II. Retell it contents in English.

III. Answer the following questions.

1. What was the prehistoric life?

2. How did the earliest humans treat each other?

3. What was the average span of life?

4. What kind of communities did they live?

5. What instinctive actions did they use for treatment?

6. What was the role of ceremonial rituals?

7. Who performed rituals?

8. Which of these instincts have been preserved for today?

9. What did have the more opportunity to spread?

10. What could be used to cauterize wounds?

IV. a) Make up your own sentences with the following words and word-combinations;

B) Explain in English the meanings of the following words and word-combinations;

Injury, span of life, sore, stomach ache, cauterize wounds, germs, disease, healing, treatment.

V. Complete the following sentences.

1. The earliest people lived in…

2. Germs and viruses had more opportunity to…

3. It was noticed that fire…

4. Life of earliest humans was…

5. It he developed a sore or a wound his instinctive action was…

6. Stomach ache could be helped…

7. Instinctive medical activities latter developed into …

8. They were performed by the leader of the community…

9. Implements normally employed as weapons could be…

10. Instinctive medical activities later developed into ceremonial rituals…

VI. Make up disjunctive questions

1. Early man was subject to illness, injury and death.

2. He found that bleeding sometimes eased the pain.

3. Stomach ache could be helped by massage.

4. The small family groups broadened into larger community.

5. If he developed a sore or wound his instinctive action was to suck or lick the affected place.

VII. Make up alternative questions

1. The average span of life was probably little more than thirty years.

2. They were performed by the leader of the community.

3. Disease increased.

4. Germs and viruses had opportunity to spread and breed in human bodies.

5. Implements normally employed as weapons.

UNIT III

I. Read the story and translate it

The medicine-man

Medicine progressed slowly and very painfully along two lines, the magical and the practical. Sometimes the two were linked together; sometimes they were carried on separately. The medicine-man came into being to cure the mental and physical ills of the people, or to kill off a patient thought to be incurable and a burden to the rest of the community.

Magic was practiced to drive out the evil spirits which were thought to cause disease. It took many forms, including the use of objects coated with special substances or carved with mystical designs to give them supposedly magical powers. Gifts and sacrifices might be offered to the appropriate spirit. Some rituals involved the amputation of a finger or other organ.

Excavations of Stone Age settlements have uncovered skulls into which a circular hole had been cut. This operation is known as trepanning and was probably carried out because it was thought that an evil spirit could escape, so relieving the patient of some mental disorder. Signs that the bone around the hole had, in some cases, begun to heal suggest that the sufferer had managed to survive the surgery. The circular pieces of bone removed from the skulls of unfortunate mental patients were possibly made into necklaces and worn as charms, or amulets, to ward off other evil spirits.

II. Retell it contents in English.

III. Answer the following questions.

1. What do you think about magical medicine?

2. Do you trust more practical or magical medicine?

3. Why was magic practiced to drive evil spirits?

4. What forms did it takes?

5. Did these rituals involved amputation or transplantation?

6. What does “trepanning” mean?

7. What might be offered to the appropriate spirit?

8. What was the role of amulet?

9. What have been uncovered in settlements of Stone Age?

10. What did they remove from the skulls?

IV. a) Make up your own sentences with the following words and word-combinations;