Контрольное задание № 5
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 5, необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.
2. Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначные придаточным предложениям.
3. Различные значения слов: as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both … and, either … or,
neither … nor.
Образец выполнения (к упр. III).
As
| 1. As there were many new words in the text I used a dictionary. | Так как в тексте было много новых слов, я пользовался словарём. |
| 2. Electricity is a source of light as well as of heat. | Электричество – это источник света, а также тепла. |
| 3. As to (as for) the computer it can handle enormous quantity of data per second. | Что касается компьютера, то он может в секунду обработать огромное число данных. |
| 4. I have done the work as it was required. | Я сделал работу, как это требовалось. |
Because, because of
| 1. We use these films because they possess superior properties. | Мы используем эти плёнки, так как они обладают превосходными свойствами |
| 2.The engineers prefer electronic devices because of their reliability. | Инженеры предпочитают электронные приборы вследствие их надёжности. |
Due to
| 1. Plastics are in wide use due to their light weight. | Пластики находят широкое применение благодаря их лёгкому весу. |
For
| 1. For a long time wood was being applied for housing construction. | В течение долгого времени дерево использовалось для строительства домов. |
| 2. We could not translate this text for it contained unknown terms. | Мы не смогли перевести этот, так как он содержал неизвестные термины. |
Since
| 1. Man used wood for construction since ancient times. | С древних времён человек использовал древесину для строительства. |
| 2. Since the experiment was finished the students left the lab. | Так как эксперимент был закончен, студенты ушли из лаборатории. |
Both … and
| 1. Electronics helps us to study both the atomic nucleus and elementary particles. | Электроника помогает нам изучить как атомное ядро, так и элементарные частицы. |
Either … or
| 1. Motors run on either direct or alternating current. | Моторы работают или на постоянном или переменном токе. |
Neither … nor
| 1. There is neither oil nor coal in this region. | В этом районе нет ни нефти, ни угля. |
Вариант 1.
I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.
1. The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages of the materials used.
2. Without mathematics there would be no science, no electronic computers, no conquest of space.
3. If we placed this material in vacuum, its mechanical properties would be changed.
II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. The method used depends on the length to be measured.
2. Silicon is known to be the basic material for electric industry.
3. Any element is characterized by a certain number of protons in the nucleus, this number being the same as the number of electrons in the atom.
4. Unless treated this material must not be used in space technology.
5. We believe Pythagoras to have been the founder of a school to train students in mathematical thinking.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. Radar is used in airplane and ship navigation as well as in other fields of science and engineering.
2. The transformer is a device used for raising or lowering voltage.
3. The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,4 и 5 абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. vacuum tube – электронная лампа
2. operating current – рабочий ток
3. transistorized circuitry – цепь, собранная на транзисторах
4. tunnel diode – туннельный диод
5. ring radio set – радиоприёмник, встроенный в кольцо.
Electronics.
1. To separate electronics from the concepts of electricity is extremely difficult. The field of electricity is generally concerned with magnetism, light, heating and the production of electricity by generators and chemical action.
2. Electronics usually deals with the application of electricity in communications, in radio, television and other devices where vacuum tubes1 and transistors are employed. We know the vacuum tube and the transistor to be major components of various electronic devices.
3. The many disadvantages of vacuum tubes include high cost, bulky construction, high amount of operating current2, limited life and high operating temperature. However the vacuum tube is ideal in many situations where electrical energy is readily available and where heat is no problem.
4. A more recent invention – the transistor is known to have replaced the vacuum tube in many situations. The transistor operates on a minimum amount of electrical energy, emits very little heat and has a long life. The transistor is tiny compared to the size of the vacuum tube of equivalent energy output. This feature has permitted an electronic circuit to be so small that the electronic technician uses magnifying lenses to aid him in his circuit construction and repair.
5. Later research has revealed a device which has revolutionized the field of transistor, Lew Esaki, discovered a simple semiconductor class of crystal that is even more amazing than the transistor. The tunnel diode4, as it is called, operates on a negligible amount of electric current, its diameter being some few thousandths of an inch. With such a transistor man will be able to see telephones to be worn on wrists, pocket-size TV sets and ring radio sets5.
6. Several recent developments in the field of electronics have led to better ways to communicate efficiently over long distances. The maser and the laser permit man to beam extremely coherent and concentrated energy with almost no loss of intensity. Lasers and masers are known to have been used for transmitting power, radio waves and other waves used in communication.
V. Прочитайте 6-ой абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
Where will lasers and masers be used?
Вариант 2.
I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.
1. Mention should be made that during the war the radar was being used for detecting airplanes.
2. Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been impossible 60 years ago.
3. If we had used solar energy on a wide scale we should have found a solution to our energy problems.
II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these molecules being in constant motion.
2. In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and depth.
3. The rays passing through the object being examined produce an image on X-ray film.
4. The engineers are interested in plastics because they offer a rare combination of properties found in no other materials.
5. Electrical forces seem to play a very important part in holding crystals together.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. As to this device it is capable to convert sunlight to another form of energy.
2. Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.
3. The structure of the atom is similar to a planetary system since electrons orbit around a central nucleus.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. Crookes tube – трубка Крукса
2. an X-ray film – рентгеновская плёнка
3. forgery - подделка
4. strain – биологический штамм
X-Rays.
1. The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery. In 1895 a German scientists named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube1 X-rays were created.
2. Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and expose an X-ray film2. This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine, the use we are all familiar with.
3. Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what rays were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short-wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.
4. As mentioned above X-rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery. Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries. Flaws and cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X-ray techniques. Famous paintings are often X-rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries3.
5. Using X-rays irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well-known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc. They could obtain materials of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.
6. Radiation is known to be a multagenic agent. In microbiology mutations are increased by irradiation. When a large-scale production of penicillin was introduced the best strain4 yielded 100-200 units of penicillin. Being irradiated with X-rays, the same strain produced more than 1,000 units. Many new uses have been found for this treatment in agriculture.
V. Прочитайте 6-ой абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What increase was obtained in the productivity of penicillin being irradiated with X-rays?
Вариант 3.
I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.
1. Without progress in the field of electronics it would be impossible to develop either energetics or automation.
2. If we used new plastics materials we should reduce the weight of artificial satellites.
3. You should test the new equipment.
II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1. Some materials undergo chemical changes when subjected to heat and pressure.
2. There are still many problems to be solved concerning radio, radar and television.
3. Matter is known to exist in four states- solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma, the latter being a hot ionized gas.
4. The energy being released during the fission of one gramme of uranium is equal to the energy produced by two and a half tons of coal.
5. To make mathematics into a science has been the priviledge of the Greeks.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. The speed of electrons is almost the same as the speed of light.
2. This metal possesses high strength due to the addition of tungsten.
3. Copper is in a wide use for cables because it is a good conductor of electricity.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. to result from- происходить
2. internal combustion engine- двигатель внутреннего сгорания
3. wasted heat- отработанное тепло
4. scarcity- нехватка
5. thermo-nuclear fusion- термоядерная реакция