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Text 6

PRIMITIVE MEDICINE

1. Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although much may be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of the early man, it is difficult to reconstruct his mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. It seems probable that humans, as soon as they had reached the stage of reasoning, discovered, by the process of trial and error, which plants might be used as foods, which of them were poisonous, and which of them had some medicinal value.

2. However, the man did not at first regard death and disease as natural phenomena. Common maladies, such as colds, were accepted as part of existence, but serious and disabling diseases were placed in a very different category and were considered to be of supernatural origin.

3. One curious method of providing the disease with means of escape from the body was by making a hole, 2.5 to five centimeters across, in the skull of the victim - the practice of trepanning. Trepanned skulls of prehistoric date have been found in Britain, France and other parts of Europe and in Peru. The practice still exists among primitive people in parts of Algeria, in Melanesia, and perhaps elsewhere, though it is fast becoming extinct.

4. Magic and religion played a large part in the medicine of the prehistoric or primitive man. Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by month was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first doctors, or "medicine men," were witch doctors. The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin. Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body. Treatments and medicines that produced no physical effects on the body could nevertheless make a patient feel better when both the medicine man and the patient believed in their efficacy. This so-called placebo effect is applicable even in modern clinical medicine.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

38. PRIMITIVE PHYSICIANS WERE VERY WISE AS THEY TREATED BOTH THE PERSON'S SOUL AND HIS BODY.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

39. HUMANS DISCOVERED WHICH PLANTS HAD SOME MEDICINAL VALUE BY THE PROCESS OF TRIAL AND ERROR.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

40. AT FIRST THE MAN REGARDED SERIOUS AND DISABLING DISEASES AS NATURAL PHENOMENA.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

41. DOMESTIC MEDICINE, CONSISTING LARGELY IN THE USE OF HERBS, STILL PERSISTS.

1) ложным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) истинным

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

42. A HOLE MADE IN THE SKULL OF THE VICTIM WAS BELIEVED TO BE THE MEANS OF ESCAPE FOR A DISEASE FROM THE BODY.

1) 2

2) 1

3) 3

4) 4

43. PRIMITIVE MEN KNEW WHICH PLANTS THEY COULD USE AS FOOD.

1) 3

2) 2

3) 1

4) 4

44. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHAT WAS THE MEDICINE OF THE PREHISTORIC MAN LARGELY INFLUENCED BY?

1) It was influenced by disabling diseases.

2) It was influenced by magic and religion.

3) It was influenced by natural phenomena.

4) It was influenced by patients.

45. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА

1) Modern medical practice originates from primitive medicine and folklore.

2) The practice of trepanning is fast becoming extinct.

3) It is very difficult to interpret ancient history.

4) The first doctors, or "medicine men" were witch doctors.

Text 7

TROPICAL MEDICINE

1. The first half of the 20^th century witnessed the virtual conquest of three of the major diseases of the tropics: malaria, yellow fever, and leprosy. At the turn of the century, as for the preceding two centuries, quinine was the only known drug to have any appreciable effect on malaria. With the increasing development of tropical countries and rising standards of public health, it became obvious that quinine was not completely satisfactory. Intensive research between World Wars I and II indicated that several synthetic compounds were more effective.

2. The first of these to become available, in 1934, was quinacrine (known as mepacrine, Atabrine, or Atebrin). In World War II it fulfilled the highest expectations and helped to reduce disease among Allied troops in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Far East. A number of other effective antimalarial drugs subsequently became available, the insecticide DDT among them. The lethal effect of DDT on the mosquito, its relative cheapness, and its ease of use on a widespread scale provided an intensive world-wide campaign, sponsored by the World Health Organization, bringing malaria under control.

3. Yellow fever is another mosquito-transmitted disease, and the prophylactic value of modern insecticides in its control was almost as great as in the case of malaria. The forest reservoirs of the virus present a more difficult problem, but the combined use of immunization and insecticides did much to bring this disease under control.

4. Until the 1940s the only drugs available for treating leprosy were the chaulmoogra oils and their derivatives. These, though helpful, were far from satisfactory. In the 1940s the group of drugs known as the sulfones appeared, and it soon became apparent that they were infinitely better than any other group of drugs in the treatment of leprosy. Several other drugs later proved promising. Although there is as yet no known cure for leprosy, the outlook has so changed that there are good grounds for believing that this age-old scourge can be brought under control

Определите, является ли утверждение:

46. INSECTICIDES WERE USED IN THE FOREST RESERVOIRS TO BRING YELLOW FEVER UNDER CONTROL

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

47. THE SULFONES APPEARED TO BE MUCH BETTER THAN ANY OTHER GROUP OF DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF LEPROSY.

1) ложным

2) истинным

3) в тексте нет информации

48. MOSQUITOES ARE ABLE TO DEVELOP A RESISTANCE TO DDT.

1) ложным

2) истинным

3) в тексте нет информации

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

49. THERE IS NO CURE FOR LEPROSY KNOWN TO ANY COUNTRY PHYSICIANS.

1) 3

2) 1

3) 4

4) 2

50. RESEARCH SHOWED THAT SEVERAL SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS WERE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN QUININE.

1) 2

2) 1

3) 3

4) 4

51. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHY DID THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION SPONSOR THE WORLD-WIDE CAMPAIGN OF BRINGING MALARIA UNDER CONTROL?

1) Because a new and highly efficient insecticide DDT appeared.

2) Because malaria was widely spread in Africa.

3) Because it wanted to help reduce the disease among Allied
troops in Africa.

4) Because the standards of public health were rising.

52. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА

1) Quinine lost its effect on malaria in the first half of the 20^th century.

2) The major diseases of the tropics are malaria, yellow fever, and leprosy.

3) Insecticides did much to bring the three of the major diseases of the tropics undercontrol.

4) Chaulmoogra oils and their derivatives were helpful for treating leprosy until the 1940s.

Text 8

PLASTIC SURGERY

1. Plastic surgery is surgical specialty concerned with the collection and improvement of physical appearance. It is largely concerned with the bodily surface and with reconstructive work of the face and exposed parts. Although surgical reconstruction of the nose was performed by Hindu physicians before the time of Christ, modern techniques of plastic surgery were originated in the post-World War I years by surgeons repairing the wounds and disfigurements of combat veterans.

2. The term "plastic" refers to the molding and reshaping of body tissues - bone, fat-muscle, cartilage, and skin. Tissue may be moved to fill a depression, to cover a wound, or to improve appearance. The transfer of skin tissue is one of the most common procedures performed in plastic surgery. Sheets of epithelial cells cultured in vitro and synthetic compounds such as silicone are also used as a substitute for absent or deficient natural tissue.

3. Plastic surgery is sometimes considered, incorrectly, to be synonymous with aesthetic, or cosmetic, surgery - that is, surgery performed solely to improve appearance in otherwise healthy persons. The aesthetic element of most plastic surgery, however, is directed at improving severe functional impairments caused by bums and other traumatic injuries; to correct acquired or congenital abnormalities, such as cleft lip and cleft palate, facial bone fractures, and tumors; and to compensate for tissue removed in cancer or other surgery, including reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy.

4. The development of microsurgery in the 1960s and 70s greatly expanded the scope of reconstructive surgery, allowing surgeons to reattach severed fingers and limbs. Exceedingly fine needles and sutures make it possible for the surgeon to rejoin small blood vessels and other minute structures under an operating microscope.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

53. AN OPERATING MICROSCOPE HELPS THE SURGEON TO REJOIN SMALL BLOOD VESSELS AND OTHER MINUTE STRUCTURES.

1) ложным

2) истинным

3) в тексте нет информации

54. PLASTIC SURGERY IS DIRECTED AT CORRECTING SUCH ABNORMALITIES AS CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE, AND TUMOURS.

1) ложным

2) истинным

3) в тексте нет информации

55. PLASTIC SURGERY IS SYNONYMOUS WITH AESTHETIC, OR COSMETIC, SURGERY.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным