Функції інфінітива у реченні
| Підмет | То know English is helpful | Знати англійську мову корисно |
| Простий дієслівний присудок | They will work there | Вони будуть там працювати |
| Складений дієслівний присудок | We begin to work in the morning | Ми починаємо працювати зранку |
| Складений іменниковий присудок | Our task is to adjust the program to the computer | Наше завдання – пристосувати програму до цього комп'ютера |
| Додаток | Не likes to speak with us on this subject | Він любить розмовляти з нами із цього питання |
| Означення | The material to be used has been carefully examined | Речовина,що використовуватиметься, ретельно досліджена |
| Обставина | To improve my knowledge of English I read English newspapers every day | Щоб покращити знання з англійської мови, я щодня читаю англійські газети |
Інфінітив в англійській мові – це неособова форма дієслова. Інфінітив є першою формою дієслова і саме в цій формі кожне дієслово подане у словнику. Відмітною ознакою цієї форми дієслова є наявність частки to (to teach – вчити, to treat – лікувати).
Без цієї частки інфінітив використовується після модальних дієслів (крім ought to); дієслів shall/will; дієслів чуттєвого сприйняття (feel – відчувати; see – бачити; hear – чути і т. п.); дієслів let – дозволяти; have – мати; make – змушувати; після виразів had better – краще; would rather – краще б.
1 Translate these sentences, find all the infinitives:
1 То save this patient's life the doctors decided to perform the operation. 2 To save the patient's life is necessary. 3 This man to be given first aid suffers from heart disease. 4 They want to give him first aid. 5 It is necessary to examine this man to give him first aid. 6 The patient to be operated on was brought to the operating-room. 7 To prevent the danger of infection the surgeons use the sterile instruments. 8 To prevent the danger of infection is very important. 9 Measures to be taken to protect the health of people are various. 10 They want to prevent the danger of infection. 11 The patients to be admitted to this department suffer from pneumonia. 12 To transfer blood from one person to another the medical staff must have some technical skill. 13 То breathe fresh and pure air is very important as it works excellently on one's central nervous system. 14 To treat an advanced case is often very difficult; therefore every effort should be directed to check any disease at its very beginning. 15 The aim of medicine is to cure and alleviate diseases. 16 The purpose of this report was to present the results obtained in the treatment of tuberculosis. 17 He was unable to sleep and was despondent. 18 He agreed to take some food but eventually refused to touch it. 19 The doctor permitted him to get up. 20 The treatment of this case does not require to be extended beyond the customary three weeks. 21 To relieve the cough the nurse gave the patient a sedative. 22 To examine a child, considerable skill and patience are required. 23 To recognize the initial stage of the disease is very important. 24 To perform this operation, in such conditions was a hard task.
2 Use the infinitive with the particle to where necessary:
1 She began (to talk) of Brighton. 2 You must (to take) care not (to offend) her. 3 I’d rather not (to go) home that way. 4 I helped him (to find) the things. 5 He made me (to do) all the work again. 6 My neighbour let me (to borrow) his car. 7 He never let himself (to be) angry. 8 Why not (to make) him a doctor like his father? 9 I used (to spend) a lot of time in Robert’s room. 10 I can’t (to think) what made him (to do) such a thing. 11 Let’s (to watch) the boys diving. 12 You’d better (to try) not (to think) about it. 13 I asked him if he was willing (to help) me (to do) the job. 14 Why not (to allow) her (to do) as she likes. 15 Don’t let us (to waste) time. There are hundreds of things (to be done). 16 Why not (to start) out now? We can’t (to wait) for the weather (to change). 17 We had better (to make) haste. 18 You needn’t (to ask) for permission. I let you (to take) this books whenever you like. 19 You ought not (to stay up) so late. 20 What made you (to think) so? 21 She seems (to know) a great deal about music. 22 He told me (to try) (to do) it once again. 23 What made you (to deceive) me? 24 There’s nothing (to do) but (to wait) till somebody comes (to let) us out. 25 He was seen (to make) a note of it.
3 a) Use the infinitives given below as subjects: to give up; to stop; to say; to forget; to explain; to lose; to know; to repair; to hear; to search; to mention, to look up; to wait; to speak; to take:
1 It’s difficult for him … smoking. 2 It was impossible … the bicycle. 3 … the map well means to be able to show any country or town on it. 4 It took us twelve days … the island. 5 … the past was impossible. 6 It was habit every August … his family to the seaside for change of air. 7 … at the stage would be a great pity. 8 It’s such a comfort … you say so, doctor. 9 It took him an hour … the words in the dictionary. 10 At this moment, … required more effort than she could make. 11 It takes an effort … weight. 12 It’s hardly necessary for me … how grateful I’m for all you’ve done. 13 It would be tactless … the subject. 14 It would be no good … again.
b) Complete the sentences with the infinitives as subjects:
1 It’s interesting … . 2 It’ll take you a fortnight … . 3 … was very pleasant. 4 I think it’s more comfortable … . 5 … is the only thing to do. 6 It usually takes me … . 7 It’s boring … . 8 … would be much more useful. 9 It’s difficult for her … . 10 Will it be possible for them … ? 11 … isn’t an easy matter. 12 How much time did it take you … ? 13 Is it important for people … ? 14 … would be unjust. 15 It’s my job … .
4 a) Use the infinitives given below as predicates: to visit, to encourage, to tell, to keep, to try, to go on, to return, to become, to reach, to bake, to check, to ask, to offend, to see, to take:
1 My plan for this week end is … one of my delicious apple pies. 2 My advice to you is … a coach tour. 3 My next plan for the holiday is … Europe. 4 The only thing that could do you best is … a long rest. 5 The place is difficult … by land. 6 His duty was … us some questions on the matter. 7 The last thing I meant was … you. 8 The only thing she could do was … the truth. 9 My next plan was … to the house avoiding Wells if possible. 10 The greatest thing is … our heads up. 11 My suggestion for you is … answers on your own. 12 But for the present the best thing to do was … him in his studies. 13 There was … to find it somewhere. 14 His life’s ambition was … an economist.
b) Use the infinitives as a predicative to complete the sentences:
1 Our plan was … . 2 To act like this meant … . 3 The first thing he did was … . 4 The main problem … . 5 Our next step must be … . 6 What I want is … . 7 Our chance to see him … . 8 To ask him a straight question means … . 9 Your next task is … . 10 My advice to her was … . 11 My only wish is … . 12 What she wants now is … . 13 My proposal is … . 14 Her aim is … . 15 What I have come for … .
5 a) Use the infinitives given below as objects: to post, to show; to air; to see off; to join; to give; to switch off; to be; to go out; to lock; to give a lift; to retire; to play chess; to begin:
1 I must tell Helen … the drawing room very well. 2 He promised … us all of the island. 3 How did you learn …? – I began … when I was young and I’ve been … ever since. 4 He claims … an expert on the subject. 5 He decided … when he reached the age of 60. 6 Don’t forget … the light, when you go out the room. 7 Oh, no! I completely forgot … the safe! 8 I propose … early. 9 I’m sorry I forgot … your letter. 10 Mike offered … me … home, but I refused. 11 He asked me … his party. 12 I was so afraid … at night that I asked my cousin to accompany me. 13 He promised … his son a bicycle as a birthday present. 14 Philip was not sorry … him … .
b) Complete the following using the infinitives as objects:
1 He asked … . 2 I’m so glad … . 3 We are awfully sorry … . 4 the doctor advised .. . 5 The child is afraid … . 6 Everybody promised … . 7 Would you like … ? 8 Who has allowed you … ? 9 I’ve decided … . 10 Sorry I’ve forgotten … .
6 Define the infinitive functions:
1 The prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin was the first to advance the idea of an infectious origin of hepatitis. 2 The patient was known to have been operated on for gangrenous appendicitis a year before his admission to the hospital. 3 The physician did not expect the tissues of the spleen and gallbladder to become involved simultaneously with the liver. 4 The patient had to follow a strict diet to prevent recurrence of the bile duct obstruction and jaundice.5 He can perform this operation in the morning. 6 My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 7 He wants to see me on Sunday. 8 St-Petersburg is one of the most interesting cities to visit.9 The doctor wanted to examine the patient in the morning. 10 To know Anatomy well is necessary for every surgeon. 11 Our students came to the Institute to listen to the lecture on bones. 12 My friend was the first to take the examination in Biology. 13 The surgeon will begin to operate on this patient at 10 o’clock.
7 Translate the sentences with phrases for+noun (pronoun)+infinitive:
1 The disease was too serious for the child to recover soon. 2 It is necessary for many hypertension patients to be registered. 3 It is cold for the patients to go for a walk. 4 It is very important for mother to know that jaundice is a fairly treacherous illness. 5 The first thing for the doctor to do is to find out the child's case history. 6 It is necessary for the eye to be operated on and treated for a long time. 7 The first thing for him to do is to consult the doctor.
8 Fill in the blanks with to if necessary:
1 Who usually helps your mother … wash up? 2 I heard my neighbour … talk to somebody in the morning. 3 Did you see her … cross the street? 4 Some people don’t let their children … watch TV every night. 5 Who made Boris … change his attitude to his work? 6 He felt his mother … touch his hand. 7 May I help you … take care of the cat? 8 What made him … start jogging? 9 She was seen … unlock the door. 10 Why were they made … leave the hotel. 11 Was he ever heard … talk aloud? 12 I felt his hands … tremble. 13 Mum, watch me … do a somersault. 14 Help me … put the curtains up. 15 She was made … change her mind.
В англійській мові широко вживаються інфінітивні звороти і вони використовуються після дієслів із великим колом значень.
Інфінітивні звороти
| Об'єктний інфінітивний зворот Іменник або займенник в об'єктному відмінку плюс інфінітив | We know her to be a very skilled doctor. The professor considers our students to pass exams successfully | Ми знаємо, що вона висококваліфікований лікар. Професор вважає, що наші студенти складуть іспит успішно |
| Суб'єктний інфінітивний зворот Іменник або займенник у називному відмінку плюс інфінітив | He is known to have heart disease since childhood. This patient seems to be waiting for you. This article appears to be very important | Відомо, що у нього захворювання серця з дитинства. Цей пацієнт, здається, чекає на вас. Ця стаття, напевно, дуже важлива |
9 Translate the sentences with infinitive constructions:
1 Streptomycin is known to be the substance of the highest antibacterial activity. 2 The constriction of stomach muscle was said to be the most probable diagnosis. 3 He is believed to be an excellent surgeon. 4 He appeared to have been wounded. 5 The disorder seems to be curable. 6 The temperature of the patient is likely to rise again. 7 Ukrainian scientists are known to work on the cancer problem. 8 The red colour is said to spoil the vision. 9 He is likely to die. 10 He appeared to have lost weight. 11 It is likely that the temperature of the patient will rise again. 12 It is known that Ukrainian scientists work on the cancer problem. 13 It is said that the red colour spoils the vision. 14 The doctor was expected to come tomorrow. 15 The operation was supposed to have been duly performed. 16 The position of the patient was reported to be hopeless. 17 The child was made to swallow the tablet. 18 He was seen to enter the ward.
10 Define the functions of the infinitive:
1 The instruments to be used during the operation are sterilized by the surgical nurse. 2 There are special dispensaries to treat tuberculosis. 3 Blue labels are stuck to indicate drugs to be used for injections. 4 The tumour to be excised is 2 cm in diameter. 5 Sanitation is the science of how to preserve the public health. It is insanitary to live among insects, dirt, and germs and to drink unclean water and milk. 6 To allow germs to spread abroad from the persons who are ill is also insanitary. 7 Не is said to have made an interesting report at the conference. 8Flu is known to be a highly communicable and rapidly spreading disease. 9 The doctor is said to be there at the time of the accident. 10 She is believed to be the most skillful therapeutist in this hospital.
11 Pick out the sentences with infinitive constructions:
1 I know her to be a very skilled teacher. 2 We believe him to have finished his scientific work. 3 We know them to read many books. 4 He thinks them to be discharged from the hospital. 5 The professor considers our students to pass the exams successfully. 6 They want this patient to be examined by the professor. 7 I know this patient to have been examined by this professor. 8 We believe him to be made a correct diagnosis. 9 We think him to be ill. 10 This doctor knows her to complain of heart trouble. 11 They considered us to have completed our research work. 12 Everybody knows him to be a skillful doctor. 13 He is known to be a skillful doctor. 14 The doctor is expected to come today. 15 We expect the doctor to come today. 16 She said them to have been discharged from the hospital. 17 They are said to have been discharged from the hospital.
12 Find the necessary translation:
а) кого будуть оперувати; для того щоб прооперувати; оперувати
1 To operate on this patient is necessary. 2 To operate on this patient a nurse has sterilized the necessary instruments. 3 The patient to be operated on suffers from the ulcer of stomach.
b) для того щоб встановити діагноз; кому потрібно встановити діагноз; встановити діагноз
1 To make a correct diagnosis is very important. 2 To make a correct diagnosis a doctor has to examine this patient very attentively. 3 The patient to be made a correct diagnosis was palpated attentively by this doctor.
13 Change these complex sentences into simple ones using the model:
Model: It is said that the eruption is often connected with chicken-pox.
The eruption is said to be often connected with chicken-pox.
1 It appears that the initial diagnosis will be affirmed by chest examination. 2 It was reported that the prodromal symptoms had appeared 10 day before. 3 It proved that administration of those drugs had produced marked effect on his health. 4 It is expected that the rash will disappear in three days. 5 It is certain that the doctor will carry out a thorough examination to achieve a correct diagnosis. 6 It is likely that this condition will aggravate the patient’s health. 7 It is well known that severe head pain may be associated with vomiting. 8 It is likely that murmurs of the heart will disappear soon. 9 I haven’t seen how nurses make intravenous injections. 10 The surgeon believed that this patient will survive abdominal operation well. 11 I didn’t expect that he would have such serious complications. 12 The doctor thinks that operative intervention is necessary. 13 Everybody knows that this complication will lead to further aggravation of the patient’s condition. 14 All consider that he is a brilliant therapeutist. 15 The patient believes that this treatment will be favorable for him.
14 Translate the following:
1 We expect further experiments to be made in cancer study. 2 The doctor declared him to be out of danger. 3 The injection of the drug caused the temperature to rise for a short time. 4 We believed the case to be fatal, but the patient recovered. 5 We know vitamin С to be quite important in cases of anaemia. 6 The doctor made the boy gargle the throat with a solution of common salt. 7 I watched him make a cut with a sharp knife through the breast bone of the frog. 8 We heard him succeed in making abdominal incisions properly. 9 I do not expect this treatment to be effective. 10 They suppose certain streptococci and diplococci to be closely connected with measles. 11 He ordered everything to be prepared for blood transfusion. 12 The doctor allowed the patient to be given nutritive food. 13 He declared the patient to be getting worse. 14 I know him to be suffering from left side pulmonary tuberculosis. 15 Everybody knows morphine to be dangerous in conditions of low metabolism. 16 The experiments are said to be very interesting. 17 Ukrainian scientists are known to work on cancer problems. 18 The methods can be expected to be used widely in medicine. 19 The malignancy was unlikely to be caused by a single and simple reaction common to all of them. 20 The scientists seem to find all of new methods in the treatment of cancer. 21 The condition of the patient was reported to be hopeless.22 Quinine has been found to be specific against malaria.23 The child was made to swallow a tablespoonful of cod liver oil.
15 Pick out the appropriate form of the infinitive:
1 The patient was known … stool retention accompanied by nausea a month before his present admission to the hospital.
a) to have; b) to have had;
c) to have been having; d) to be having.
2 Sensitivity to antibiotics was reported … not only in this patient but in all the other members of the family as well since their early age.
a) to be present; b) to have been present.
3 Prophylactic vaccination was found … since no cases of hepatitis were diagnosed after its administration.
a) to be effective; b) to have been effective.
4 Skin irritation was revealed … after each parenteral administration of this preparation.
a) to occur; b) to have occurred;
c) to be occurring.
16 Define the forms of the infinitive:
1 The physician considered the incidence of heart attacks to be associated with the nervous overstrain. 2 The doctor wants me to have undergone the course of treatment by the end of the week. 3 We know her to be a very good therapeutist. 4 The problem to be solved is very complex. 5 To get a clear picture of the illness a contrasting substance is introduced into the patient’s carotid artery. 6 The isolated heart and lungs live for 10 hours. 7 To make the correct diagnosis of this patient’s illness the doctor examined him carefully. 8 On admission the patient was considered to have heart trouble. 9 The operation seems to have been performed successfully 10 We believe our student to make a brilliant report at the conference. 11 On physical examination the liver was considered to be enlarged. 12 The damage to the blood supply was supposed to have been present before the operation. 13 Both mental and physical overstrain have been estimated to affect the normal function of the heart in the most unfavorable way.
17 Translate the following sentences using infinitive constructions:
1 Я ніколи не спостерігав, як хірург виконує операцію на «сухому» серці. 2 Палатний лікар вважає, що лікування після операції пройде без ускладнень. 3 Медсестра попрохала пацієнта роздягнутися до пояса. 4 Я хочу, щоб мене виписали з лікарні через 6 днів. 5 Пацієнт хотів би, щоб професор підтвердив попередній діагноз. 6 Ми не чекали, що стан хворого ускладниться до такої міри.
18 Define the infinitive forms:
1 They are said to have invented a very valuable apparatus. 2 This is a problem to be considered. 3 The problem to be discussed at this symposium has the aim to preserve the environment. 4 The method proposed by this doctor helps the patients to mobilize their inner resources to combat some ailments. 5 The operation to be performed together with foreign specialists will be televised for the participants of the symposium. 6 This is the article to be published in our magazine. 7 They want this device to be used during the operation. 8 We know him to have been an excellent cardiologist. 9 We find them to be interested in this problem.10 We know these patients to have been examined by our professor. 11 The questions to be solved at the meeting are very important. 12 The surgeon is known to have performed many operations this month.
19 Translate the following sentences:
1 Відомо, що дифтерія – це хвороба, при якій дитина страждає від тяжкої задухи. 2 Вважають, що в Україні зареєстровано багато випадків захворювання на СНІД. 3 Ймовірно, що погіршення стану хворого пов’язане із наявністю супутніх захворювань. 4 Відомо, що вакцинація проти дифтерії є однією з форм профілактики цього важкого інфекційного захворювання. 5 Вважають, що висипання є характерним клінічним проявом таких інфекційних захворювань, як скарлатина, вітряна віспа та інші. 6 Вважають, що першими симптомами скарлатини є біль у горлі, підвищення температури і загальна слабість. 7 Відомо, що одним із ускладнень після кору є пневмонія, яка особливо небезпечна для дітей. 8 Відомо, що період інфекційного захворювання, під час якого немає характерних клінічних проявів, називається періодом інкубації.
20 Change these sentences using the model:
Model: We know that he is an expert surgeon. We know him to be an expert surgeon.
1 We know that vitamin С is quite important in cases of anaemia. 2 We believed that the case was fatal but the patient recovered. 3 I suppose that he will enter the Medical Institute next year. 4 He believed that the constant lack of sleep was the cause of his weakness. 5 We found that the appendix was stiff and extraordinarily hard.
21 Change these sentences using the model:
Model: It is said that the experiments are very interesting. The experiments are said to be very interesting.
1 It is known that streptomycin is the substance of the highest antibacterial activity. 2 It was said that the constriction of stomach muscle was the most probable diagnosis. 3 It is believed that he is an excellent surgeon. 4 It appeared that he had been wounded. 5 It seems that the disorder is curable.
22 Translate the following:
1 A left carotid arteriogram demonstrated the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery to be displaced laterally and backward. 2 The choice of local anesthetic should rest with the operator and depends on the condition of the patient and the operation to be performed. 3 In the case to be presented, the selective renal arteriogram was entirely normal. 4 In banning hypertension, there are often no changes to be found in the small blood vessels as seen by biomicroscopy. 5 The thyroid gland is best felt by displacing the larynx to the side of the lobe exanimate, so that it can be palpated between the fingers and thumb. 6 The reports showed thoracic defects to be associated in many cases with bulging meanings but no adjacent tumor. 7 The nerves to be looked for in the superficial fascia are derived partly from the posterior primary divisions, and partly from the anterior primary division of the cervical nerves. 8 The blood of an individual who has ceased to suffer from an infection contains a large number of antibodies to that disease, and should the same organism again attempt to attack the body, there is a sufficient reserve of antibodies ready to deal with the infecting agent at once and so prevent the development of the disease. 9 In the normal conscious human being the part of the brain most likely to affect the vasomotor centre activity is the cerebral cortex, or in more general terms the “higher centers”. 10 In pathological states, as in infectious mononucleosis, the globules may be extremely large, causing the cells to appear foamy or vacuolated 11 Determining the direction of the cardiac vector is like trying to deduce the direction of the wind from a series of photographs of a flag which have been taken from different viewpoints around the flag-pole. 12 Even at surgery, if the aneurismal sac is not opened, it may be difficult to differentiate between a small communicating vein and a intact vein that is closely adherent to the aneurismal wall. 13 The original purpose of the self-teaching method described here was to reinforce the presented material in the mind of the student. 14 The contrast agent is injected using a plastic extension tube under fluoroscopic control to decrease the chance of an extra articular injection.
23 Find all the infinitives in the following sentences:
1 If a person is said to suffer from hypertension, the expression means that the average arterial pressure of that person is above the level which is accepted as normal. 2 Sometimes, an underlying disease or other condition is found to be the cause of high blood pressure.3Researchers do know that essential hypertension tends to cluster in families, so heredity is thought to play a strong role.4On the whole, patients whose tumors were found during a physical examination were three times as likely to be treated with chemotherapy than those who had tumors detected by mammography.5Children with asthma who live with one smoker may be more than twice as likely to miss school because of a respiratory illness than are unexposed children.6If children with asthma live with two or more smokers, they may be more than four times as likely to be absent with respiratory illness.7Even children without asthma may be 40 percent more likely to miss school with a respiratory ailment if they live with at least two smokers.8While some foods appear to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, others seem to have the opposite effect.9 Some of the effects of smoking on the digestive system appear to be of short duration.10Most adults who started smoking in their teens never expected to become addicted.11Oxidative stress, an imbalance in the pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant status of a cell, appears to cause or participate in the development of certain diseases, notably cancer.
24 Open the brackets. Give the required form of the infinitive:
1 Evidence of a link between passive smoking and heart disease began (to establish) in the mid 1980's. 2 Since then, studies have shown conclusively that not only does exposure to ETS increase the risk of heart disease in non-smokers but that the risk might (to be) irreversible. 3 It would (to appear) that even a small exposure to tobacco has a large effect on heart disease. 4 Exposure to toxic compounds in infancy is particularly problematic because early lung development appears (to be) a critical determinant of respiratory health. 5 Childhood exposure to ETS seems (to be) a risk factor for the development of asthma. 6 The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy appear (to be) dose-related. 7 Some compounds found in tobacco smoke, such as nicotine, carbon monoxide, and polycyclic hydrocarbons are known (to cross) the placenta. 8 Some changes may (to interfere) with placental blood flow. 9 The combination of intrauterine hypoxia and impaired placental blood flow is believed (to slow) fetal growth. 10 Tobacco use is most likely (to be) initiated in adolescence, a stage of life characterized by significant physiological, psychological, and social changes. 11 Girls may also (to believe) that smoking helps them control their weight. 12 A young person who uses tobacco daily is likely (to be come) addicted to nicotine.
25 Point out the infinitive in the following sentences:
1 It's often useful to make a conscious effort to view medical care from the patient's perspective. 2 Needless to say, a disease in a person is not only biological but also a social phenomenon. 3 Nowhere in the constitution is one granted the freedom to harm others for one's personal enjoyment. 4 The vast majority of the human cancers appear to arise as a consequence of interactions between an individual's genome and the environment. 5 Services may be provided in the patient's own home as well as in health facilities. 6 Exposure to ETS is known to cause a number of fatal and non-fatal health effects. 7 Heart disease mortality, SIDS, and lung and nasal sinus cancer are known to be causally linked to ETS exposure. 8 In view of the considerable health impact of passive smoking, particularly on the young, measures to restrict smoking in indoor environments should be a major health objective.
26 Complete the sentences using complex objects with the infinitive:
1 Ann advised me … . 2 The official warned us not … . 3 Let’s … . 4 I’ve never seen her … . 5 You can’t expect me … . 6 My mother wanted me … . 7 Have you ever heard … ? 8 Well, I didn’t actually see him. 9 I expect them … . 10 Let him … . 11 Shall I ask her … ? 12 I want you … 13 The teacher told them … . 14 Everyone saw the man … . 15 I’ve never heard her … . 16 She told me … . 17 I like them … . 18 He watched them … . 19 Her words made us … . 20 I consider him … .
27 Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model:
MODEL: It’s hard to deal with him. – He’s hard to deal with.
1 It’s pleasant to look at her. 2 It’s not difficult to remember the rule. It’s simple. 3 He’s very stubborn. It’s difficult to persuade him. 4 It’s hard to please him. 5 It’s easy to translate this passage. It contains some idiomatic expressions. 6 It’s pleasant to look at the girl, but not at all pleasant to talk her. She’s pretty, but not very clever. 7 It was unpleasant to watch their quarrel. 8 It’s always funny to listen to his stories. 9 It’s not so very easy to answer this question. 10 It’s difficult to explain his behaviour. 11 It’s rather hard to read his handwriting. 12 It’s very pleasant to listen to him. He sings so well. 13 It’s very comfortable to work at this desk. 14 It was very amusing to watch this scene. 15 It was difficult to get along with him.
28 Translate the sentences:
1 Urine, after standing at room temperature for a day or so, was found to teem with extremely minute living creatures. Stale mutton broth or vegetable soups also were seen to contain them, many of which we know were heterotrophic bacteria. 2 The patient was responding to painful stimuli, and all extremities were seen to move except the left lower leg; here deformity of the midthigh was seen with shortening and external rotation, but the toes were noted to move. 3 In infancy, cysts of the quadrigeminal plate are most likely to cause filling defects in the posterior portion of the third ventricle and partial aqueductal obstruction. 4 In blood vessels the white cells are seen to be moving slowly along the sides of the vessels out of the main axial stream which contains the red blood cells. 5 Many viruses are spherical in shape, others are brick-shaped, and some appear to have a small tail or rod attached to the spherical body. 6 At surgery the tumors of the hand and wrist were found to be well encapsulated and were easily removed, except for one lipoma on the dorsum which extended into the interosseous muscles. 7 When examined in respect to their relation's from above downwards, the right and left pulmonary roots are seen to differ from each other. 8 The response associated with increasing glucose load was found to be partly a function of the quantity of glucose injected. 9 Different personal characteristics manifested by differences in thought content seem to be associated with different emotional responses to physical illness and also with different admission patterns. 10 The literature on the effects of previous depressions on the nature of a current depression seems to be restricted to considerations about the psychodynamics of depressions in general and the importance of the reactivation of earlier psychological conflicts. 11 One of the most challenging problems for those interested in cancer control concerns the development of a more nearly adequate treatment for patients found to have cancer of the prostate gland. 12 By fixing the yielding anterior wall of the ventricle to the more solid septum, it is said to prevent over distension of the cavity. 13 Plasminogen activators are present in many tissues and plasminogen activator in the plasma appears to be responsible for the physiological fibrinolytic activity.