment|EQP|, measuring, regulative and informative systems are created on the basis of computer and microprocessors; development effort| work |wrk|and scientific|science| research|work-up|, informative service, teaching|walk-through| and other development aspects are carried out, that provides|secure| the increase|rise| of public and individual|first-aid| labor productivity, conditioning for comprehensive and harmonious development of personality|individual|.
The permanent|constant| exchange|transput| of the information between the|its| links of the national economy, timely processing the large amount of information at different|diverse| levels|Y-level| of management, which is impossible without|senza| the computer, is necessary for the normal development and functioning of the complex national economy mechanism. Therefore, the development of economy largely depends on the level|Y-level| of computerization.
National and international communication-computing networks|net|, databases, new generation of satellite space communication networks allow to facilitate|easy| the access to informative resources. The Internet serves as an evident|easy-to-see| example. Chemization of manufacturing is the other major direction of scientific and technological|scitech| progress, which foresees the perfection|triming| of production as the result of the introduction|introducting| of chemical|chinagraph| technologies|technicology|, raw material, materials|fabric|, products for intensification, receiving new|firsttime| types of products|production| and increase|rise| of their quality, the increase|rise| of efficiency and content-richness of labor, facilitation of its|its| conditions.
Electrification is a major direction of the scientific and technological|scitech| progress, the base|baseline| for all other directions|appear|. Electrification of industry is the process|Carbro| of the wide introduction|introducting| of electric power as a power supply of production power devicein technological processes|Carbro|, facilities of management and control of manufacturing motion. The comprehensive manufacturing mechanization and automation are carried out,progressive technology|technicology| is introduced. Electrification provides|secure| the replacement of manual labor with the machine one in industry, extends|underream| affecting electric power on objects of labor. The efficiency of the application of electric|electrical| energy is especially great in technological processes|Carbro|, engineering tools of the manufacturing and management automation, engineering calculations|computation|, information processing, in calculating and computing work,|wrk| etc.
Electric|electrical| and electrochemical methods have some important advantages in comparison with traditional mechanical|power-operated| methods|heliochrome| of processing metals and other materials|fabric|. Lasers|laser-oscillator| are widely used for cutting and welding materials|fabric|, internal drilling and thermal processing. Laser|laser-oscillator| processing is used not only in industry, but also in many other industries|branch| of national economy.
Besides singling out directions of scientific and technological|scitech| progress, there exists classification of directions of scientific and technological progress according to the priorities|precedency|.
The priority directions of scientific and technological|scitech| progress are as follows|appear|: