Section 1. Перевод неологизмов
Неологизмы – это новые слова или новые значения известных слов, еще не зарегистрированные в словарях.
Существует несколько способов образования неологизмов.
| 3. Словосложение
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| 4. Сокращения и аббревиатуры radar – radio detecting and ranging TCB – take care of business
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При переводе неологизмов используются следующие переводческие трансформации и приемы
| 1)Транслитерация Inauguration - инаугурация | 3)Калькирование Nuclear umbrella – ядерный зонтик |
| 2)Транскрипция Briefing - брифинг | 4)Описательный перевод Educational package – обязательная учебная программа To lobby – посылать делегатов для оказания давления на членов парламента |
Упражнение 1
Переведите следующие предложения, точно определив значение выделенных слов и выражений
1. E-commerce has become wide spread in the U.S.
2. The first generation of baby-boomers in Britain and the U.S. was born in late forties-early fifties
3. What kind of person is it who enjoys the aesthetics of a bell shaped curve, the rhetoric of educationese, or the poetry of the primer?
4. Volunteers work in nurseries and playrooms in children's hospitals, in the golden age clubs and in veteran hospitals.
5. Few doubt that CNN is fulfilling the dream of a «global village» where citizens gather around an electronic hearth.
6. Executives have to keep workers satisfied in order to reduce job hopping.
7. European head-hunters typically stalk their prey by telephone. They seldom write and never show up at a candidate's current place of employment.
8. Americans are traditionally self-conscious about excessive displays of patriotism, and will deride such excess as «Fourth of July» speeches.
9. America is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temps. This «disposable» work force is the most important trend in the U.S. business today, and it is fundamentally changing the relationship between people and their jobs.
Section 2. Article
Jot down the key information and retell
International relations
| "Let us agree not to step on each other's feet," said the cock to the horse. English proverb |
1.International relations is the study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. Particular areas of study within the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic history, international law, international organizations, international finance and economics, and communications, among others. Aspects of international relations have been studied as early as the time of the ancient Greek historian Thucydides. As a separate and definable discipline, however, it dates from the early 20th cent., when the first organized efforts were made to find alternatives to wars in nation-state international behavior.
2.Two schools of thought quickly developed. One looks to strengthened international law and international organizations to preserve peace; the other emphasizes that nations will always use their power to achieve goals and sees the key to peace in a balance of power among competing states. With increased importance attached to a theoretical understanding of the whole international system, there has been a growing use of concepts and modes of analysis developed in the natural sciences in an attempt to improve the verifiability and applicability of theories.
3.The study of international relations has always been heavily influenced by normative considerations, such as the goal of reducing armed conflict and increasing international cooperation. At the beginning of the 21st century, research focused on issues such as terrorism, religious and ethnic conflict, the emergence of substate and nonstate entities, the spread of weapons of mass destruction and efforts to counter nuclear proliferation, and the development of international institutions.
4.Diplomacy (from Latin diploma, meaning an official document), is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states. In an informal or social sense, diplomacy is an art of conducting relationships to gain strategic advantage without conflict or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge in a non-confrontational, or polite manner. Its use predates recorded history. Diplomacy seeks maximum national advantage without using force and usually refers to the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats
5. Modern diplomacy's origins are often traced to the states of Northern Italy in the early Renaissance, with the first embassies being established in the thirteenth century. It was in Italy that many of the traditions of modern diplomacy began, such as the presentation of an ambassador's credentials to the head of state. The elements of modern diplomacy slowly spread to Eastern Europe but the entire system was greatly disrupted by the French Revolution. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 established an international system of diplomatic rank.
6. Diplomats played a major role in world affairs. Today we have independent consultants, think tanks, university research groups, lobbies of all sorts, NGOs, newspapers, magazines, academic journals, etc., all of them trying to have a voice in foreign policy, government has options of where and how to obtain advice. Foreign policy perimeters are set by the President and his cabinet, which is influenced by a wide range of interests from business to military interests. The commercial policy may conflict with defense policy, and ultimately the president decides if it is in the national interest to place commercial interests above security considerations.
Section 3. Memory Exercise