Which word or phrase in the text above means

VOCABULARY - MASS MEDIA

mass media - СМИ

print media - печатные СМИ

television program - телевизионная передача

to host a program - вести передачу

live broadcast - прямой эфир

national channel - федеральный канал

freedom of speech - свобода слова

television screen - телеэкран

viewer - зритель

to give an interview - давать интервью

pressing problems - актуальные проблемы

event of worldwide importance - событие мирового масштаба

hot spots - горячие точки

Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service.

Blog

A blog (a contraction of the term "Web log") is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries.

Blogosphere

Blogosphere is a collective term encompassing all blogs and their interconnections. It is the perception that blogs exist together as a connected community (or as a collection of connected communities) or as a social network.

Broadcast

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young adults.

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously

Column

A column is a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication. Columns are written by columnists.

What differentiates a column from other forms of journalism is that it meets each of the following criteria:

· It is a regular feature in a publication

· It is personality-driven by the author

· It explicitly contains an opinion or point of view

Editorial

An editorial, leader (US), or leading article (UK) is an article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses the opinion of the editor, editorial board, or publisher.

The editorial board is a group of editors, usually at a print publication, who dictate the tone and direction that the publication's editorials will take. In much of the English-speaking world, editorials are typically not written by the regular reporters of the news organization, but are instead collectively authored by a group of individuals

Journalism

Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. These include newspapers, magazines, radio and television, the internet and, more recently, the cellphone. Journalists—be they writers, editors or photographers; broadcast presenters or producers—serve as the chief purveyors of information and opinion in contemporary mass society. "News is what the consensus of journalists determines it to be."

Journalist

A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events, trends, issues, and people while striving for non-bias viewpoint.

Reporters are one type of journalist. They create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television, radio, magazines, documentary film, and the Internet. Reporters find sources for their work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are often expected to report in the most objective and unbiased way to serve the public good. A columnist is a journalist who writes pieces that appear regularly in newspapers or magazines.

Magazine

Magazines are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three.They are published published weekly, biweekly, monthly ...

Mass media

Mass Media includes all the "tools" we have for communicating with large numbers of people… television, radio, film, on-line services, magazines and newspapers. All carry messages that reach masses of people.

News

News is any new information or information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience. News, the reporting of current information on television and radio, and in newspapers and magazines.

Newspaper

A newspaper is a written publication containing news, information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. General-interest newspapers often feature articles on political events, crime, business, art/entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing columns which express the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections may contain advertising, comics, coupons, and other printed media. Newspapers are most often published on a daily or weekly basis, and they usually focus on one particular geographic area where most of their readers live.

Press conferences

Meetings with reporters.

Press - "the press"

The media that includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, wire services, and on-line services, among others.

Print media

That portion of the mass media which include newspapers and magazines.

Propaganda

Propaganda is the dissemination of information aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people.

Talking heads

A shot of a person's face talking directly to the camera.

Television

Television (TV) is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound.

Tabloids

A tabloid is a newspaper of small format giving the news in condensed form, usually with illustrated, often sensational material

Yellow journalism

The term used to describe sensational news reporting.

Текст 1

MASS MEDIA

The mass media play an important part in our lives. Newspapers, radio and especially TV inform us of what is going on in this world and give us wonderful possibilities for education and entertainment. They also influence the way we see the world and shape our views.

Of course, not all newspapers and TV programmes report the events objectively, but serious journalists and TV reporters try to be fair and provide us with reliable information.

It is true that the world today is full of dramatic events and most news seems to be bad news. But people aren't interested in ordinary events. That is why there are so many programmes and articles about natural disasters, plane crashes, wars, murders and robberies. Good news doesn't usually make headlines. Bad news does.

Some people say that journalists are given too much freedom. They often intrude on people's private lives. They follow celebrities and print sensational stories about them which are untrue or half-true. They take photos of them in their most intimate moments. The question is — should this be allowed?

The main source of news for millions of people is television. People like TV news because they can see everything with their own eyes. And that's an important advantage. Seeing, as we know, is believing. Besides, it's much more difficult for politicians to lie in front of the cameras than on the pages of newspapers.

Still, many people prefer the radio. It's good to listen to in the car, or in the open air, or when you do something about the house.

Newspapers don't react to events as quickly as TV, but they usually provide us with extra detail, comment and background information.

The Internet has recently become another important source of information. Its main advantage is that news appears on the screen as soon as things happen in real life and you don't have to wait for news time on TV.

Questions:

1. Do the media play an important part in your life?

2. Do you think that the media influence our life?

3. Millions of people get most of their news from television. What about you?

4. Do you read newspapers?

5. When do you usually listen to the radio?

6. Do you agree that most news we get from the media is bad news?

7. Do you think it would be nice if all news printed in newspapers and shown on TV was good news?

8. Do you think that journalists are given too much freedom?

9. If people have died in a plane crash, should their bodies be shown on TV?

10. How do paparazzi earn their living?

11. Are you interested in politics? Don't you think that some politicians use the media to influence their voters?

12. What is the main advantage of the Internet?

Текст 2

Newspapers

Newspapers are especially important nowadays and we can’t imagine our life without them. There are dozens of them on every news-stand. There are newspapers for professionals, for businessmen, for children and teenagers, for men and women, for sports fans, for those who are interested in gardening, fishing, hunting, for those who keep pets and so on. Some newspapers publish serious articles on politics, economy and finance, some aim to entertain their readers. Many newspapers express certain political opinion and people choose them according to their own political beliefs. In short, you can always find a paper which suits your interests. The advantage of all the newspapers is that they usually provide us with extra detail, comment and background information. But it is bad that very often newspapers are full of dramatic events about natural disasters, plane crashes, murders and robberies. Having read such articles, you feel depressed and it seems that the world is being ruined. One more disadvantage is that newspapers are full of gossip about different celebrities and their private lives. There are also a lot of photos of them in their most intimate moments. I think it shouldn’t be allowed, besides half of this information is unreliable.

It is impossible to imagine our life without newspapers. Millions of copies of them appear every day. Many people subscribe to two or more newspapers; others buy newspapers at the newsstands.

There are national daily newspapers, such as the "Izvestiya", and the "Komsomolskaya Pravda". There are also national weekly newspapers, such as the "Argumenty i Fakty" and the "Nedelya". Most national newspapers express a political opinion, and people choose them according to their political beliefs. Most newspapers contain news, detailed articles on home and international affairs, reviews of books, art and TV shows. Many of them also cover sports events.

In the USA daily newspapers are published in 34 different languages. The daily newspapers are of two kinds: quality and popular. A quality paper is a serious newspaper, which publishes articles and commentaries on politics. A popular paper contains many photographs; its articles are often sensational and mostly deal with private life of famous people.

"The Wall Street Journal" is a quality paper. It is a business newspaper with the largest circulation in the country. There are also newspapers in the USA, which are famous all over the world for their quality. "The New York Times" is "the world's top daily".

Текст 3

The Press National Daily and Sunday Papers

In a democratic country like Great Britain the press, ideally, has three political functions: information, discussion and representation. It is supposed to give the voter reliable and complete information to base his judgment. It should let him know the arguments for and against any policy, and it should reflect and give voice to the 'desires of the people as a whole.

Naturally, there is no censorship in Great Britain, but in 1953 the Press Council was set up. It is not an official body but it is composed of the people nominated by journalists, and it receives complaints against particular newspapers. It may make reports, which criticize papers, but they have no direct effects. The British press means, primarily, a group of daily and Sunday newspapers published in London. They are most important and known as national in the sense of circulating throughout the British Isles. All the national newspapers have their central offices in London, but those with big circulations also print editions in Manchester (the second largest press center in Britain) and Glasgow in Scotland.

Probably in no other country there are such great differences between the various national daily newspapers - in the type of news they report and the way they report it.

All the newspapers whether daily or Sunday, totaling about twenty, can be divided into two groups: quality papers and popular papers. Quality papers include "The Times", "The Guardian", 'The Daily Telegraph", "The Financial Times", "The Observer", 'The Sunday Times" and "The Sunday Telegraph". Very thoroughly they report national and international news.

In addition to the daily and Sunday papers, there is an enormous number of weeklies, some devoted to specialized and professional subjects, others of more general interest. Three of them are of special importance and enjoy a large and influential readership. They are: the "Spectator" (which is non-party but with Conservative views), the "New Statesman" (a radical journal, inclining towards the left wing of the Labour Party) and the largest and most influential - the "Economist" (politically independent): These periodicals resemble one another in subject matter and layout. They contain articles on national and international affairs, current events, the arts, letters to the Editor, extensive book reviews. Their publications often exert a great influence on politics.

The distinction between the quality and the popular papers is one primarily of educational level. Quality papers are those newspapers which are intended for the well educate. All the rest are generally called popular newspapers. The most important of them are the "News of the World", "The Sun", the "Daily Mirror", the "Daily Express".

The two archetypal popular papers, the "Daily Mail" and "Daily Express" were built by individual tycoons in the early 20^th century. Both had a feeling for the taste of a newly-literate public: if a man bites a dog, that's a news. The "Daily Express" was built up by a man born in Canada. He became a great man in the land, a close friend and associate of Winston Churchill, and a powerful minister in his War Cabinet. The circulation of "The Daily Express" at one time exceeded four million copies a day. Now the first Lord Beaverbrook is dead, and the daily sales are not much more than half of their highest figure. The history of the "Daily Mail", with its conventional conservatism, is not greatly different.

The popular newspapers tend to make news sensational. These papers concentrate on more emotive reporting of stories often featuring the Royal Family, film and pop stars, and sport. They publish "personal" articles which shock and excite. Instead of printing factual news reports, these papers write them up in an exciting way, easy to read, playing on people's emotions. They avoid serious political and social questions or treat them superficially. Trivial events are treated as the most interesting and important happenings. Crime is always given far more space than creative, productive or cultural achievements. Much of their information concerns the private lives of people who are in the news. The popular newspapers are very similar to one another in appearance and general arrangement, with big headlines and the main news on the front page. This press is much more popular than the quality press.

In some countries, newspapers are owned by government or by political parties. This is not the case in Britain. Newspapers here are mostly owned by individuals or by publishing companies, and the editors of the papers are usually allowed considerate freedom of expression. This is not to say that newspapers are without political bias. Papers like The Daily Telegraph, The Sun, for example, usually reflect Conservative opinions in their comment and reporting, while the Daily Mirror and The Guardian have a more left-wing bias. In addition to the 12 national daily newspapers there are nine national papers which published on Sundays. The "quality" Sunday papers devote large sections to literature and the arts. They have colour supplements and are in many ways more like magazines than newspapers. They supply quite different world of taste and interest from the "popular" papers. Most of the "Sundays" contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them also include "colour-supplements" - separate colour magazines which contain photographically-illustrated feature articles. Reading a Sunday paper, like having a big Sunday lunch, is an important tradition in many British households.

Текст 4

The Press

Britain's first newspapers appeared over 300 years ago. Now, as then, newspapers receive no government subsidy, unlike in many other European countries today. Advertising has always been a vital source of income. As long ago as 1660, King Charles II advertised for his lost dog. Today, income from advertising is as crucial as income from sales.

Nevertheless, there are approximately daily and Sunday papers, 1,800 weekly papers and over 7,000 periodical publications. More newspapers, proportionately, are sold in Britain than almost any other country. On average, two out of three persons over the age of fifteen read a national morning newspaper. Three out of four read a Sunday paper. National newspapers have a circulation of about 13,6 million on weekdays and 16,4 million on Sundays, but the ^; readership is twice this figure.

Ownership of the press, is in the hands of a few large press publishing groups. The most significant of these are News International, owned by the Australian-born press tycoon Rupert Murdoch, and the Mirror Group Newspapers, owned by the family of the late Robert Maxwell. The national newspapers, both on week-days and on Sundays, fall into two broad categories: the 'popular' and 'quality' press. All the popular papers, with the exception of the Sunday Express, are 'tabloid' in format. The tabloids are essentially mass entertainment. They are smaller format that other papers, and are distinguished by large illustrations, bold captions and a sensational prose style.

The tabloids' news content is minimal and their emphasis is on gossip, emotion and scandal. By contrast quality newspapers, known as 'broadsheets' on account of their larger, rather cumbersome format, emphasise news coverage, political and economic analysis and social and cultural issues.

Almost every newspaper left its historic home in Fleet Street, the centre of the British press for over a century. Some went to new sites in the London Docklands redevelopment, while others moved elsewhere.

Finally, there are over 900 free newspapers, popularly known as 'freebies', almost all of them weekly and financed entirely by advertising. They achieve a weekly circulation of over 40 million. They function as local noticeboards, where local events are advertised, and anyone can advertise in the 'for sale' or 'wanted' columns.

Among Britain's best selling periodicals, the favourites are the Radio Times and the TV Times, which provide detailed information concerning forthcoming programmes on BBC and independent television. Their popularity is evidence of the dominant place of television in national life. Second to them in popularity are the women's magazines, Woman's Weekly, Woman's Own, Woman, Woman's Realm. The leading opinion journals are The Economist, a political and economic weekly; New Statesman and Society, a political and social weekly; the Spectator, a political weekly, and Private Eye, a satirical fortnightly with a reputation for devastating attacks on leading personalities.

With almost 900 correspondents in over 80 countries, no newspaper anywhere can compete with Britain's formidable news agency, Reuters. Across the world its name has become an assurance of objectivity, accuracy and reliability. Its reports are filed in French, German, Japanese, Arabic and Spanish, as well as English. It is read in the Kremlin, the White House and the Chancellery in Bonn.

Which word or phrase in the text above means

1) money granted, by a government or society, to an industry or other cause needing help;

2) public announcement in the press TV, etc.;

3)money received during a given period as salary, receipts from trade, interest from investments, etc.;

4)printed publication, usually issued every day with news, advertisements, etc.;

5)a small size newspaper with many pictures, strip cartoons, etc. and with its
news presented in simplified form;

6)number of copies of a newspaper or other periodical sold to the public;

7) paper-covered (usually weekly or monthly, and illustrated) periodical, with stories, articles, etc. by various writers;

8) magazine or other publication which appears at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly, etc.);

9) person regularly contributing local news or special articles to a newspaper;

10)short title or heading of an article in a periodical, etc.;

11)showing no fear.

Текст 5

The Press in Britain

It has been said that the British read more newspapers than any other people in the western world. More than thirty million copies of newspapers are printed in the country every day.

National newspapers are sold throughout the United Kingdom. They all have their head offices in London. Some papers aim to inform their readers as widely as possible about national and international news. Other papers try to attract more general readers, with pictures and sensational stories. The News of the World has the largest circulation of any newspaper in Britain.

There are many provincial daily, evening and weekly newspapers published in cities and smaller towns. They present local news and are supported by local advertisements. Many big cities have evening papers which give the latest news. London has two.

There are nearly five thousand periodicals published in the United Kingdom. Of these, women's magazines have the largest circulations. There are magazines and periodicals for almost every trade, profession, sport, hobby or interest. Special magazines and newspapers are published for young people. Very popular among them is Just Seventeen magazine and the newspaper Early Times.

Writing to the newspapers and magazines is a popular pastime for many people. Many-letters are answered. The most interesting are published. People often read the letters before the main news, and the letters do have an influence,

Текст 6

Look quickly at the text about British newspapers. How many newspapers does it describe?

British people like their newspapers.

About 70 per cent of British people read a national newspaper every day and many also read a local newspaper. There are two main types of daily newspaper in Britain. The 'broadsheets' contain national and international news, and pages on topics such as money, the arts and travel. These are the four daily broadsheets:

The Times is very old - it started in 1785. It sells about 680,000 copies a day and it costs 50 pence.

The Guardian started in 1821, in Manchester. (Most newspapers started in London.) It sells about 325,000 copies a day and it costs 55 pence.

The Daily Telegraph sells more copies than the others — about 975,000 a day, and it costs 60 pence. It started in 1855.

The Independent only began in 1986. It sells about 205,000 copies a day and it costs 60 pence.

'Tabloids' contain national news but not a lot of international news, and they have a lot of pages on sport and the lives of famous people. The tabloids are more popular than the broadsheets.

The Daily Mail started in 1896 and it sells about 2,422,000 copies a day now. It costs 40 pence.

The Daily Express started in 1900. It sells about 878,000 copies a day and costs 40 pence.

The Daily Mirror started in 1903. It costs 35 pence and sells about 2,200,000 copies a day.

The Sun is quite new — it started in 1964 — but it is really popular. It sells about 3,452,000 copies a day. It costs 30 pence.

Answer the questions:

How do you know that newspapers are popular in Britain?

Because about 70 per cent of people read a newspaper every day.

1 What are the two types of newspaper?

2 Which type of newspaper has more news?

3 Which type of newspaper is more popular in Britain?

Complete the table with information from the text.