Глава 13. Заключительные замечания

Количественное измерение мотивации достижения посредством метода ТАТ не переродилось в типологию. Напротив, оно объединило грандиозную сеть исследований. Возможно, о мотивации достижения мы знаем сегодня больше, чем о других мотивах человеческого поведения, хотя Ах и Левин начали свои исследования в этой области только около четырех десятилетий назад.

Данное изложение не оканчивается разделительной чертой, как это принято при завершении одной из глав учебника по психологии. Сопоставимые друг с другом феномены в различных исследовательских областях предполагают множество пересечений на теоретическом уровне. Специалисты могут справедливо усомниться в целесообразности этого, поскольку затрагиваются их области интересов, однако они не могут отрицать возможности интеграции результатов исследований для заложения основы теории мотивации. С этой точки зрения психометрика должна только сожалеть об упущенных возможностях использования тестовых характеристик метода ТАТ. Он не отвечает требованиям хорошего теста для индивидуальной диагностики и, возможно, никогда не будет им отвечать. Его чувствительность к ситуационным переменным, к счастью, не позволяет ему быть включенным в категорию диагностических тестов. Его недостатки, однако, обернулись достоинствами уже в самых первых исследованиях. Они привели к неожиданным результатам и стимулировали экспериментаторов продолжать поиски. Впоследствии это привело к ясному пониманию того, сколь тесно связана мотивация с взаимодействием устойчивых и ситуационных факторов.

Бесплодность большинства современных методологических подходов больше не вызывает сомнений. Анализ мотивации достижений в настоящее время охватил весь мир, а не только Соединенные Штаты; она исследуется в Японии, Австралии, Бразилии, Германии, Англии, Италии и Голландии. Все еще кажется весьма вероятным, что результаты ближайшего будущего останутся достойными вложенного труда. Более того, эта область исследований всегда благодатна для тех, кто склонен сомневаться в результатах, полученных коллегами. Для достижения данной цели нам стоит только объединить неявный макет эксперимента со слегка измененным методом измерения, и нам обеспечен полный провал в контрольном эксперименте. "Игра" с интерпретацией все еще предоставляет столько возможностей, что и в ней нельзя быть уверенным. Будущим исследованиям еще только предстоит отсекать лишние.

Список литературы

Ach, N. Uber den Willensakt und das Temperament. Leipzig: Quelle and Meyer, 1910. Allport, G.W. Personality. New York: Holt, 1937.

Alper, Thelma G. Memory for completed and incompleted tasks as a function of personality: an analysis of group data. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1946, 41, 403-420.

Alper, Thelma G. The interrupted task method m studies of selective recall: a revaluation of some recent experiments. Psycho!.. Rev, 1952, 59, 71-88.

Alper, Thelma G. Predicting the direction of selective recall: its relation to ego strength and n Achievement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1957,55,149-165.

Alpert, R., and Haber, R.N. Anxiety in academic achievement situations. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1960, 61, 207-215.

Amtsblatt der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland: 1954, 8, Statistische Beilage No 13. Religionszugehorigkeit und Berufsziele der Studierenden an den wissenschaftlichen Hochschulen in Westdeutschland und in West-Berlin im Wintersemester 1953/1954.

Anderson, R. G. Failure imagery in the fantasy of eighth graders as a function of three conditions of induced arousal. J. educ. Psycho!., 1962, 53,293-298.

Angelini, A.L. Studies in projective measurement of achievement motivation of Brazilian students, males and females. Proc. 15 intern. Congr., Brussels 1957. Ada Psycho!., 1959, XV, 359-360.

Argyle, M., and Robinson, P. Two origins of achievement motivation. Brit. J. soc. din. Psycho!., 1962, 1, 107-120.

Aronson, E. The need for achievement as measured by graphic expression. 1958. In J. VV. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 249-265.

Atkinson, J. W. The achievement motive and recall of interrupted and completed tasks. J. exp. Psycho!., 1953, 46, 381-390.

Atkinson, J. W. Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psycho!. Rev., 1957, 64, 359-372. (Also in Atkinson, 1958c.)

Atkinson, J. W. Towards experimental analysis of human motivation in terms of motives, expectancies, and incentives. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 288-305. (a)

Atkinson, J. W. Thematic apperceptive measurement of motives within the context of a theory of motivation. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 596-616. (b)

Atkinson, J.W. (Ed.). Motives in fantasy action, and society. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1958.

Atkinson, J. W. Discussion of Dr. Lazarus' paper. In J. Kagan and G. S. Lesser (Eds.), Contemporary issues in thematic apperceptive methods. Springfield, 111.: Charles С Thomas, 1961. Pp. 72-82.

Atkinson, J. W. An introduction to motivation. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1964.

Atkinson, J. W., and Cartwright, D. Some neglected variables in contemporary conceptions of decision and performance. Psycho!. Rep., 1964, 14, 575-590.

Atkinson, J. W., and Litwin, G. H. Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1960, 60, 52-63.

Atkinson, J. W.. and Miller, D. R. Parental experiences in child training. Univer. of Michigan, 1956.

Atkinson, J. W., and Raphelson, A. C. Individual differences in motivation and behavior in particular situations. J. Pers., 1956, 24, 349-363.

Atkinson, J. W., and Reitman, \V. R. Performance as a function of motive strength and expectancy of goal attainment. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1956, 53, 361-366. (Also in Atkinson, 1958c).

Atkinson, J. W., Bastian, J. R., Earl, R. W., and Litwin, G. H. The achievement motive, goal-setting, and probability preferences. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1960,60,27-36.

Bandura, A. Social learning through imitation. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1962. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1962. Pp. 211-269.

Bandura, A., and Mischel, W. Modification on self-imposed delay of reward through exposure to live and symbolic models. J. Pers. soc. Psycho!., 1965,2,698-705.

Barnette, W. L. A structured and semi-structured achievement measure applied to a college sample. Educ. psycho!. Measmt, 1961, 21, 647-656.

Barry, H., Bacon, M. K., and Child, I. L. A cross-cultural survey of some sex differences in socialization. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1957, 55, 327-332.

Bartenwerfer, H. Pulsrhythmikmerkmale als Indikatoren der psychischen Anspannung. Psycho!. Beitr, I960, 4, 7-25.

Bartmann, T. Der Einfluss von Zeitdruck auf die Leistung und das Denkverhalten bei Volksschiilem. Psycho!. Forsck, 1963, 27, 1-61.

Bartmann, T. Denkerziehung im progratnmierten Unterricht. Miinchen: Manz, 1965.

Beller, E. K. Dependency and autonomous achievement striving related to orality and anality in early childhood. ChildDeve!pm., 1957, 28, 287-315.

Bendig, A. W. Predictive and postdictive validity of need achievement measures. J. educ. Res., 1958, 52, 119-120.

Bendig. A. W. Comparative validity of objective and projective measures of need achievement in predicting students' achievement in introductory psychology. J. gen. Psycho]., 1959, 60, 237-243.

Berkowitz, L. The effects of observing violence. Scientific Amen, 1964, 210,35-41.

Berkowitz, L., and Rowlings, Edna. Effects of film violence on inhibitions against subsequent aggression. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1963, 66,405-412.

Berlew, D. E. Interpersonal sensitivity and motive strength. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1961, 63, 390-394.

Berlew, D. E., and Williams, A. F. Interpersonal sensitivity under motive arousing conditions. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1964, 68,150-159.

Berlyne, D. E. Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.

Bialer, I. Conceptualization of success and failure in mentally retarded and normal children. J. Pers., 1961, 29, 303-320.

Birney, R. C. Thematic content and the cue characteristics of pictures. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958. Pp. 630-643. (a)

Birney, R. C. The achievement motive and task performance: a replication. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 56, 133-135. (b)

Birney, R. C. The reliability of the achievement motive. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1959, 58, 266-267.

Birney, R. C. Research on the achievement motive. In E. F. Borgatta and W. F. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research. Chicago, 111.: Rand McNally (in press).

Birney, R. C, Burdick, H., and Teevan, R. С Analysis of TAT stones for hostile press thema. Paper read at EPA, April, 1961.

Bottcher, Helga. Uber das Zeiterleben junger und alter Erzahler von TAT-Geschichten, Unpublished manuscript. Psychol. Inst. Univer. Munster, 1963.

Botha, Elize, and Close, Anne. Achievement motivation and speed of perception in relation to reading skill. Percept, mot. Skills, 1964, 19, 74.

Bradbum, N. M. n Achievement and father dominance in Turkey. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1963, 67,464-468.

Brody, N. n Achievement, test anxiety' and subjective probability of success in risk taking behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1963, 66, 413- 418.

Brovennan, D. M., Jordan, E. J., and Phillips, Leslie. Achievement motivation in fantasy and behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1960, 60, 374-378.

Brown, J. F. Liber die dynamischen Eigenschaften der Realitats und Irrealitatsschichten. Psychol. Forsch, 1933, 18,2-26.

Brown, J. S. Problems presented by the concept of acquired drives. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1953. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. Nebraska Press, 1953. Pp. 1-21.

Brown, R. W. A determinant of the relationship between rigidity and authoritarianism. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1953, 48, 469-476.

Biihler, Charlotte. Der menschliche Lebenslauf als psychologisches Problem. Gottingen: Hogrefe, 1959.

Biihler, K. Abriss der geistigen Entwicklung des Kindes. Leipzig: Quelle and Meyer, 1919.

Burdick, H. A. Need for achievement and schedules of variable reinforcement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1964, 68, 302-306.

Burnstein, E. Fear of failure, achievement motivation, and aspiring to prestigeful occupations. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1963, 67, 189-193.

Burnstein, E., Moulton, R., and Liberty, P. Prestige vs. excellence as determinants of role attractiveness. Amer. sociol Rev., 1963,28,212-219.

Butterneid, E. C. The interruption of tasks: methodological, factual, and theoretical issues. Psychol. Bull, 1964, 62, 309-322.

Cameron, Ann, and Storm, T. Achievement motivation in Canadian Indian middle- and working-class children. Psychol. Rep., 1965,16,459-463.

Carney, R. E. The effect of situational variables on the measurement of achievement motivation. (Prelim, draft). Indiana Univ., 1964. (a)

Carney, R. E. Validation of an objective measure of achievement motivation. (Preliminary draft). Indiana Univer., 1964. (b)

Carney, R. E. Research with a recently developed measure of achievement motivation. Percept, mot. Skills, 1965,21,438.

Carney, R. E., and McKeachie, W. J. Religion, sex, social class, probability of success, and student personality. J. sci. Stud. Religion, 1963, 3, 32-42.

Caron, A. J. Curiosity, achievement, and avoidant motivation as determinants of epistemic behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1963, 67, 535-549.

Caron, A. J., and Wallach, M. A. Recall of interrupted tasks under stress: A phenomenon of memory or learning? J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1957,55,372-381.

Caron, A. J., and Wallach, M. A. Personality determinants of repressive and obsessive reactions to failure-stress. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1959, 59, 236-345.

Cartwright, D. The effect of interruption, completion, and failure upon the attractiveness of activities. J. exp. Psychol, 1942,31, 1-16.

Chance, June E. Independence training and first graders' achievement. J. consult. Psychol, 1961,25, 149-154.

Child, I. L., Storm, Т., and Veroff, J. Achievement themes in folk tales related to socialization practice. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958c. Pp. 479-492.

Clark, R. A., and McClelland, D. C. A factor analytic integration of imaginative and performance measures of the need for achievement. J. gen. Psychol., 1956,55,73-83.

Clark, R. A., and Sensibar, Minda R. The relationship between symbolic and manifest projections of sexuality with some incidental correlates. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955, 50, 327-334. (Also in J. W. Atkinson, 1958c).

Clark, R. A., Teevan, R., and Ricciuti, H. N. Hope of success and fear of failure as aspects of need for achievement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956, 53, 182-186. (Also in J. W. Atkinson, 1958c).

Cohen, J., and Hansel, M. Experimental risk-taking. Jb. Psychol. Psychother, 1955,3,382-388.

Cohen, J., and Hansel, С E. M. Gluck und Risiko. Frankfurt a.M.: Europ. Verlagsanstalt, 1961.

Cohen, A. R., and Zimbardo, P. G. An experiment on avoidance motivation. In J. W. Brehm and A. R. Cohen (Eds.), Explorations in cognitive dissonance. New York: Wiley, 1962. Pp. 143-151.

Cole, D., Jacobs, S., Zubok, Bea, Fagot, В., and Hunter, I. The relation of achievement imagery scores to academic performance. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1962,65,208-211.

Cooper, L. M, and Howell, R. J. A reformulation of the "fear of failure" and "hope of success" concepts, as measured on McClelland's need achievement test. J. soc. Psychol, 1961, 53, 81-85.

Coopersmith, S. A method for determining types of self-esteem. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1959, 59, 87-94.

Coopersmith, S. Self-esteem and need achievement as determinants of selective recall and repetition. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1960,60,310-317.

Crandall, V. J., and Rabson, Alice. Children's repetition choices in an intellectual achievement situation following success and failure. J. genet. Psychol, 1960,97,161-168.

Crandall, V. J., and Sinkeldam, С Children's dependent and achievement behaviors in social situations and their perceptual field dependence. J.Pers., 1964,32,1-22.

Crandall, V. J., Solomon, D., and Kellaway, R. Expectancy statements and decision times as functions of objective probabilities and reinforcement values/ Pers., 1955,24, 192-203.

Crandall, V. J., Katkovsky, W., and Preston, Anne. A conceptual formulation for some research on children's achievement development. Child Develpm., 1960, 31, 787-797. (a)

Crandall, V. J., Preston, Anne, and Rabson, Alice. Maternal reactions and the development of independence and achievement behavior in young children. Child Develpm., 1960, 31, 243-251. (b)

Crandall, V. J., Dewey, Rachel, Katkovsky, W., and Preston, Anne. Parents' attitudes and behaviors and grade-school children's academic achievement J. genet. Psychol., 1964,104,53-66.

Crockett, H. J. The achievement motive and differential occupational mobility in the united States. Amer. sociol. Rev., 1962, 27, 191-204.

Davids, A., and Sidman, J. A. A pilot study-impulsivity, time orientation, and delayed gratification in future scientists and in underachieving high school students. Except. Children, 1962, 29, 170-174.

DeCharms, R., and Moeller, G. H. Values expressed in American children's readers: 1800-1950. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1962, 64, 136-142.

DeCharms, R., and Dave, PrafulachandraN. Hope of success, fear of failure, subjective probability, and risk-taking behavior. J. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965,1,558-568.

DeCharms, R., Morrison, W., Reitman, W., and McClelland, D. C. Behavioral correlates of directly and indirectly measured achievement motivation. In D. С McClelland (Ed.), Studies in motivation. New York: Appleton, 1955. Pp. 414-423.

Dember, W. N., Naime, R, and Miller, F. J. Further validation of the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1962, 65, 427-428.

Dembo, Tamara. Arger als dynamisches Problem. Psychol Forsch., 1931,15, 1-114.

Dennis, W. Are Hopi children noncompetitive? J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955,50,99-100.

Diggory, J. C, and Morlock, H. C. Level of aspiration, or probability of success? J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1964,69, 282-289.

Diller, L. Conscious and unconscious self-attitudes after success and failure. J. Pers., 1954,23,1-12.

Douvan, Elizabeth. Social status and success strivings. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956,52,219-223.

Douvan, Elizabeth, and Adelson, J. The psychodynamics of social mobility in adolescent boys. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 56, 31-44.

Duffy, Elizabeth. The psychological significance of the concept of "arousal" or "activation." Psychol Rev., 1957, 64, 265-275.

Duker, H. Psychologische Untersuchiingen iiber freie und zwangslaufige Arbeit. Leipzig: Barth, 1931.

Duker, H. Uber ein Verfahren zur Untersuchung der psychischen Leistungsfahigkeit. Psychol. Forsch. 1949,23, 10-24.

du Preez, P. D. Judgment of time and aspects of personality, J. abnorm. soc. Psychology, 1964,69,228-233.

Easter, L. V., and Murstein, B. I. Achievement fantasy as a function of probability of success. J. consult. Psychol, 1964,28, 154-159.

Edwards, A. L. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. New York: Psychol. Corp., 1954.

Edwards, W. The theory of decision-making. Psychol. Bull, 1954, 51,380-417.

Epstein, S. The measurement of drive and conflict in humans: theory and experiment. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1962. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. Nebraska Press, 1962. Pp. 127-209.

Eriksen, C. W. Psychological defenses and "ego strength" in the recall of completed and incompleted tasks. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1954, 49, 45-50.

Ertel, S. Die emotionale Natur des "semantischen Raumes." Psychol Forsch, 1964,28, 1-32.

Escalona, Sybille. The effect of success and failure upon the level of aspiration and behavior in manic-depressive psychoses. Univer. Iowa Stud. Child Welfare, 1940, 16, 199-302.

Eysenck, H. J. Dimensions of personality. London: Routledge, 1947.

Eysenck, H. J. The structure of human personality. (2nd ed.). London: Methuen. 1960.

Eysenck, H. J. The measurement of motivation. Scientific Amer, 1963, 208, 130-137.

Eysenck, H. J., and Maxwell, A. E. Reminiscence as a function of drive. Brit. J. Psychol, 1961, 52, 43-52.

Eysenck, H. J., and Willett, R. A. Performance and reminiscence in a symbol substitution task as a function of drive. Percept, mot. Skills, 1962, 15,389-390.

Fajans, Sara. Erfolg, Ausdauer und Aktivitat beim Saugling und Kleinkind. Psychol. Forsch, 1933, 17,268-305.

Feather, N. Т. Success probability and choice behavior. J. exp. Psychol, 1959, 58, 257-266. (a)

Feather, N. T. Subjective probability and decision under uncertainty. Psychol Rev., 1959, 66, 150-164 (b)

Feather, N. T. The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement-related motives. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 63,552-561.

Feather, N. T. The study of persistence. Psychol Bull. 1962 59 94-115.

Feather, N. T. The relationship of expectation of success to reported probability, task structure, and achievement related motivation. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1963, 66, 231-238. (a)

Feather, N. T. Persistence at a difficult task with alternative task of intermediate difficulty. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol. 1963, 66, 604-609. (b)

Feather, N. T. Mowrer's revised two-factor theory and the motive-expectancy-value model. Psychol. Rev., 1963, 70, 500-515. (c)

Feather, N. T. The effect of differential failure' on expectation of success, reported anxiety, and response uncertainty. J. Pets., 1963, 31, 289-312. (d)

Feather, N. T. The relationship of expectation of success to need achievement and test anxiety. J. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965,1,118-126. (a)

Feather, N. T. Performance at a difficult task in relation to initial expectancies of success, test anxiety, and need achievement. J. Pers., 1965, 33, 200-217. (b)

Feld, Sheila С Studies m the origins of achievement strivings. Dissertation Abstr. (Univer. Michigan), 1960, 20, 4707.

Ferdinand, W. Experimented Untersuchungen liber den Einfluss der personlichen Wichtigkeit des Materials auf das Behalten. Psychol Forsch, 1959,25,455-517.

Ferguson, Eva D. Ego involvement: a critical examination of some methodological issues. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1962, 64, 407-417.

Feshbach, S. The drive-reducing function of fantasy behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955, 50, 3-11.

Feshbach, S. The stimulating versus cathartic effects of a vicarious aggressive activity. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 63, 381-385.

Festinger, L. A theoretical interpretation of shirts in level of aspiration. Psychol Rev., 1942, 49, 235-250.

Festinger, L. Theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, 111.: Row-Peterson, 1957.

Fisher, S. Achievement themes and directionality of autokinetic movement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961,63, 64-68.

Frank, J. D. Some psychological determinants of the level of aspiration. Amer. J. Psychol, 1935, 47, 285-293.

Frank, J. D. Level of aspiration test. In H. A. Murray (Ed.), Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1938. Pp. 461-471.

Frank, L. K. Time perspectives. J. soc. Phil, 1939, 4, 293-312.

French, Elizabeth G. Interrelation among some measures of rigidity under stress and nonstress conditions. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955, 51, 114-118. (a)

French, Elizabeth G. Some characteristics of achievement motivation. J. exp. Psychol, 1955, 50, 232-236. (Also m Atkinson, 1958c). (b)

French, Elizabeth G. Motivation as a variable in work-partner selection. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956, 53, 96-99.

French, Elizabeth G. Development of a measure of complex motivation, 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 242-248. (a)

French, Elizabeth G. The interaction of achievement motivation and ability in problem-solving success. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 57, 306-309. (b)

French, Elizabeth G., and Lesser, G. S. Some characteristics of the achievement motivation in women. J. abnorm soc. Psychol, 1964, 68, 119-128.

French, Elizabeth G., and Thomas F. H. The relation of achievement motivation to problem-solving effectiveness. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958,56,45-48.

Freud, S. Die Traumdenhtng. (1900). Ges.Werke, ИЛИ. London: Imago, 1942.

Freud, S. DerDicker unddas Phcmtasieren. (1908). Ges. Werke, VII. London: Imago, 1941.

Fuchs, R. Cewissheit, Motivation und bedingter Reflex. MeisenheimJGlan: Hain, 1954.

Fuchs, R. Funktionsanalyse der Motivation. (Tiibinger Symposion iiber Motivation). Z exp. angew. PsychoL, 1963, X, 626-645.

Gardner, J. W. The relation of certain personality variables to level of aspiration. J. PsychoL, 1940, 9, 191-206.

Glixman, A. F. An analysis of the use of the interruption-technique in experimental studies of "repression." PsychoL Bull., 1948, 45, 491-506.

Gotzl, H. Beziehungen zwischen Leistungsmotivation, Zeitperspektive und Zeigarnik-Effekt. Unpublished manuscript, Psychol. Inst. Univer. Miinster, 1960.

Goldin, R G. Experimental investigation of selective memory and the concept of repression and defense: a theoretical synthesis. J. abnorm. soc. PsychoL, 1964,69,365-380.

Gordon, J. E. Relationships among mothers' n achievement, independence training attitudes, and handicapped children's performance. J. consult. PsychoL, 1959, 23, 207-212.

Gottschaldt,K. Der Auftau des kindlichenHandelns. Leipzig: Barth, 1933.

Gottschaldt, K. Diskussionsbeitrag zur Entwicklung des Leistungsverhaltens. Z PsychoL, 1961,165, 281-283.

Gough, H. G. California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1957.

Gough, H. G. Achievement in the first course in psychology as predicted from the California Psychological Inventory. J. PsychoL, 1964, 57,419-430.

Gould, R., and Kaplan, N. The relationship of "level of aspiration" to academic and personality factors. J. soc. PsychoL, 1940, 11, 31-40.

Green, D. R. Volunteering and the recall of interrupted tasks. J. abnorm. soc. PsychoL, 1963,66,397-401.

Green, Helen В., and Knapp, R. H. Time adjustment, aesthetic preference, and need for "achievement. J. abnorm. soc. PsychoL, 1959, 58, 140-142.

Greenbaum, С W., Cohn, A., and Krauss, R. M. Choice, negative information, and attractiveness of tasks. J. Pers., 1965, 33, 46-59.

Greenberg, Pearl J. Competition in children: an experimental study. Amer. J. PsychoL, 1932, 44, 221-248.

Groesbeck, B. L. Toward description of personality in terms of configuration of motives. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 383-399.

Griinewald, G., and Miicher, H. Uber den Einfluss zentraler Funktionsaktivierung auf die Schreibmotorik. Z PsychopharmakoL, 1964, 5, 372-389.

Guerin, Francoise. Apercu general sur les tests et les experiences de niveau d'aspiration. Rev. Psychol. appl., 1958, 8, 221-251.

Haber, R. N., and Alpert, R. The role of situation and picture cues in projective measurement of the achievement motive. 1958. In j. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 644-663.

Hancock, J. G., and Teevan, R. C. Fear of failure and risk-taking behavior. J. Pets., 1964, 32, 200-209.

Hardy, K. R. Determinants of conformity and attitude change. J. abnorm. soc. PsychoL, 1957, 54, 289-294.

Hayashi, Т., and Habu, K. A research on achievement motive: an experimental test of the "thought sampling" method by using Japanese students. Japanese Psychol. Res., 1962, 4, 30-42. (a)

Hayashi, Т., and Habu, K. Achievement motivation and its relation to anxiety tendencies. Bull Kyoto Cakugei Univer., Ser. A, 1962,21,21-28. (b)

Hayashi, Т., and Yamaushi, K. The relation of children's need for achievement to their parents' home discipline in regard to independence and mastery. Bull. Kyoto Cakugei Univer., Ser. A, 1964,25, 31-40.

Hayashi, Т., Okamoto, N., and Habu, K. Children's achievement motivation and its relation to intelligence, school achievements, anxiety tendencies, and parents-child relations. Bull. Kyoto Cakugei Univer., Ser. A, 1962, 21,16-20.

Hebb, D. О. Drives and the C.N.S. (conceptual nervous system). Psychol. Rev., 1955, 62, 243-254.

Heckhausen, H. Motivationsanalys der Anspruchsniveau-Setzung. Psychol. Forsch, 1955, 25, 118-154.

Heckhausen, H. Leistungsmotivation, Konflikt und Zielsetzung. Ber. 21. Kongr. Dentsch. Ges. Psychol, 1957. Goettingen: Hogrefe; 1958, 21, 193-195.

Heckhausen, H. Die Problematik des Projektionsbegriffs und die Orundlagen und Grundannahmen des Thematischen Auflas-sungstests. Psychol. Beitr., 1960, V, 53-80.

Heckhausen, H. Eine Rahmentheorie der Motivation in zehn 1 hesen. Z exp. angew. Psycho!., 1963, X, 604-626. (a)

Heckhausen, H. Hoffming und Furcht in der Leistimgsmotivation. MeisenheimJGlan: Hain, 1963. (b)

Heckhausen, H. Uber die Zweckmassigkeit einiger Situationsbedingungen bei der inhaltsanalytischen Erfassung der Motivation. Psychol Forsch, 1964, 27, 244-259 (a)

Heckhausen, H. Entvvurf einer Psychologie des Spielens. Psychol Forsch., 1964, 27, 225-243. (b)

Heckhausen, H. Einfliisse der Erziehung auf die Motivationsgenese. In T. Herrmann (Ed.), Psychologie der Erziehiingsstile. Gottingen: Hogrefe, 1966. Pp. 131-169.

Heckhausen, H., and Kemmlerm, Lilly. Entstehungsbedingungen der kindlichen Selbstandigkeit Z. exp. angew. Psychol, 1957, IV, 603-622.

Heckhausen, H., and Roelofsen, Irmgard. Anfange und Entwicklung der Leistungsmotivation: (I) im Wetteifer des Kleinkindes. Psychol. Forsch, 1962,26,313-397.

Heckhausen, H., and Seibt, Gabriele. Anfange und Entwicklung der Leistungsmotivation: (HI) im freien Spiel des Kleinkindes (in preparation).

Heckhausen, H., and Wagner, Inge. Anfange und Entwicklung der Leistungsmotivation: (II) in der Zielsetzung des Kleinkindes. Zur Genese des Anspmchsniveaus. Psychol. Forsch., 1965, 28, 179-245.

Heckhausen, H., and Wasna, Maria. Erfolg und Misserfolg in Leistungswerteifer des imbezillen Kindes. Psychol. Forsch, 1965,28, 391-421.

Heckhausen, H.yErtel, S., and Kiekheben-Roelofsen, Irmgard. Die anfange der Leistungsmotivation im Wetteifer des Kleinkindes. Tonfilm. Inst. Wiss. Film, Gottingen, 1964.

Heider, F. The Psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley, 1958.

Helm, J. Uber den Einfluss affektiver Spannungen auf das Denkhandeln. Z Psychol, 1954, 157,23-105.

Helm, J. Uber die Wirkung von Erfolgsserien auf das Denkhandeln und die Leistung. Z Psychol, 1958, 162, 3-114.

Helm, J. Beitrag zum Problem des Zielsetzungsverhaltens bei Debilen. Z Psychol, 1962, 166, 167-181.

Henle, Mary. An activity in the goal region. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 299-302.

Hillgruber, A. Fortlaufende Arbeit und Willensbetatigung. Unters. Psychol Phil, 1912,1, Heft 6.

Himelstein, P., and Kimbrough, W. W. Reliability of French's "Test of Insight." Ednc. psychol. Measmt, 1960, 20, 737-741.

Himelstein, P., Eschenbach, A. E., and Carp, A. Interrelationships among three measures of need achievement. J. consult. Psychol, 1958, 22,451-452.

Hoffman, M. L., Mitsos, S. В., and Protz, R. E. Achievement striving, social class, and test anxiety. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958,56,401-403.

Honigfeld, G., and Spigel, I. M. Achievement motivation and field independence. / consult. Psychol, 1960, 24, 550-551.

Hoppe, F. Erfolg und Misserfolg. Psychol. Forsch, 1930, 14, 1-62.

Hoppe, F. Versuche uber Erfolgs- und Misserfolgserlebnisse psychopathischer und schwachsinniger Kinder. Ber. 12. Kongr. Deutsch Ces. Psychol. Jena: Fischer, 1932,12, 353-356.

Howard, Т. С The relation between psychological and mathematical probability, Amer. J. Psychol, 1963, 76, 335.

Hoyos, С. Graf. Motivationspsychologische Aspekte des Risikoverhaltens. Ber. 23. Kongr. Deutsch. Ces. Psycho!.. 1962. Gottingen: Hogrefe, 1963,23, 151-152.

Hoyos, C. Graf. Motivationspsychologische Untersuchungen von Kraftfahrern mit dem TAT nach McClelland. Arch. ges. Psycho!., 1965, Supplementary Vol. 7.

Hurley, J. R. The Iowa Picture Interpretation Test: a multiple choice variation of the TAT. J. consult. Psycho!., 1955, 19, 372-376.

Hurley, J. R. Achievement imagery and motivational instructions as determinants of verbal learning. J. Pers., 1957,25, 274-282.

Hurley, J. R. Achievement pressure: an attitudinal correlate of college course grades. Psycho!. Rep., 1962, 10, 695-702.

Irwin, F. W. The realism of expectations. Psycho!. Rev., 1944, 51, 120-126.

Isaacson, R. L. Relation between n achievement, test anxiety, and curricular choices. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1964,68, 447-452.

Jager, A. O. Einige emotionale, conative und zeitliche Bedingungen des Erinnems. Z exp. angew. Psycho!., 1959, VI, 737-765.

Jessor, R., and Readio, J. The influence of the value of an event upon the expectancy of its occurrence. J. gen. Psycho!., 1957, 56,219-228.

Johnson, Miriam M. Sex role learning m the nuclear family. Child Develpm., 1963,34,319-333.

Johnston, R. A. The effects of achievement imagery on maze-learning performance. J. Pers., 1955,24, 145-152.

Johnston, R. A. A methodological analysis of several revised forms of the Iowa Picture Interpretation Test. J. Pers., 1957, 25, 283-293.

Jucknat, Margarete. Leistung, Anspruchsniveau und Selbstbewusstsein. Psycho!. Forsch, 1937, 22, 89-179.

Junker, Erika. Uber unterschiedliches Behalten eigener Leistungen. Psycho!. Arbeiten, 6. Frankfurt a.M.: Kramer, 1960.

Kagan, J., and Moss, H; A. Stability and validity of achievement fantasy J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!, 1959, 58, 357-364.

Kagan, J., and Moss. H. A. Birth to maturity New York: Wiley, 1962.

Kagan, J., Sontag, L. W., Baker, С. Т., and Nelson, Virginia L. Personality and IQ change. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho! 1958, 56, 261-266.

Kaltenbach, J. E., and McClelland, D. C. Achievement and social status in three small communities. In D. C. McClelland et a!. (Eds.), Talent and society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958. Pp. 112-134.

Kardiner, A. Psychological frontiers of society. New York: Columbia Univer. Press, 1945.

Karolchuck, Patricia, and Worell, L. Achievement motivation and learning. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956, 53, 255-257.

Kassarjian, H. H. Success, failure, and personality. Psychol. Rep., 1963, 13,567-574.

Katchmar, L. Т., Ross, S., and Andrews, T. G. Effects of stress and anxiety on performance of a complex verbal-coding task. /. exp. Psychol, 1958,55,559-563.

Katkovsky, W., Preston, Anne, and Crandall. V. J. Parents- achievement attitudes and their behavior with their children in achievement situations. J. genet. Psychol, 1964, 104, 105-121 (a).

Katkovsky, W., Preston, Anne, and Crandall, V. J. Parents' attitudes toward their personal achievements and toward the achievement behaviors of their children. J. genet. Psychol., 1964, 104, 67-82. (b)

Katona, G. Organizing and memorizing. New York: Columbia Univer. Press, 1940.

Katz, D. Psychologie des Sicherheitsmarginals. Ada Psychol, 1953, 9,255-273.

Katz, F. M. The meaning of success: some differences in value systems of social classes. J. soc. Psychol, 1964, 62, 141-148.

Kausler, D. H., and Trapp, E. P. Achievement motivation and goal-setting behavior on a learning task. J. exp. Psychol, 1958, 55, 575-578.

Keister, Mary E. The behavior of young children in failure: an experimental attempt to discover and to modify undesirable responses of preschool children to failure. Univer. Iowa Stud. Child Welfare, 1938, 14, 27-82.

Kimble, G. A. Evidence for the role of motivation in determining the amount of reminiscence in pursuit rotor learning. J. exp. Psychol, 1950, 40, 248-253.

Kissel, S., and Littig, L. W. Test anxiety and skin conductance. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1962, 65, 276-278.

Klamma, Margaret. Uber das SelbermachenwoUen und Ablehnen von Hil-fen bei Kleinkindern. Unpublished manuscript., Psychol. Inst. Miinster, 1957. Klauer, K. J. Uberforderung bei Zeichenaufgaben. Arch. ges. Psychol., 1961,113,167-221.

Knapp, R. H. n Achievement and aesthetic preference. 1958. In J. \V. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 367-372.

Knapp, R. H. Attitudes toward time and aesthetic choice. J. soc. Psychol., 1962, 56, 79-87.

Knapp, R. H., and Garbutt, J. T. Time imagery and the achievement motive. J. Pers., 1958, 26, 426-434.

Knapp, R. H., and Garbutt, J. T. Variation in the time description and need achievement. J. soc. Psychol, 1965, 67, 269-272.

Knapp, R. H., and Goodrich, H. B. Origins of American scientists. Chicago: Chicago Univer. Press, 1952.

Knapp, R. H., and Green, Helen B. The judgment of music-filled intervals and n Achievement. J. soc. Psychol., 1961, 54, 263-267.

Knapp, R. H., and Green, Helen B. Personality correlates of success imagery. J. soc. Psychol., 1964, 62, 93-99.

Kolb, D. A. Achievement motivation training for under-achieving high-school boys. J. Pers. soc. Psychol., 1965, 2, 783-792.

Kohn, M. L. Social class and the exercise of parental authority. Amer. sociol. Rev., 1959, 24, 352-366.

Komadt, H.-J. Thematische Apperzeptionsverfahren. Handbuch Psychol, Vol. 6. Gottingen: Hogrefe, 1963. Pp. 635-684.

Krebs, A. M. Two determinants of conformity: age of independence training and n Achievement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958,56,130-131. Krugman, A. D. A note on level-of-aspiration behavior and aging J. Geront., 1959, 14,222-225.

Krumboltz, J. D. Measuring achievement motivation: A review. J. counsel. Psychol, 1957,4, 191-198.

Krumboltz, J. D., and Farquhar, W. W. Reliability and validity of the n Achievement test. J. consult. Psychol, 1957, 21, 226-228.

Kunkel, F. Einfiihrung in die Charakterkunde. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1928.

Lambert, W. E., and Klineberg, O. Cultural comparisons of boys-occupational aspirations. Brit. J. soc. Psychol, 1963, 2, 56-65.

Lazarus, R. S. A substitutive-defensive conception of apperceptive fantasy. In J. Kagan and G. S. Lesser (Eds.). Contemporary issues in thematic apperceptive methods. Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1961. Pp. 51-71.

Lazarus, R. S., Deese, J., and Osier, Sonia F. The effects of psychological stress upon performance. Psychol. Bull, 1952,49,293-312.

Lazarus, R. S., Baker. R. W., Brovennan, D. M., and Mayer, J. Personality and psychological stress. J. Pers., 1957, 25, 559-577.

Lersch, P. Aufbau des Charakters. Leipzig: Barth, 1938.

Leshan. L. L. Time variation and social class. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1952,47,589-592.

Lesser, G. S. Conflict analysis of fantasy aggression. J. Pers., 1958, 26,29-41.

Lesser, G. S., Krawitz. Rhoda N., and Packard. Rita. Experimental arousal of achievement motivation in adolescent girls. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1963,66,59-66.

Leuba, C. An experimental study of rivalry in young children. J. сотр. Psychol, 1933, 16, 367-378.

Levin, H., and Baldwin, A. L. Pride and shame in children. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1959. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. of Nebraska Press. 1959. Pp. 138-173.

Lewin, K. Vorsatz, Wille und Bediirfnis. Psychol. Forsch, 1926, 7, 294-385.

Lewin, K. A dynamic theory ofpersonality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935. Lewin, K. Behavior and the development as a function of the total situation. In L. Cannichael (Ed.), Manual of child psychology. New York: Wiley. 1946. Pp. 791-844,

Lewin, К. Field theory in social psychology. In M. H. Marx (Ed.), Psychological theory. New York: Macmillan, 1951. Pp. 527-542.

Lewin, K. Zeitperspektive und Moral. In K. Lewin (Ed.), Die Losimg soziakr Konjlikte. Bad Nauheim: Christian, 1953. Pp. 152-180.

Lewin, K., Dembo, Tamara, Festinger, L., and Sears, Pauline S. Level of aspiration. In J. McV. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and behavior disorders. Vol. I. New York: Ronald, 1944. Pp. 333-378.

Lewis, Helen В., and Franklin, Muriel, An experimental study of the role of the ego in work. II. The significance of task-orientation in work. J. exp. Psycho!., 1944, 34, 195-215.

Lindsley, D. B. Psychophysiology and motivation. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1957. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1957. Pp. 44-105.

Littig, L. W. The effect of motivation on probability preference and subjective personality. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Univer. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1959.

Littig, L. W. Effect of anxiety on real and ideal vocational aspiration among grammar school boys. Nature, 1963,199,No.4899,1214-1215. (a) Littig, L. W. Effects of motivation on probability preferences. J. Pers., 1963,31,417-427. (b)

Littig, L. W., and Yeracaris, C. A. Academic achievement correlates of achievement and affiliation motivations. J. Psychol, 1963, 55, 115-119.

Littig, L. W., and Yeracaris, C. A. Achievement motivation and intergenerational occupational mobility. J. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965, 1, 386-389.

Litwin, G. H. Motives and expectancy as determinants of preference for degrees of risk. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Univer. of Michigan, 1958. Litwin, G. H. A note on achievement motivation of salesmen and sales managers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1964.

Lowell, E. L. The effect of need for achievement on learning and speed of performance. J. Psychol, 1952, 33, 31-40.

Luchins, A. R. Mechanization in problem solving. The effect of Einstellung. Psychol. Monogr., 1942, 54, No. 6 (Whole No. 248).

McArthur, С. С. The effects of need for achievement on the content of TAT stories: a re-examination. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 532-536. (Also in Atkinson, 1958c).

McCall, R. J. Invested self-expression: a principle of human motivation. Psychol. Rev, 1963, 70, 289-303.

McClelland, D. С Personality. New York: Sloane, 1951.

McClelland, D. C. Measuring motivation in fantasy. In D. C. McClelland (Ed.), Studies in motivation. New York: Appleton 1955. Pp. 401-413.

McClelland, D. С Risk-taking in children with high and low need for achievement. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958c. Pp. 306-321. (a)

McClelland, D. C. The importance of early learning in the formation of motives. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958c. Pp. 437-452. (b)

McClelland, D. С The use of measures of human motivation in the study of society. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 518-552. (c)

McClelland, D. C. Methods of measuring human motivation. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 7-42. (d)

McClelland, D. C. The achieving society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1961.

McClelland, D. C. Achievement drive and economic growth. In D. C. McClelland (Ed.), Roots of consciousness. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1964. Pp. 16-45. (a)

McClelland, D. C. The United States and Germany: a comparative study of national character. In D. С McClelland (Ed.), Roots of consciousness. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1964. Pp. 62-92. (b)

McClelland, D. C. Recent research at the Center for Research in Personality. Unpublished manuscript. Harvard Univ., 1964. (c)

McClelland, D. С The psychodynamics of creative physical scientists. In D. С McClelland (Ed.), Roots of consciousness. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1964. Pp. 146-181. (d)

McClelland, D. C. Toward a theory of motive acquisition. Amer. Psychologist, 1965, 321-333. (a)

McClelland, D. С. n Achievement and entrepreneurship: A longitudinal study. 1. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965, 1, 389-392. (b)

McClelland, D. C, and Apicella, F. S. A functional classification of verbal reactions to experimentally induced failure. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1945,40,376-390.

McClelland, D. C, and Apicella, F. S. Reminiscence following experimentally induced failure. J. exp. Psychol, 1947, 37,159-169.

McClelland, D. C, and Friedman, G. A. A cross-cultural study of the relationship between child rearing practices and achievement appearing in folk tales. In G. E. Swanson, T. M. Newcomb, and E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology. New York: Holt, 1952.

McClelland, D. C, and Liberman, A. M. The effects of need for achievement on recognition of need-related words. J. Pers., 1949,18,236-251.

McClelland, D. C, Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A, and Lowell, E. L. The achievement motive. New York: Appleton, 1953.

McClelland, D. C, Rindlisbacher, A., and DeCharms, R. Religious and other sources of parental attitudes toward independence training. In D. G. McClelland (Ed.), Studies in motivation. New York: Appleton, 1955.

McClelland, D. C, Baldwin, A. L., Bronfenbrenner, U., and Strodt-beck, F. L. Talent and society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958. (a)

McClelland, D. C, Knapp, R. H., Sturr, J., and Wendt, H. W. Obligations to self and society in the United States and Germany. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 56,245-255. (b)

McKeachie, W. J. Motivation, teaching methods, and college learning. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1961. Lincoln: Neb. Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1961. Pp. 111-142.

McKeachie, W. J., Pollie, D., and Speisman, J. Relieving anxiety in classroom examinations. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1955, 50, 93-98.

McKee, J., and Leader, Florence B. The relationship of socioeconomic status and aggression to the competitive behavior of preschool children. Child Develpm., 1955,26, 135-142.

Maddox, H. Advice on how-to-study versus the actual practices of university students. Percept, mot. Skills, 1963, 16, 202.

Mahler, Wera. Ersatzhandlungen verschiedenen Realitatsgrades. Psychol. Forsch, 1933, 18,27-89.

Mahone, С. Н. Fear of failure and unrealistic vocational aspiration. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1960, 60,253-261.

Maimo, R. B. Activation: a neurophysiological dimension. Psychol. Rev., 1959,66,367-386.

Mandler, G., and Sarason, S. B. A study of anxiety and learning. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1952, 47, 166-173.

Marlowe, D. Relationships among direct and indirect measures of the achievement motive and overt behavior. J. consult. Psychol, 1959, 23, 329-332.

Marrow, A. J. Goal tensions and recall. Part 2. J. gen. Psychol, 1938, 19,37-64.

Martire, J. G. Relationships between the self concept and differences in the strength and generality of achievement motivation. J. Pers., 1956, 24,364-375.

Mehl, J. Uber Erfolge und Misserfolge im Leistungs- und Zufallsbereich. Z Psychol, 1962, 167,177-267.

Melikian, L. H. The relationship between Edward's and McClelland's measures of achievement motivation. J. consult Psychol, 1958,22,296-298.

Merz, F., Weber, A., and Wieja, K. Individuelle Risikobereitschaft. Final report on research program No. 4014. Luxemburg: Hohe Behorde der Montanunion. Unpublished manuscript, 1963.

Metzger, W. Psychologie (2nd ed.). Darmstadt: Steinkopff, 1954.

Metzger, W. Schopferische Freiheit (2nd ed.). Frankfurt a.M.: Kramer, 1962.

Meyer, H. H., Walker, W. В., and Litwin. G. H. Motive patterns and risk preferences associated with entrepreneurship. / abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961,63,570-574.

Meyer, W.-U. Heckhausen, H., and Kemmler, Lilly. Validierungskorrelate der inhaltsanalytisch erfassten Leistungsmotivation guter und schwacher Schiiler des dritten Schuljahres. Psychol Forsch, 1965,28,301-328.

Mierke, К. Direktions- und Motivationskrafte im Leistungsvollzug. Z. exp. angew. Psychol, 1954, II, 92-135.

Mierke, K. Wille undLeistung. Gottingen: Hogrefe, 1955.

Miles, G. H. Achievement drive and habitual modes of task approach as factors in skill transfer. J. exp. Psychol., 1958, 55, 156-162.

Milholland, J. E. Note on the further validation of the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol 1964, 69, 236.

Miller, D. R., and Swanson, G. E. The study of conflict. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1956. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. of Nebraska Press, 1956, Pp. 137-173.

Miller, D. R., and Swanson, G. E. The changing American parent. New York: Wiley, 1958.

Miller, K. S., and Worchel, P. The effects of need-achievement and self-ideal discrepancy of performance under stress./ Pers., 1956,25,176- 190.

Miller, N. E. Experimental studies of conflict. In J. McV. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders. Vol. I. New York: Ronald, 1944. Pp. 431-465.

Miller, N. E. Liberalization of basic S-R concepts: Extension of conflict behavior, motivation, and social learning. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of и science. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959. Pp. 196-292.

Minor, C. A., and Neel, R. G. The relationship between achievement motive and occupational preference. J. counsel. Psychol, 1958, 5, 39^13.

Mischel, W. Delay of gratification, need for achievement, and acquiescence in another culture. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 62, 543-552.

Mitchell, J. V. An analysis of the factorial dimensions of the achievement motivation construct. J. educ. Psychol., 1961, 52, 179-187.

Mittag, H.-D. Uber personate Bedingungen des Gedachtnisses fur Handlungen. Z Psychol, 1955, 158, 40-120.

Morgan, H. H. A psychometric comparison of achieving and non-achieving college students of high ability. J. consult. Psychol., 1952, 16, 292-298.

Morgan, J. N. The achievement motive and economic behavior. Econ. Develpm. cult. Change, 1964, 12, 243-267.

Morrow, W. R., and Wilson, R. С Family relations of bright high-achieving and under-achieving high school boys. Child Develpm., 1961, 32,501-510.

Moss, H. A., and Kagan, J. Stability of achievement and recognition seeking behaviors from early childhood through adulthood. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961,62,504-513.

Moulton, R. W. Notes for a projective measure for fear of failure. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson. 1958e. Pp. 563-571.

Moulton, R. W. Effects of success and failure on level of aspiration as related to achievement motives. J. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965, 1, 399-406.

Moulton, R. W., Raphelson, A. C, Kristofferson, А. В., and Atkinson, J. W. The achievement motive and perceptual sensitivity under two conditions of motive arousal. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 350-359.

Mowrer, O. H. Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley, 1960.

Mucher, H., and Heckhausen, H. Influence of mental activity and achievement motivation on skeletal muscle tonus. Percept, mot. Skills, 1962, 14,217-218.

Miiller, Anne. Uber die Entwicklung des Leistungs-Anspruchsni-veaus. Z Psychol, 1958, 162, 238-253.

Murray, H. A. Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1938.

Murray, H. A. Thematic Apperception Test manual. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer. Press, 1943.

Murray, H. A. Toward a classification of interactions. In T. Parsons and E. A. Shils (Eds.). Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer. Press, 1951. Pp. 434-464.

Murstein, B. I. The relationship of expectancy of reward to achievement performance on an arithmetic and thematic test. J. consult. Psychol, 1963, 27, 394-399.

Murstein, В. I., and Collier, H. L. The role of the TAT in the measurement of achievement as a function of expectancy. J. pro]. Tech., 1962,26,96-101.

Nicholson, W. M. The influence of anxiety upon learning: interference or drive increment? J. Pers., 1958, 26, 303-319.

Nuttall, R. L. Some correlates of high need for achievement among urban northern Negroes. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1964, 68, 593-600.

Nuttin, J. Tdche, renssiteetechec. Louvain: Univer. deLouvainPress, 1953.

Ovsiankina, Maria. Die Wiederaufnahme unterbrochener Handlungen. Psychol. Forsck, 1928, 11,302-379.

Peak, Helen. The effect of arousal motivation on attitudes. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1960, 61, 463-468.

Piaget, J. La naissance de I 'intelligence chez 1 'enfant. Neuchatel Paris: Delachaux andNiestle, 1936.

Poffenberger, Т., and Norton, D. Sex differences in achievement motive in mathematics as related to cultural change. J. genet. Psychol., 1963,103, 341-350.

Pottharst, Barbara C. The achievement motive and level of aspiration after experimentally induced success and failure. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Michigan, 1955 (cf. Atkinson, 1958c, p.299).

Raphelson, A. C. The relationships among imaginative, direct verbal, and physiological measures of anxiety in an achievement situation. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1957, 54, 13-18.

Raphelson, A. C, and Moulton, R. W. The relationship between imaginative and direct verbal measures of test anxiety under two conditions of uncertainty. J. Pers., 1958, 26, 556-567.

Ray, W. S. Mild stress and problem solving. Amer. J. Psychol, 1965, 78, 227-234.

Raynor, J. O., and Smith, C. P. Achievement-related motives and risk taking in games of skill and chance. Princeton Univer., 1965 (mimeographed paper).

Reimanis, G. Disparity theory and achievement motivation. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1964,69,206-210.

Reissman, L. Levels of aspiration and social class. Amer. sociol. Rev., 1953,18,233-242.

Reiter, H. H. Some personality correlates of the Page Fantasy Scale. Percept, mot. Skills, 1963, 16, 747-748.

Reitman, E. E., and Williams, С D. Relationships between hope of success and fear of failure, anxiety, and need for achievement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 62, 465^67.

Reitman, W. R. Motivational induction and the behavior correlates of the achievement and affiliation motives. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1960, 60,8-13.

Reitman, W. R. Need achievement, fear of failure, and selective recall. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 62, 142-144.

Reitman, W. R., and Atkinson, J. W. Some methodological problems in the use of thematic apperceptive measures of human motives. 1958. In J. W. Atkinson, 1958e. Pp. 664-683.

Ricciuti, H. N., and Sadacca, R. The prediction of academic grades with a projective test of achievement motivation: II. Cross-validation at the high school level. Princeton, N.J.: Res. Bull Educ. Testing Service, 1955.

Ricciuti, H. N.. and Schultz, D. G. Level of aspiration measures and self-estimates of personality in relation to achievement motivation. Princeton, N. J.: Res. Bull. Educ. Testing Service, 1954.

Rim, Y. Risk-taking and need for achievement. Ada Psychol, 1963, 21,108-115.

Robinowitz, R. Attributes of pupils achieving beyond their level of expectancy. J. Pers., 1956, 24, 308-317.

Robinson, W. P. The measurement of achievement motivation. Doctoral thesis, Univer. of Oxford, 1961.

Robinson, W. P. An experiment to investigate the relationship between a level of aspiration and n achievement in academically successful and unsuccessful boys. Unpublished manuscript, Univer. of Hull, 1962. (a)

Robinson, W. P. Atkinson's theory of risk-taking behavior. A theoretical and empirical evaluation. Unpublished manuscript, Univer. of Hull, 1962. (b)

Robinson, W. P. The achievement motive, academic success, and intelligence test score. Brit. J. soc. clin. Psycho]., 1964, 4, 98-103.

Rosen, В. С The achievement syndrome. Amer. sociol. Rev., 1956, 21, 203-211. (Also in Atkinson, 1958c).

Rosen, В. С Race, ethnicity, and the achievement syndrome. Amer sociol. Rev, 1959,24,47-60.

Rosen, В. С Family structure and achievement motivation. Amer. sociol Rev., 1961, 26, 574-585.

Rosen, В. С Socialization and the achievement motivation in Brazil. Amer. sociol Rev, 1962, 27, 612-624.

Rosen, B. C, and D' Andrade, R. The psychosocial origins of achievement motivation. Sociometry, 1959, 22, 185-218

Rosenfeld, H. M. Social choice conceived as a level of aspiration. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1964, 68,491-500.

Rosenzweig, S. Preferences in the repetition of successful and unsuccessful activities as a function of age and personality. J. genet. Psychol, 1933,42,423-441.

Rosenzweig, S. Experimental study of repression with specific reference to need-persistive and ego-defensive reactions to frustration. J. exp. Psychol, 1943, 32, 64-74.

Rosenzweig, S. Further comparative data on repetition-choice after success and failure as related to frustration tolerance. J. genet. Psychol, 1945,66,75-81.

Rotter, J. B. Social learning and clinical psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1954.

Ryan, D. E., and Lakie, W. L. Competitive and noncompetitive performance in relation to achievement motive and manifest anxiety. J. Pers. soc. Psychol, 1965, 1, 342-345.

Samelson, F. The relation of achievement and affiliation motives to conforming behavior in two conditions of conflict with a majority. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society. Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1958. Pp. 421-433.

Sampson, E. E. Birth order, need achievement, and conformity. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1962, 64, 155-159.

Sampson, E.E. Achievement in conflict. J. Pers., 1963,31,510-516.

Sarason, I. G. The effects of anxiety and threat on the solution of a difficult task. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1961, 62, 165-168.

Sarason, S. В., Mandler, G., and Craighill, P. С The effect of differential instructions on anxiety and learning. J. abnorm soc. Psychol, 1952,47,561-565.

Schlosberg, H. Three dimensions of emotion. Psychol Rev 1954, 61, 8 1-55.

Schmidt, H. D., and Zam, R. Erfolg und Misserfolgais Determinanten einiger Entscheidungsparameter. Z Psychol, 1964, 169, 18-34.

Schonpflug, W. Uber Aktivationsprozesse im Lernversuch. Psychol. Arbeiten, 1963, 8. Frankfurt a. M.: Kramer.

Schubert-Jackel, Gerda, and Mehl, J. Uber die Erfassung der Leistungsmotivation mit Bildmaterial. Z. Psycho!., 1962, 166, 182-224.

Scodel, A., Ratoosh, P., and Minas, J. S. Some personality correlates of decision making under conditions of risk. Behavioral Sci., 1959, 4, 19-28.

Scott, W. A. The avoidance of threatening material in imaginative behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1956, 52, 338-346. (Also in J. W. Atkinson, 1958c).

Sears, Pauline S. Levels of aspiration in academically successful and unsuccessful children. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1940, 35, 498-536.

Sears, Pauline. S., and Levin, H. Level of aspiration in preschool children. ChildDevelpm., 1957,28, 317-326.

Shaw, M. C. Need achievement scales as predictors of academic success. J. educ. Psychol, 1961, 52, 282-285.

Shaw, M. C, and Button, В. Е. The use of the parent attitude research inventory with the parents of bright academic underachieves. J. educ. Psychol, 1962, 53, 203-208.

Shipley, Т. Е., and Veroff, J. A projective measure of need for affiliation. J. exp. Psychol, 1952, 43, 349-356.

Silverman, J. Self-esteem and differential responsiveness to success and failure. J. abnorm. soc. Psycho!., 1964, 69,115-118.

Singer, J. L., and Rowe, R. An experimental study of some relationships between daydreaming and anxiety. J. consult: Psychol, 1962, 26, 446-454.

Singer, J. L., and Schonbar, Roalea A. Correlates of daydreaming: a dimension of self awareness. J. consult. Psychol., 1961,25, 1-6.

Sliosberg, Sarah. Zur Dynamik des Ersatzes in Spiel- und Emst-situationen. Psychol. Forsck, 1934, 19, 122-181.

SlotnVk, R. S., Liebert, R. M. and Hilgard, E. R. The enhancement of muscular performance in hypnosis through exhortation and involving instructions. J. Pers., 1965, 33, 37-45.

Slovic, P. Convergent validation of risk-taking measures. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1962,65,68-71.

Smith, C. P. Achievement-related motives and goal setting under different conditions. J. Pers., 1963,31, 124-140.

Smith, C. P. Relationships between achievement-related motives and intelligence, performance level, and persistence. J. abnorm soc. Psychol., 1964,68,523-533.

Smock, C. D. Recall of interrupted and non-interrupted tasks as a function of experimentally induced anxiety and motivational relevance of the task stimuli. J. Pers., 1957,25, 589-599.

Spence, K. W. A theory of emotionally based drive (D) and its relation to performance in simple learning situations. Amer. Psychol, 1958, 13, 131-141.

Spitzer, Use. Untersuchungen iiber die Einfliisse der erhohten Motivation auf Konzentrations- und Intelligenzleistungen. Psychol Beitr, 1961, V, 559-576.

Stanford, Diane, Dember, W. N., and Stanford, L. B. A children's form of the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Scale. Child Develpm., 1963,34, 1027-1032.

Stauder, К. Н. Uber den Pensionierungsbankrott. Psyche, 1955, IX, 481-497.

Steiner, I. O. Self-perception and goal-setting behavior/ Pers., 1957, 25, 344-355.

Stennet, R. G. The relationship of performance level to level of arousal. J. exp. Psychol, 1957, 54, 54-61.

Strauss, M. A. Deferred gratification, social class and the achievement syndrome. Amer. sociol. Rev, 1962, 27, 326-335.

Strodtbeck, F. L. Family interaction, values, and achievement. In D. C. McClelland et al. (Eds.), Talent and society. Princeton N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1958. Pp. 135-194.

Suedfeld, P., Grissom, R. J., and Vernon, J. The effects of sensory deprivation and social isolation on the performance of an unstructured cognitive task. Amer. J. Psychol, 1964, 77, 111-115.

Surwillo, W. W. Psychological factors in muscle-action potentials: EMG gradients. J. exp. Psychol, 1956, 52, 263-272.

Taylor, Janet A. A personality scale of manifest anxiety. J. abnorm soc. Psychol, 1953,48,285-290.

Taylor, Janet A. Drive theory and manifest anxiety. Psychol. Bull, 1956,53,303-320.

Taylor, Janet A., and Spence, K. W. The relationship of anxiety level to performance in serial learning. J. exp. Psychol, 1952, 44, 61-64.

Teahan, J. E. Future time perspective, optimism, and academic achievement. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol, 1958, 57, 379-380.

Tent, L. Untersuchungen zur Erfassung des Verhaltnisses von Anspannung und Leistung bei vorwiegend psychisch beanspruchenden TStigkeiten. Arch. ges. Psychol, 1963, 115, 105-172.

Thomae, H. Einfluss des Elternhauses auf das Verhaltnis der Jugendlichen zur Leistung. Psychol. u. Praxis, 1956,1, 22-32.

Thomas, F. H. Visualization, experience, and motivation as related to feedback in problem solving. Amer. Psychologist, 1956, 11, 444.

Uhlinger, Carolyn A., and Stephens, M. W. Relation of achievement motivation to academic achievement in students of superior ability. J. educ. Psychol, 1960, 51,259-266.

Veroff, J. Theoretical background for studying the origins of human motivational dispositions. Merrill-Palmer Quart. Behav. Develpm., 1965, 11,3-18.

Veroff, J., Wilcox, Sue, and Atkinson, J. W. The achievement motive in high school and college age women. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953,48, 108-119.

Veroff, J., Atkinson, J. W., Feld, Sheila, C, and Gurin, G. The use of thematic apperception to assess motivatio