UN calls for death penalty abolition

1. TWO-MINUTE DEBATES:Debate these arguments about the death penalty with a partner for just two minutes. Change partners often. Student A agrees with the first argument, Student B, the second.

a. All killing is wrong. Vs. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

b. It saves taxpayers’ money. Vs. No price can be put on human life.

c. The death penalty stops crime. Vs. Murders happen with or without it.

d. The death penalty goes against human rights. Vs. So does multiple murder.

e. Mistakes are made. Innocent people die. Vs. No system is perfect.

f. The death penalty gives society the message that killing is OK. Vs. No way.

g. It provides closure for victims’ families. Vs. That’s a poor reason to kill someone.

h. Life in prison is better. Vs. Life in prison means life watching TV, reading and chatting.

2. DEATH PENALTY METHODS:Talk about the following methods of capital punishment that are used around the world. What are the worst things about each method?

· hanging	· lethal injection
· guillotine	· beheading
· firing squad	· electrocution (electric chair)
· stoning	· gas chamber

DEATH PENALTY SURVEY

In pairs / groups, interview other students. Write down their answers. Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings.

Survey	STUDENT 1 _____________	STUDENT 2 __________	STUDENT 3 _______
Q.1. Do you agree with the death penalty? · Why do you think so many countries voted for the death penalty? · Do you think capital punishment is a deterrent to crime? · Is there a very strong link between the death penalty and human rights? · What is the history of capital punishment in your country? · Is it OK to have the death penalty if 0.0001% of those sentenced to death are totally innocent?
Q.2. Do you think most of the world will oppose the death penalty a decade from now? · Why do you think the USA is so in favor of the death penalty while it also sees itself as a champion of human rights? · Do you think the EU imposes its values on the rest of the world? · What questions would you like to ask someone on Death Row? · What questions would you like to ask an executioner? · Do you think the death penalty is similar to murder?

APPENDIX 2

Бреус 1.Unit 1_Моноремы и диремы

1. МОНОРЕМЫ В НАЧАЛЕ ВСЕГО ТЕКСТА ИЛИ ОТДЕЛЬНОГО АБЗАЦА

1. A press-conference was held recently in Moscow.

2. A change in Washington's attitude became apparent at the beginning of this month.

3. A new president had to be chosen.

4. In October a sudden and violent tempest swept over Wall Street.

5. Jet take-off noise limits are to be introduced.

6. The conversion of Polaris-carrying nuclear-powered submarine for the Poseidon will also begin in the next fiscal year.

7. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, and Mr. Gunter, Minister of Labor, joined in the questioning.

8. The indestructible might of all the German tribes would rise once more and the unquenched fires of warrior Prussia glow and burn.

9. In July, Colonel Picquart became head of the Information Division of the General Staff.

10. In November, 1897, Clemanceau started his fight for the re-examination of the case. Four weeks later Zola joined the ranks of the Dreyfusards.

2. МОНОРЕМЫ В СЕРЕДИНЕ ТЕКСТА

1. Meanwhile, however, other circles were beginning to take an increasing part in the commercial life of the Third Republic.

2. In December of the same year, all trials and lawsuits connected with the affair were liquidated through a general amnesty.

3. It must also be remembered that the Panama scandal was then fresh in the public mind.

4. It is undeniable that the huge police empire was liquidated and most of the concentration camps were dissolved.

5. Instead, a gaping void was opened in the national life of the German people.

6. While all these untoward events were taking place, a new and more terrible cause of quarrel became apparent in Europe.

7. Across the Atlantic on the morrow of the Republican success, isolationist conceptions prevailed.

8. I doubt whether any similar record existed or has ever existed of the day-to-day conduct of war and administration.

9. Furthermore, a pact expressly guaranteeing the existing territorial status on the Rhine would be acceptable to Germany.

10. Even before 1924, the beginnings of a system of airfields and civil aircraft factories had come into existence throughout Germany.

3. ДИРЕМА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ — ФАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО ВРЕМЕНИ

1. The early post-war years witnessed a certain reappraisal of values.

2. Mid-1934 signaled the beginning of its decline.

3. This period saw Foreman's early experiments in which he turned to folk art for inspiration.

4. The past decade has brought about a number of investigations into the physical and chemical properties of these substances.

5. This year sees Britain's labor and trade union movement confronted with serious political challenges.

6. The comparatively short span of the 100 years since the beginning of the 20* century saw a fantastic change in the lives of women.

7. This week-end will see the culmination of a four-week campaign conducted by the Liberal Party among old-age pensioners here and aimed a stopping the rise of electricity charges.

8. The first full session of the fourth general conference of the International Atomic Agency saw delegates of 70 member-states in unanimous agreement on all points of the agenda.

9. On July 8, 150 years ago a storm blew off Leghorn, Italy and drowned Shelly who was sailing in his small schooner.

10. The Festival ends with a gala ballet performance at Petrodvorets, the famous palace of foutains outside St. Petersburg.

11. The Yorkshire Miners' Gala at Ponterfact on Saturday saw a mass demonstration against the National Coal Board's proposed rent increases.

4. ДИРЕМА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ — ФАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО МЕСТА

1. Europe is growing increasingly concerned about the escalation of tensions in the Middle East.

2. The Senate focused on the question of wether "Safeguard" should be expanded.

3. American Childhood is an anthology that draws upon the excerpted diaries and memories of both famous and unknown Americans.

4. The roads were sentinelled by oaks.

5. A recent report from Wales quoted the figures of two vacancies among 40 boys in one small mining village.

6. The company had sixty eight thousand employees in Illium.

7. I had opened my door every night when the hotel slept.

8. Their summits are bare and windswept.

9. The Bolshoi yesterday scored a great success with its first performance of a new ballet "The Stone Flower".

10. The earlier processes need a catalyst to achieve this end.

5. ДИРЕМА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ — ФАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО ПРИЧИНЫ И ОБРАЗА ДЕЙСТВИЯ

1. The split in the Democratic party elected Lincoln.

2. Inflation has triggered off barter, the most primitive form of trade.

3. Higher pay for miners and other workers would raise the purchasing power of the people.

4. The fattening of pigs and cattle and poultry breeding produced a meat gain of 78,600 tons this year.

5. It's tune we understood that this leads to hatred and dissociation in society, moreover it develops aloofness, lack of principle and absence of any convictions and moral standards.

6. This is the only way to achieve a change in the qualitative condition of society.

7. Closer examination tells a rather different story.

8. Long habit has made it more comfortable for me to speak through the creatures of my invention.

9. The actions of Congress and of North Carolina and Tennessee statesmen, aided by gifts of wise conservationists, have set this land aside as Great Smoky National Park.

6. ДИРЕМА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ — ФАКТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЪЕКТ

1. Magically, he found himself at the center of an immense nimbus.

2. The bicycle was then solid tired and grotesquely composed of one five-foot wheel and one tiny one.

3. These writers lacked social vision.

4. Moreover, they came up against the inevitable caste spirit, which the easy atmosphere of the salons had led them to forget.

5. At long last the French republic fell like an overripe fruit into the lap of that old anti-Dreyfusard clique, and this was at a time, when she had few enemies but almost no friends.

6. I had never found the house more likable.

7. "We mean business", said the Prime Minister in the Commons yesterday, announcing new Government moves.

8..He was pitchforked into the position of Minister of Health.

9. These measures were fiercely resisted by the solidarity of the whole peasant class.

10. We now know how precarious the position of the party was, not only because a mood of outright opposition prevailed in the country but because it was riddled with corruption and drunkenness.

11. It is deplorable that this first random selection has not yet been followed up by a more extensive publication of the material. 12. Oil has always been the subject of heated debate in Norway.

7. ДИРЕМА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ — ФАКТИЧЕСКИЙ ПРИЗНАК СУБЪЕКТА

1. It showed that the intermediaries between private enterprises and the machinery of the state were almost exclusively former officials.

2. The right policy was defence of vested interests and the right method was corruption.

3. Consequently, their whole defence is the mother, under whose protection the infantile period is prolonged.

4. The staunchest supporters of the Church at that period were the exponents of the so called "cerebral" Catholicism, the Catholics without faith.

5. The most important of the contemporary documents in this respect is the "Henry Memorial".

6. Such a man, utterly divorced from social clanishness or professional ambition, was Piquart.

7. The best documented result of collectivization and the Great Purge was neither progress nor rapid industrialization but famine, chaotic condition in the production of food, and depopulation.

8. One serious problem of Russian literature has always been hypermor-alism, a disease which exerts tremendous pressure on the reader.

9. Village prose began to expose and condemn rather than to extol. It had three sworn enemies. Strangely enough the first enemy was woman.

10. The central figure of this literature is Pious Woman who despite all the hardships of life remains true to her religious instincts.

8. ДИРЕМА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ — ФАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО,ОБЪЕКТ ИЛИ ПРИЗНАК СУБЪЕКТА. В РУССКОМ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИИ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ НЕ ОБРАТНЫЙ, А ПРЯМОЙ ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ

1. Excitement made the sergeant's voice almost unrecognizable.

2. His belligerent manners caused him to lose one friend after another.

3. Glasnost enabled writers to find freedom of expression in their published books.

4. Abstract impressionism had already placed American artists at the forefront of international art.

5. Lack of spacious studio caused Lisitsky to engage primarily in graphic arts.

6. Yet economic independence for individual republics was viewed by Shatalin as a very dim perspective.

7. Another priority job was to create a normal environment for small businesses, sais Shatalin, and he stated his belief that they were one of the main driving forces in the economy.

8. No doubt the foreign reader finds it amusing and exotic.

9. Sweden and Japan, the leaders in robotization, had long had lower unemployment levels than other Western countries.

10. Sunrise found me alighting from the train at a small station called Yasenki, about four miles from Tolstoy's home.

9. ДИРЕМЫ С ФОРМАЛЬНЫМ ПОДЛЕЖАЩИМ

1. It was pretty depressing out in the street, with a gusty wind throwing handfuls of light drizzle in your face.

2. Since they were aliens it was possible to make scapegoats of them when public indignation had to be allayed.

3. This, indeed, had been the line first laid down by Drummont and later endorsed by Maurras.

4. This makes it so easy to mistake the mob for the people, which also comprises all strata of society.

5. Consequently we have come to call a state "democratic" if its government is accountable to the people through competitive elections to public office.

6. We now know how precarious the position of the government was.

7. When you listen to the War Requiem it becomes clear why most West European artists are turning to medieval art for inspiration.

8. It is the time of the "White Nights" musical festival.

9. It would be a help if we had a system of advanced booking.

10. They all need an "enemy", and when the situation becomes dangerous their anxiety to find such an enemy increases.

11. They called it "mummy" and identified it as a substance which from ancient times had been known for its miraculous power to cure all diseases.

12. As soon as things became a little more difficult for the shadow economics, there appeared all sorts of social provocations.

13. If we imagine an ideal society, the best way to run it is to use different systems and methods of governing in different sectors. It would need both democracy and administrative control.

14. Today we are witnessing the emergence of another, alternative literature.

15. The situation will change in the direction of common sense. We shall acquire the habits of greater tolerance and the readiness to carry out a respectful debate.

16. During the recent anniversary celebrations \ve missed our chance to reach a compromise. Not that we lack good examples in our own history: victorious Peter the Great set up a monument to Swedes fallen in the battle of Poltava.

17. All these facts prompt a simple answer: the country needs someone to run it with a rule of iron.

18. A column of thick smoke rose over the palace in the Quay d'Orsey: clerks were busy burning diplomatic archives.

19. Small wonder so many people write in their letters about "loss of faith" and "loss of ideals".

20. Complex systems cannot be controlled with rigid formulas and rules. Every system needs a self-regulating mechanism.

10. СУБЪЕКТ В ДИРЕМЕ СДВИГАЕТСЯ В КОНЕЦ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЯ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ОБРАТНОГО ПОРЯДКА СЛОВ, КОНСТРУКЦИИ THERE IS, ПРИДАТОЧНОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕГО

1. In front of the map stood a little man wearing a fur-lined coat.

2. At the other end of the table stood two white-gloved waiters.

3. A few steps away are sun-scorched deserts.

4. Similar too was the outlook of the three hundred lesser clerics who immortalized themselves in "Henry Memorial".

5. Far more disastrous was another process which likewise began at this time.

6. Seemingly removed from all such factors, seemingly immune from all corruption, stood the army, a heritage from the Second Empire.

7. Besides the delegates to the Congress there were guests from abroad.

8. There could be no other approach to music that so powerfully deals with a theme vital to every human being.

9. There are at least some indications that France might be willing for the EEC to enter into special relations with Britain.

10. There emerged again a triumvirate called "collective leadership".

11. What was most surprising was that all those who worked in such an intimate relationship with the state machinery were newcomers.

12. What was new in this was not the monarchist trend but the fact that for the first time an important financial power set itself in opposition to the current regime.

13. What made France fall was the fact mat she had no more true Dreyfusards.

14. Out of the military defeat and economic collapse what had in fact emerged was a regime whose capacity for government had been doubtful from its inception.

Бреус 1.Unit 2.Номинализация

11. НОМИНАЛИЗАЦИЯ ГЛАГОЛЬНОГО СКАЗУЕМОГО, ВЫРАЖЕННОГО НЕПЕРЕХОДНЫМ ГЛАГОЛОМ

1. Our union is constantly working towards overcoming the split in the national movement of coal miners' unions.

2. Democracy in the former Soviet Union is expanding through the growing authority of elected government bodies.

3. Officially Eden went to Moscow to exchange views.

4. Democracy aims to treat all people equally.

5. The Rothschilds started as court financial counselors in the first half of the eighteen century.

6. They entered upon their spectacular career as financial counselors of the Kurfurst of Hessen.

7. Under the genial influence of American and British loans Germany was reviving rapidly.

8. Russia was in ruin and convulsion, transformed beyond all semblance of the past.

9. At the same time there is a growing number of highly skilled specialists. Without them today's economy would simply be incapable of developing.

10. The dispute between Slavophiles and pro-Westerners emerged because of the very position of Russia.

12. НОМИНАЛИЗАЦИЯ ГЛАГОЛЬНОГО СКАЗУЕМОГО, ВЫРАЖЕННОГО ПЕРЕХОДНЫМ ГЛАГОЛОМ

1. Between last January and April the country lost 9,5 mln man-days due to ethnic clashes and strikes.

2. The government introduced elements of a market economy without accompanying them with adequate mechanisms for state regulation.

3. People want energy because energy means liberty, mobility, growth and the chance to improve living standards.

4. He shows concern for high ideals only when it concerns himself.

5. From the very first days the Nazi rulers were out to build up Germany's armed forces.

6. If such documents were ever to be published they would be a bombshell.

7. Ministries were strengthened and this led to the emergence of even bigger monopolies that could be supported only by upping prices.

8. This department was to a great extent staffed by ex-flying officers without knowledge of commercial aviation.

9. It is a prodigious task to make an army embodying the whole manhood of a mighty nation.

10. For equivalent electricity output gas generates less than half the emissions produced by coal.

13. НОМИНАЛИЗАЦИЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ В ПОЗИЦИИ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕГО

1. Growing ecological movement is a sign of the time.

2. Continued laser weapon tests run counter to the SALT agreements.

3. The shrinking work force in the old industries indirectly increases the overall number of skilled workers in the economy as a whole.

4. Increased taxes, soaring prices, reduced production and delayed wages considerably lowered people's living standards.

5. Incremental demand for energy comes predominantly from Asia.

14. ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ИМЕНИ ПРИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ В ПОЗИЦИИ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕГО

1. Negotiations on these issues are not only desirable but absolutely necessary.

2. Nuclear tests on Christmas Island would have greatly affected New Zealand.

3. A federation of Arab states is aimed at consolidating Pan Arab unity.

4. New technology substantially changes the whole system of work organization at the plant.

5. National security became a key issue in French domestic policies.

6. Excursions to plants and farms will add up to the students' know-how.

7. A well thought out program for video business would serve as a lesson to other cultural spheres of activity.

8. These decisions would help promote the country's political and economic independence.

15. ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ ПРИЗНАКА ОТ ЕГО НОСИТЕЛЯ

1. His control of the party was almost complete.

2. Their great advantage was that they lived in Frankfurt, one of the great urban centers.

3. The establishment of his five sons in the financial capitals of Europe was his way out of the economic difficulties.

4. The glance in which their eyes met in the looking glass made it clear that they understood one another.

5. Her own career has been singularly lacking in hardship.

6. The blush came and went.

7. The two nations fell apart in thought and action, and British sympathy and even admiration for Germany found powerful expression.

8. In a decade or less the annual flood of German youth reaching the military age must be double that of France.

APPENDIX 3

*Concentration exercises.

Exercise 1
Take a book and count the words in any one paragraph. Start with one paragraph and when it becomes easier, count the words in a whole page. Perform the counting mentally and only with your eyes, without pointing you finger at each word.

Exercise 2
Count backwards in your mind, from one hundred to one. Count in your mind from one hundred to one, skipping each three numbers, that is 100, 97, 94, etc.

Exercise 3

Go along any street, trying to repeat all the digits and letters of all the car number plates (going either in the same or the opposite direction). Next level of difficulty: do the same and simultaneously translate or convert the same number plates from language 1 into language 2.

Exercise 4
Choose an inspiring word, or just a simple sound, and repeat it silently in your mind for five (ten) minutes.

Exercise 5
Take a fruit, an apple, orange, banana or any other fruit, and hold it in your hands. Examine the fruit from all its sides, while keeping your whole attention focused on it. Do not let yourself be carried away by irrelevant thoughts or associated thoughts that might arise. Stay calm, while trying to ignore these thoughts and not be interested in them. Just look at the fruit.

Exercise 6
This is the same as exercise number 5, only that this time you visualize the fruit instead of looking at it.

Exercise 7
Take a small simple object such as a spoon, a fork, or a glass. Concentrate on one of these objects. Watch the object from all sides without any verbalization, that is, with no words in your mind. Just watch the object without thinking with words about it.

Exercise 8
Try for at least five minutes, to stay without thoughts. This exercise is to be attempted only after all the previous ones have been performed successfully. The previous exercises, if practiced correctly, will endow you with the ability to impose silence on your thoughts. In time it will become easier and easier.

APPENDIX 4

KEYS to Section 1

Ключи к упражнениям

Unit 1. Упражнение 1

1. С приходом к власти короля Иакова {традиция) к вигам не стали относиться менее предвзято,

2. Попытка предать суду доктора Дюбуа (транскрипция согласно правилам чтения французского языка) явилась одним из самых постыдных действий правительства США по отношению к негритянскому населению.

3. В письмах из Кореи британские солдаты жаловались в первую очередь на нехватку свежих новостей. Из периодики они получали только «ДжепэнНьюс» (транскрипция, совр. «Japan News» или даже без кавычек) и проамериканскую газетенку «СтарзэндСтрайпс» (транскрипция, совр. «Stars and Stripes»),

4. Десять тонн уранового топлива дают в среднем столько же тепла, сколько потребовалось бы для производства всей электроэнергии, полученной в 1939 году во всем мире. Половины центнера хватило бы теплоходу «Королева Елизавета» (названия кораблей обычно переводятся и добавляется поясняющее слово) на плавание в течение года.

5. Лао-цзы (традиция) родился в провинции Хэиань (традиция) и служил придворным библиотекарем.

Unit 2. Упражнение I

3. Что это за человек, для которого синусоида — источник эстетического наслаждения, педагогическая риторика — единственная радость в жизни, а букварь — поэзия?

4. Добровольцы работают в яслях и игровых комнатах в детских больницах, в клубах для пожилых и госпиталях для ветеранов.

5. Никто и не сомневается, что Си-Эн-Эн (современный вариант — CNN) претворяет в жизнь мечту о «всемирной деревне», где люди собираются вместе вокруг электронного «очага/костра».

6. Администраторам нужно следить, чтобы служащие были довольны и не стремились сменить место работы.

7. Европейские вербовщики кадров/охотники за кадрами обычно преследуют жертву по телефону. В письменном виде они обращаются редко и уж никогда не появляются там, где работает тот, кто их интересует.

8. Американцы обычно стесняются открытого выражения чувств к родине, и ура-патриотическая речь вызывает у них лишь смех.

9. Америка превращается в страну, где все работают на полставки или временно. «Одноразовость» штата — самая важная тенденция в современном деловом мире Америки, которая в корне меняет отношение людей к работе.

10. ... Слева от них стоит человек в очень черном костюме с очень черным галстуком, в очень темных очках, в очень белой рубашке и с очень большой лысиной — полицейский, фэбээровец/»фиби», цээрушник или кто-то еще в этом роде.

Unit 4. Упражнение 1

1. Люди, трезво оценивающие обстановку, напоминают, что в прошлом кризисы в США начинались именно в такие моменты, когда всем уже надоедали несбывавшиеся предсказания о скором наступлении кризиса, и никто им больше не верил.

2. Но самым тяжелым ударом для сторонников атомного оружия стало сенсационное заявление: у русских тоже есть атомная бомба!

3. Участвуя в борьбе за радикальные реформы, многие слои населения осознают необходимость объединения усилий с рабочим классом и усиления политической активности.

4. Правительство, конечно же, не допускает возможности такого существенного изменения внешней политики. Ставки слишком высоки и связи Америки с Европой слишком многочисленны, чтобы допустить такую напряженную ситуацию.

5. Премьер-министр произнесет ответную речь в понедельник после трех неофициальных встреч с группами премьеров Содружества. Первая из этих встреч проходила вчера вечером, две оставшиеся запланированы на сегодняшний вечер и на завтра.

6. Подобная стратегия /политика защитят экономическуюдеятельность и благосостояние нации в целом от последующих денежных кризисов.

7. Подобное развитие событий усилило бы экономическую значимость и потенциал региона, что отразилось бы па приросте населения, а значит, повлекло бы за собой связанные с перенаселением проблемы, в частности, жилищные.

Unit 6. Упражнение 1.

1. Он подошел к телефону и заказал разговор лично с миссис Эвелин Холленбах за ее счет.

2. Излюбленным лозунгом американской республиканской партии остается «Мир и процветание».

3. По радио звучала музыка в стиле «кантри».

4. Он стал сотрудником отдела по связи с общественностью в компании «Дженерал Электрик» в Нью-Йорке.

5. В Соединенных Штатах День Труда всегда отмечают в первый понедельник сентября.

6.В субботу вечером Слим повел молодого человека в пивной зал, чтобы немного выпить и поиграть в «дротики».

7. Таможенник пригласил меня к себе в кабинет. Я вошел в комнату, где рядом стояли два флага — Соединенных Штатов Америки и Соединенного Королевства,

8. «Кстати, это ваш зеленый «Форд» стоит там у счетчика на стоянке, да?» — «Мой, а что?» — «Там инспектор прикрепляет штрафной талон к вашей машине».

9. Корабль «Мейфлауер» водоизмещением в 180 тонн, на борту которого находились отцы-пилигримы, решившиеся пересечь Атлантику и начать новую жизнь, отплыл из Англии 6 сентября 1620 года.

10. Около 4600 лет тому назад, а может быть, и раньше, люди, населявшие Британию в каменном веке, начали строить каменное сооружение. Сейчас оно называется Стоунхедж. Находится оно близ города Солсбери, на юге Англии.

KEYS to Section 9 “Written translation”

Unit 1. Section 9.

Text 1. Plans to exploit Iraq's oil reserves were discussed by government ministers and the world's largest oil companies the year before Britain took a leading role in invading Iraq, government documents show. The papers, revealed here for the first time, raise new questions over Britain's involvement in the war, which had divided Tony Blair's cabinet and was voted through only after his claims that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. The minutes of a series of meetings between ministers and senior oil executives are at odds with the public denials of self-interest from oil companies and Western governments at the time.

Text 2. The 20-year contracts signed in the wake of the invasion were the largest in the history of the oil industry. They covered half of Iraq's reserves – 60 billion barrels of oil, bought up by companies such as BP and CNPC (China National Petroleum Company), whose joint consortium alone stands to make £403m ($658m) profit per year from the Rumaila field in southern Iraq. Last week, Iraq raised its oil output to the highest level for almost decade, 2.7 million barrels a day – seen as especially important at the moment given the regional volatility and loss of Libyan output. Many opponents of the war suspected that one of Washington's main ambitions in invading Iraq was to secure a cheap and plentiful source of oil.

Unit 2. Section 9.

Text 1. FOR years, foreign policy discussions have focused on the question of whether Islam is compatible with democracy. But this is becoming passé. In Tunisia and Egypt, Islamists, who were long perceived as opponents of the democratic system, are now promoting and joyfully participating in it. Even the ultra-Orthodox Salafis now have deputies sitting in the Egyptian Parliament, thanks to the ballots that they, until very recently, denounced as heresy. It was the exclusion and suppression of Islamists by secular tyrants that originally bred extremism. Islamists will become only more moderate when they are not oppressed, and only more pragmatic as they face the responsibility of governing.

Text 2. The main bone of contention is whether Islamic injunctions are legal or moral categories. Saudi Arabia’s religious police ensure that every Saudi observes every rule that is deemed Islamic. Yet members of the Saudi elite are also famous for trips abroad, where they hit wild nightclubs to commit the sins they can’t at home. And it raises the question of whether Saudi Arabia’s intense piety is hypocritical. By contrast, rather than imposing Islamic practices, the ultra-secular Turkish Republic has for decades aggressively discouraged them, going so far as to ban head scarves. Yet Turkish society has remained resolutely religious, thanks to family, tradition, community and religious leaders.

Unit 3. Section 9.

The Shard, which is approaching completion over on London's South Bank is almost the perfect metaphor for how the capital is being transformed – for the worse. The skyscraper both encapsulates and extends the ways in which London is becoming more unequal and dangerously dependent on hot money.This is a high-rise that has been imposed on London Bridge despite protests from residents, conservation groups and a warning from Unesco that it may compromise the world-heritage status of the nearby Tower of London. What's more, its owners and occupiers will have very little to do with the area, which for all its centrality is also home to some of the worst deprivation and unemployment in the entire city. The building is 95% owned by the government of Qatar and its developer, Irvine Sellar, talks of it as a "virtual town", comprising a five-star hotel and Michelin-starred restaurants. So one of London's most identifiable buildings will have almost nothing to do with the city itself. The only working-class Londoners will presumably bus in at night from the outskirts to clean the bins. Otherwise, to all intents and purposes, this will be the Tower of the 1%.

Unit 4. Section 9.

1. Danish statistics show that every 6 miles biked instead of driven saves 3 1/2 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions and 9 cents in health care costs. But many cite happiness among the chief benefits of bicycle commuting. Several biking innovations are being tested in Copenhagen. Some, like footrests and “green wave” technology, which times traffic lights at rush hour to suit bikers, have already been put into place on the superhighway. Others, like garbage cans tilted at an angle for easy access and “conversation” lanes, where two people can ride side by side and talk, might show up on long-distance routes in the future.

Unit 5. Section 9.

1. Astronomers have puzzled over why some puny, extremely faint dwarf galaxies spotted in our Milky Way Galaxy's backyard contain so few stars. NASA's Space Telescope Hubble’s views of three of the small-fry galaxies reveal that their stars share the same birth date. The galaxies all started forming stars more than 13 billion years ago — and then abruptly stopped — all in the first billion years after the universe was born in the Big Bang.

2. The relic galaxies are evidence for a transitional phase in the early universe that shut down star-making factories in tiny galaxies. During this time, the first stars burned off a fog of cold hydrogen in a process called reionization. The reionization of the universe began in the first billion years after the Big Bang. During this epoch, radiation from the first stars knocked electrons off primeval hydrogen atoms, ionizing the cool hydrogen gas. This process allowed the hydrogen gas to become transparent to ultraviolet light.

3. Ironically, the same radiation that sparked universal reionization appears to have squelched star-making activities in dwarf galaxies. The small irregular galaxies were born about 100 million years before reionization began and had just started to churn out stars. Unlike their larger relatives, the puny galaxies were not massive enough to shield themselves from the harsh ultraviolet light. What little gas they had was stripped away as the flood of ultraviolet light rushed through them. Their gas supply depleted, the galaxies could not make new stars.

Unit 6. Section 9.

A new survey of singles, conducted by Match.com and TODAY.com, found that 70 percent of people appreciate dates who know their way around food and wine pairings, and 56 percent find it attractive when dates offer to share their food. "Food, sex and courtship go hand in hand in nature," said Helen Fisher, chief scientific adviser to Match.com, in a press release. "Food also informs: what and how a partner eats–and if they share–says crucial things about their habits, health and empathy." The more closed-minded people are about food, the more their chances of a second date dwindle: 66 percent of those surveyed said it's a turn-off if a date plays it safe with menu choices.

Keys to Section 4 “Memory Exercise"

Unit 3. Section Ex3. Dictation (ref to keys)

1. Any buyer of this wine is likely to have a hangover before their first glass, with the 750ml bottle costing a tab-busting £109,000.This means each 150ml glass costs around £21,000 - enough for 5,250 glasses of wine in a pub.

2. A black cocktail dress worn by Marilyn Monroe has smashed auction estimates of $20,000 - $30,000 and sold for $348,000, and tops the $313,000 paid for her dress worn in 'Some Like It Hot' last year.

3. Also up for sale was the straw hat worn by Audrey Hepburn in 'Funny Face', which sold for $15,360 and Elizabeth Taylor's throne from 'Cleopatra', which fetched $7,040.

4. The highest priced relic is regarded to be a pair of ruby slippers from 'The Wizard of Oz' sold in 2000 for an incredible $660,000.

APPENDIX 5

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ

1.Транслитерация Передача буквенной формы слова	Newton Shakespeare George V Isaak Stallone Service-man	Невтон (традиция ушла) Шакеспеаре (традиция ушла) Георг V Исаак Сильвестр Сталлоне (мог бы Сталлоун) Сервисмэн
2.Транскрипция Передача фонетической/звуковой формы слова	Newton Isaak Shakespeare Salt Lake City	Ньютон Айзек Шекспир Солт Лэйк Сити
3.Калькирование	The United Nations Organization The Black Sea	Организация об наций Черное море
Смешанный (транскрипция +транслитерация+ калькирование)	New Zealand Mini-skirt Pearl Harbor	Новая Зеландия Мини-юбка Перл Харбор (Жемчужная бухта)
Канонический перевод (согласно исторической или культурной традиции)	King James William the Conqueror Watson	Король Яков Вильгельм Завоеватель Ватсон

4.Добавление - Восстановление имени при имени существительном	I saw a face watching me out of the upper window ….125 passengers and 5 crew Negotiations on these issues are not only desirable but absolutely necessary. Nuclear tests on Christmas Island would have greatly affected New Zealand. Excursions to plants and farms will add up to the students' know-how.	Я увидел лицо человека, наблюдавшего за мной из одного из верхних окон 125 пассажиров и 5 членов экипажа Проведение переговоров Проведение ядерных испытаний Организация экскурсий
5.Опущениe	The first thing I did was to give her a call He took his bag in his right hand The town we stayed in was very nice and attractive	Первое, что я сделал, позвонил ей. Он взял сумку в правую руку. Город, в котором мы остановились, был очень уютным

6.Конкретизация - Thing/stuff/matter/affair/ - Place - Man/person/creature - Be/ do/ make/ have/ give	Good water Good flowers It's gripping stuff Mother entered carrying the tea things () I won’t cost you a thing Billy had smiles for them all. There was a vase on the table All the others were highly critical of the proposed agreement.	питьевая вода свежие цветы – это захватывающая книга (реклама детектива чайная посуда ни гроша. Всем улыбался На столе стояла ваза
7.Генерализация	The 5-minite meeting with reporters was over The dog sniffed every inch of the ground He was 6 feet 3 inches	Короткая встреча с журналистами закончилась Собака тщательно обыскала всю площадку Он был высокого роста

8.Смысловое развитие (Метонимия – перевод по ассоциативным связям, «по смежности») Причина-следствие Начало-конец Метонимические замены	His waistcoat was much dropped upon At last he found her voice Her bed wasn’t slept in. The economy and politics go hand in hand The Summit threw light on changes in public opinion When Emily had grabbed the manuscript her only intent was to read the book We set out to curb the powers…. The war makes big business for the corporations I do not favor this decision	Его жилет был весь в пятнах Он наконец-то обрел дар речи Ее постель не смята Политика и экономика неразлучны В ходе саммита стали очевидными изменения в общественном мнении. В издательстве Эмили бросилась к рукописи с одним намерением – прочитать ее. Мы взяли курс на ограничение власти Война приносит большие барыши монополиям Я не сторонник этого решения

9.Антонимический	It is not uncommon for families in rural areas to have three and more children Remember to wake me up at 7 a.m. The inferiority of the enemy They had little to say to each other I beg to differ I needed a few pills to keep me awake	В сельской местности в семьях обычно бывает по трое и более детей. Не забудь меня разбудить в 7 утра. Превосходство наших войск Им нечего было сказать друг другу Позвольте не согласиться Мне нужны были таблетки, которые не дали бы мне заснуть

10. Целостное переосмысление	No way Jack of all trades Sleep on it. Tomorrow is a new day Men at work! Help yourself, please It would really make the whole evening	Ни за что Мастер на все руки (+ генер) Дорожные работы Угощайтесь! (+ конкр) это будет гвоздем программы! (+ конкр)
11. Компенсация (семантической потери иными средствами и в другой части текста)	My parents would have about two haemorrhages (кровоизлияние) apieceif I told anything pretty personal about them. “Me?” – exclaimed Mrs Albert Forrester, for the first time regardless of grammar В пьесе Б. Шоу "Пигмалион" Элиза говорит: I'm nothing to you - not so much as them slippers. Хиггинс поправляет ее: those slippers. You could tell he was very ashamed of his parents and all, because they said "he don't" and "she don't" and stuff like that.	У моих предков, наверное, случилось бы по два инфаркта на брата, если бы я стал болтать про их личные дела. «Чего?», - воскликнула миссис Форрестер, впервые в жизни забыв о грамматике. В переводе Элиза скажет: Я для вас ничто, хуже вот этих туфлей, а Хиггинс поправит ее: туфель. - Было видно, что он стесняется своих родителей, потому что они говорили "хочут" и "хочете" и все в таком роде.

Структурные трансформации

1.Смена грамматической категории (ряд специалистов рассматривают данную трансформацию как лексико-грамматическую) Сущèглагол Наречие èприл+сущ Глаголè сущ (номинализация) Определениеèсущ (номинализация)	He was a heavy eater. He was a three-time loser at marriage You give me food and drink and I'll tell you how to sail the ship. I can't afford foreign holidays. I am confident he will benefit from participation in this research programme both personally and professionally The accusation was disproved editorially The losses are easily calculable Avoidable tragedy Serious-faced James Howden entered the high-ceilinged, beige- carpeted Privy Council chamber. The government introduced elements of a market economy without accompanying them with adequate mechanisms for state regulation. Between last January and April the country lost 9,5 mln man-days Our union is constantly working towards overcoming the split in the national movement Increased taxes, soaring prices, reduced production and delayed wages considerably lowered people's living standards. Growing ecological movement is a sign of the time.	Он много ест. Он был три раза неудачно женат Если вы накормите и напоите меня…… Я не могу позволить себе отдыхать за границей. Я уверен, что он получит пользу от участия в этой научно-исследовательской программе как в личном, так и в профессиональном плане. Это обвинение было опровергнуто в передовой статье. Убытки можно легко подсчитать Трагедия, которую можно было избежать В комнату с высокими потолками и устланную бежевыми коврами, вошел Джеймс Ходен. На лице его застыло озабоченное выражение. Введение элементов рыночного механизма не сопровождалось соответствующими механизмами государственного регулирования. За период с января по апрель потери рабочего времени составили 9,5 человеко-дней Усилия профсоюза постоянно направлены на преодоление существующего раскола в национальном движении. Повышение налогов, рост цен, сокращение производства и задержки с выплатой заработной платы повлекли за собой значительное понижение жизненного уровня населения. Усиление движения за чистоту окружающей среды – характерная черта нашего времени.
2.Перестановки (Тема-рема) Рема – новая,гл. инф., сем. центр;Тема – изв. второст. инф.	Winter came An old man was slowly walking along the street	Пришла зима По дороге медленно шел старик
3.Объединение	The opening ceremony was delayed. The guests didn’t mind though.	Церемония открытия задерживалась; однако, гости не выказывали недовольства
4.Членение Одно прдлèнеск. прдл Простое прдлèсложное прдл	A three-day conference on Chernobyl issues gathered as many as five hundred delegates from all over the world in late March. They didn’t expect us to come back soon.	В конце марта состоялась трехдневная конференция по проблемам Чернобыля. В ней приняли участие не менее пятисот делегатов из всех уголков земного шара. Они не ожид., что мы скоро вер-ся)