Функції герундія в реченні

Підмет	KnowingEnglish is helpful	Знання англійської мови корисне
Частина присудка	My favorite occupation is reading	Моє улюблене заняття – читання
Пряме доповнення	He likes askingquestions	Він любить ставити запитання
Додаток	They succeeded in masteringthis specialty	Їм вдалося оволодіти цією спеціальністю
Означення	I studied the method of slowingthis problem	Я досліджував спосіб вирішення цієї проблеми
Обставина	We came here for masteringthis speciality	Ми прибули сюди для того, щоб опанувати цю спеціальність

Герундій є неозначеною формою дієслова. Він має граматичні особливості як дієслова, так й іменника, і завжди виражає дію як процес, що розвивається.

5 Translate the given sentences, paying attention to the –ing forms:

1 You should avoid changing the direction of your further investigation. 2 Their continuing of the work is unnecessary. 3 Do you mind my helping them? 4 People should ask themselves whether this or that thing is worth risking. 5 Breathing through the mouth can produce throat dryness and soreness. 6 Writing case histories required much of his time. 7 No one wants to become neurotic about diet, but following a healthy diet can be pleasurable. 8 Medical software allows the user to automate a variety of critical tasks: gathering patient data; diagnosing body organs and functions; processing results of diagnosing; choosing the best therapy; managing patient records. 9 Having a family history of cancer is known to be a risk for an individual, but there is nothing one can do to prevent having a family history of cancer. 10 Working in the same position for too long causes tension build up. 11 Remedies for tension include changing postures frequently, performing other work diversified with computing, and doing exercises; for example, tightening and releasing fists, rotating arms and hands to increase circulation. 12 People make a lot of decisions connected with great risks like motorcycle riding, parachute jumping, smoking, taking drugs and so on. 13 The fewer the number of activities that greatly harm human health and that are not worth risking, the better it would be for the health of all humanity. 14 If smoking is so bad, then why do kids start doing it? 15 Today more and more parents avoid paying regular visits to fast-food restaurants, because of unhealthy, high cholesterol food served there. 16 You have to face facts: that means having the courage to see your doctors for examinations and hearing results that you may not like.

6 Read and translate the following sentences. Note the use of gerunds with prepositions:

1 There are many ways of solving this problem. 2 He displayed great skill in performing this operation. 3 The two scientists’ doing research independently made it possible to create two essentially different ways of solving the same problem. 4 Many people slip up in the first week after quitting. 5 Using medicines can double your chances of quitting for good. 6 One cannot do anything without thinking of consequences. 7 Talk to your doctor about getting help to quit. 8 You should feel great about yourself for making it so far. 9 Now’s the time to focus on sticking with it. 10 Think about starting a “money jar” if you haven’t already. 11 Are you worried about gaining weight? Think about this: What do you get from quitting far outweighs the drawbacks of adding a few pounds. 12 By quitting smoking, you’re setting a good example. 13 Epidemiologists usually focus on risk factors in identifying means of disease prevention; perhaps the best-known example is the identification of cigarette smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer. 14 Some of the risk factors for heart disease cannot be avoided, but others can be reduced, for example, by stopping smoking, reducing stress, eating healthily – avoiding foods that are high in fat – and taking regular exercises. 15 The more risk factors the individuals have, the greater their likelihood of developing heart disease. 16 The cause of prostate cancer is unknown, although some studies have shown a relationship between the intake of a high fat diet and increasing testosterone level. 17 For those patients whose vision was poor prior to operating, surgery may increase the chances of improving or stabilizing it. 18 Bacteria causing pneumonia can be identified in sputum by culturing. 19 Abscesses occur when an area of tissue becomes infected and the body is able to “wall off” the infection to keep it from spreading. 20 The origins of inhaling smoke for its pharmacological and psycho-effects go back to at least 3000 years BC.

7 Use the gerund of the verb in brackets:

a) in active or passive voice:

1 He looked forward to (to meet) his parents. 2 You can’t be afraid of (to hurt) unless you’ve been hurt. 3 He insisted on (to send) him instead of me. 4 My sister would never leave without (to see) me. 5 He showed no sign of (to know) them. 6 I was annoyed at (to interrupt) every other moment. 7 I’ve always liked (to take) risks. 8 He hated (to remind) people of their duties or (to remind) of his. 9 In (to discuss) the problem they touched upon some very interesting items. 10 The operator can set the button or (to press) the pedal. 11 He was good at (to gather) mushrooms. 12 Raymond didn’t like (to call) Ray. 13 The host broke the awkward silence by (to invite) the guests to proceed to the dining-room. 14 He tried to avoid (to see) 15 He had the most irritating habit of (to joke) at the wrong moment. 16 I appreciated (to invite) to your home. 17 Do you mind (to examine) the list.

b) in any appropriate form:

1 (To speak) without (to think) is (to shoot) without aim. 2 Do you know what is peculiar about the English rule of (to drive)? 3 Excuse me for (to give) you so much trouble. 4 Since Tom was his best friend he helped him without (to ask). 5 He confessed (to forget) that he was to come on Friday. 6 After (to look) through and (to sort) out the letters, they were registered and filed. 7 He suddenly stopped (to read). There was no point in (to go) on. 8 When they had finished (to write) this letter they read the whole correspondence from beginning to end. 9 It’s no good (to deny) it. 10 I don’t remember (to ask) this question. 11 Then he mentioned (to be) in hospital last year. 12 She stopped (to answer) my letters and I wondered what the matter might be. 13 She reproached me for not (to keep) my promise. 14 Try and help the nurse by (to keep) quiet and tidy. 15 She never lost the power of (to form) quick decisions.

8 a) Change the sentences using the gerund after the verbs to need, to want, to require, to deserve and the adjective worth:

1 Oh, dear! You mustn’t drink this water. Filter it first. 2 You should read this book. 3 I think it’s necessary to praise Nick He’s got an excellent mark in English. 4 You don’t have to buy a dictionary. You can use mine. 5 Don’t forget to invite them to the party. 6 You should polish your shoes. 7 It’s time to have your hair cut. 8 You shouldn’t speak of this matter at the meeting. 9 This film is rather boring. You’ better go to the cinema next week. 10 You should clean your coat. 11 It’ll be useful if you see this exhibition. 12 You should water the roses and cut off the dead branches. 13 You should take this dress to the dry-cleaner’s.

b) Make the sentences using the gerund after the verbs to excuse, to forgive, to pardon, to prevent:

MODEL: to interrupt

Excuse my/me interrupting you.

Excuse me for interrupting you.

1 To ring you up so early. 2 To remind you of your debt. 3 To spend his own money. 4 To come late. 5 Not to see you off yesterday. 6 To give you so much trouble. 7 To ask you for help again. 8 To remind you of your promise. 9 Not to ring you up on Monday. 10 To miss an appointment on Friday. 11 To forget our arrangement to meet on Sunday. 12 To say it.

9 a) Complete the sentences using gerund as direct object:

1 I suggest … 2 They intended … 3 Everybody enjoys … 4 They couldn’t avoid … 5 He doesn’t remember … 6 I regret … 7 He never mentioned … 8 Would you mind …? 9 The car (house, shoes, watch) wants/ want … 10 They were busy … 11 Just imagine . 12 She denied … 13 I don’t feel like …

b) Complete the sentences using gerunds as prepositional objects:

1 The boy is very clever at … 2 She was fond of … 3 Thank you for … 4 I don’t insist on .. 5 He succeeded in … 6 I’m not used to … 7 We were tired of … 8 He prevented her from … 9 Do you find any difficulty in … ? 10 Does anyone object to …? 11 His friends accused me of … 12 Nobody suspected us of … 13 We are most grateful to our guide for … 14 He never thought of …

c) Complete the sentences using gerunds as attributes:

1 There was no little hope of … 2 In summer you’ll have the chance of … 3 Do you have any objections to …? 4 What is the most effective method of .. ? 5 I’ve got no experience in … 6 He has no excuse for … 7 I can’t make out the reason for … 8 What are your grounds for … ? 9 I don’t like the idea of … 10 His friends were just on the point of … 11 I have no intention of … 12 There are different ways of …

d) Complete the sentences using gerunds as adverbial modifiers:

1 After … he went to his room. 2 We might be fined for … 3 I ended by … 4 He lost no time in … 5 His outlook was broadened after … 6 On … I went to the kitchen and prepared dinner. 7 Instead of … he asked his friends to do it. 8 You will never speak good English without … 9 She paused a minute before … 10 What do you mean by … ?

e) Complete the sentences using gerund as part of compound verbal predicates:

1 Has it stopped …? 2 We must go on … 3 The guide began … 4 When will you finish …? 5 The boy kept on … 6 She burst out .. 7 You should take up … 8 Do you like …? 9 I couldn’t have … 10 You’d better give up … 11 Would you please begin/stop …?

10 Make up a short conversation between a doctor-in-charge and an intern:

Your supervised contacts with patients involve several broad tasks: 1) beginning the interview and establishing a relationship; 2) eliciting information for diagnosing and management; 3) consulting with your preceptor; 4) assessment and planning; 5) the exposition phase: informing and counseling the patient; 6) recording.

11 Change the infinitives, given in brackets, to gerunds. Translate these sentences:

1 Instead of (to awaken) and (to grab) a cigarette at the bedside or ( to smoke) immediately after a meal, people may be encouraged to replace the urge to smoke with another activity, such as (to take) a walk or (to read) a book. 2 The gum Nicorette contains nicotine that is released slowly upon (to chew) and (to “park”). 3 (To park) refers to the action of (to shift) the gum to one side of the cheek after (to chew) in order to speed the absorption of nicotine. 4 A program for slowly (to wean) users from gums is provided by each product’s manufacturer. 5 The most common side effects with Nicorette are (to ache) jaws, (to vomit), the hiccups, and (to belch). 6 When intensive behavioral (to counsel) is added, the rate of success for NRT increases 35 to 40%. 7 Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban, Wellbutrin) is a medication that is used primarily for (to treat) depression. 8 This drug, however, also has been found to be effective in (to help) people to quit (to smoke). 9 When you stop (to smoke) your body starts (to repair) itself almost immediately. 10 The risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancer starts (to drop) immediately. 11 Smoking interferes with natural (to mother). 12 Lack of (to breastfeed) is a risk factor for SIDS. 13 Perhaps (to smoke) suppresses lactation by (to interfere) with the milk-producing hormones. 14 We believe that the anti-smoking programs will succeed someday, and it would not be profitable for producers to continue (to operate) any more.

12 Complete these sentences using the –ing forms:

1 I think of … 2 They have recently succeeded in … 3 He suggested … 4 You should avoid … 5 He objected to … 6 I expect … 7 They prevented us from …8 The book is not worth … 9 I am interested in … 10 Instead of …, we went for a walk. 11 I like the idea of … 12 We enjoyed … 13 Do you mind my … 14 We’ll let you know before … 15 You can learn to speak English by …

13 a) Complete the following sentences using gerund as subjects:

1 I think it’s no use … .2 … is my favourite pastime. 3 It’s a waste of time .. . 4 … is fun. 5 I’m afraid it’s no good … . 6 … was a hobby with him. 7 It’s a worth … . 8 … is more expensive than … . 9 … would do him a world of good. 10 He used to say … is his best exercise. 11 … bored him. 12 … takes me a lot of time.

b) Translate into English:

1 Марно дзвонити йому; в цей час він ніколи не буває вдома. 2 Заняття тенісом принесли їй велику користь. 3 Сон на відкритому повітрі дуже корисний. 4 Навряд чи варто про це турбуватися. 5 Слухати його розповіді – це ще раз згадувати хвилюючі події тих днів. 6 Плавання – один із найпопулярніших видів спорту. 7 Ловити рибу в цій річці дуже небезпечно. 8 Ми знали, що з ним було марно сперечатися. 9 Недобре так думати про своїх друзів. 10 Мені приносить задоволення вивчати англійську мову. 11 Паління шкідливе для здоров’я. 12 Просити його про допомогу – це тільки марно витрачати час.

Герундіальні звороти

1 I know of his having come	Я знаю, що він прийшов
2 We are sure of their having been asked to come	Ми впевнені в тому, що їх просили прийти
3 The student’s being given a good mark unexpected	Те, що цьому студенту поставили гарну оцінку, було несподіваним
4 She insists on your doing it	Вона наполягає на тому, щоб ви зробили це

У поєднанні з іменником у називному відмінку або із присвійним займенником герундій утворює так звані герундіальні звороти, які перекладаються українською мовою підрядним реченням, що з’єднуються з головними сполучниками підрядності: те, що; тому, що; про те, що; тим, що; щоб.

14 Read and translate these sentences:

1 His having proved the advantages of the new system is essential. 2 Their continuing of the work is unnecessary. 3 We insisted on their following the usual procedure. 4 Without having improved the properties of this instrument one cannot expect getting better results. 5 I know nothing of their having completed the practical work. 6 Besides it being used as an everyday word, the term “labor” has a special meaning in obstetrics. 7 I did not know anything about your science adviser having spoken at the international congress. 8 We know of Pavlov’s having developed the theory of conditioned reflex. 9 Upon the placing all the specimens to the established order we were able to continue the work. 10 We hadn’t much hope of his plan working. 11 After our explanation they began seeing things from a new point of view. 12 Pavlov’s having devoted all his life to the progress of science is known to everybody.