Exercise 5. More about word –building: Adjectives
1. Adjectives can be formed from nouns, using the suffixes: -ous, -al, -ic
danger - dangerous period - periodical economy - economic
2. Adjectives can be formed from verbs using the suffix -ing
exite - exiting
3. Form adjectives from the following verbs and nouns:
poison, interest, trade, finance, educate, courage, geography, glory, partonize
4. Define the meaning of the following words:
metal, metallurgy, metallist, metalize, metallic, metallography, metallurgy.
Exercise 6.Translate at sight
1. When James Watt invented the steam engine in the latter part of the eighteenth century, the whole industrial scene changed.. Steam power made possible the ‘Industrial Revolution’ in Britain. Vast quantities of metal were needed for the railways pioneered by the Stevensons, and the huge iron ships and bridges of Brunel. In Sheffield, the centre of the iron and steel industry, the output of metals multiplied fifty times in thirty-five years.
During this expansion, improved tools were invented for use in the factories and many steam-powered tools were invented and developed.
2. In 1886, H.C.Sorby brought to perfection his long and painstaking work with the microscope and finally launched the new science of metallography. Many metallurgists have since worked in Sheffield and passed on ideas and experiments which have played an important part in the stirring record of the production of steels.
Task 3.
Focus on Grammar
Reported Speech
There are three types of Reported Speech.
1. Reported Statements.
If the predicate of principal clause is in the past tense, the predicate of a reported clause “moves one tense back”.
present ® past
past ® past perfect
She said:” I am going there.” ® She said she was going there.
I said:” He was there.” ® I said he had been there.
They said:” We haven’t finished it yet.” ®They said they hadn’t finished it yet.
Note: The “one tense back” rule is not used:
a)“I hate his job,” I told him ® I told him I hate his job. (I still hate his job)
b) when some axiom is reported:
The pupil knew that the earth is round.
c) when the exact time of an event is stated:
She said she was born in 1979.
2. Reported Questions
a) “the one tense back” rule is used in reported questions in the same way it is used in reported statements.
“Why are you going there?” she asked ®She asked why I was going there.
I asked:”Where have you been?” ® I asked where he had been.
b) The word order of a reported questions is direct, the auxiliaries do, does, did are not used. To report a general question if or whether is used.
“Did you go to that park?” she asked ® She asked if/whether I had gone to that park.
In reported statements and questions it is necessary to change personal, possessive pronouns and adverbial modifiers of time and place.
this ® that here ® there
last time ® the previous time yesterday ® the day before
now ® then tomorrow ® the next day
ago ® before
He said: ”We shall go there tomorrow.” ® He said they would go there the
next day.
3. Reported Commands
Reported commands follow the pattern:
subject + predicate + indirect object + infinitive
She told them to help me.
They asked me to show them around the city.
Note:the negative command:
They asked me not to invite her to the party
Note:Some other verbs used for reporting:
advise, ask, add, explain, remind, agree, point out, refuse, promise
Exercise 1.Report the following statements, commands and questions.
1. ‘What are you doing here?’ she asked. 2. ‘When did you pass the exam?’ he asked. 3. ‘I’ve left some books on your table,’ said Paul. 4. ‘I am dead sure I have seen a flying saucer,’ said the man. 5. Mother told me,’Please, work harder, otherwise you’ll fail.’ 6. Another passenger came in and said, ‘Is this seat taken?’ 7. ‘Let’s take your tape recorder to the party.’ she offered. 8. ‘Yesterday at 2 o’clock I was working on the paper.’ she stated. 9. ‘I booked a double room on the second floor.’ said Mr.Jones. 10. She complained,’They’ve changed much since I saw them in 1990.’ 11. ‘Must you do it all tonight? Couldn’t you leave some for tomorrow?’ mother asked. 12. The conductor announced,’Passengers must not lean out of the window.’ 13. The student answered,’The atom is the smallest portion of matter.’ 14. ‘Did you sleep well last night?’ Bill asked. 15. She asked,’Do you know that dynamics and kinematics are branches of mechanics?’ 16. The lecturer said,’The steels of Sheffield are the raw materials of the great tool industries of the city.’
Exercise 2.Use one of the introductory verbs given below to report
each of the following sentences. Each of the verbs should
be used only once.
ask beg advise urge warn encourage forbid invite suggest recommend
1. ‘Please, sit down and make yourself at home,’ - our hostess said. 2. ‘Don’t touch the dog.’ my friend said. 3. ‘You really must consult your lawyer. It could be very serious.’ my brother said. 4. ‘You should go there, they can help you.’ she said. 5. ‘If you are eating in MacDonalds, try their apple pie. It’s delicious.’ they told us. 6. ‘No one is to use a dictionary during the test.’ the teacher said. 7. ‘Please, don’t forget to let me know that you’ve arrived safely.’ my aunt said. ‘I’ll be worried if you don’t phone me.’ 8. ‘May we come in?’ said the twins. 9. ‘Try the corner shop. It is usually open on Sunday.’ the man said. 10. “Go on, enter for the exam.’ he said, ‘You’ve nothing to lose and it will be a good experience for you.’
Exercise 3.Select the correct form from the choices given in parentheses.
1.We realized that might (doesn’t, didn’t) always make right. 2. Miss Perkins said that she (doesn’t, didn’t) want to discuss the matter. 3. We heard on the radio tonight that the summit (will take place, would take place) in Washington DC. 4. Of course we knew that crime (is, was) forbidden. 5.Sue came in and wanted to know if all the guests (arrived, had arrived) yet. 6. Mrs. Gordon said that she (wants, wanted) more time to think it over. 7. She asked if I (can, could) describe the system to her. 8. Joe said that his friends (decided, had decided) to stay in town for two more days
Text 2
The US Government
Pre- reading Task
1. What do you know about the political system of the US?
2. Give a definition of a federal system.
3. In what way are the indirect elections held?
4. What is the term of servitude in the Senate and House of Representatives?
5. Who can be elected a President of the USA?
The Government is a federal system. Individual states hold sovereignty over their territory and have rights that are not reserved by the federal government. Each state has its own legislature and a directly elected governor. The federal president is indirectly elected. Voters in each state determine by a majority who they would choose as president; they then send delegates to vote according to that choice. The delegates’ votes determine who the president is. The directly elected federal legislature has two houses: the House of Representatives, whose members serve two-year terms; and the Senate, whose members serve six-year terms. There is a separate judicial branch.
The Senate consists of 2 members from each state, elected for 6 years, one-third retiring or re-elected every year, so two senators from the same state never finish their terms at the same time.
The House of Representatives consists of over 400 members elected every second year. They all finish their terms of office at the same time.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. The President appoints its members for life, but his choice must be approved by the Senate.
The executive power is in the hands of a President and his Cabinet. He must be a natural-born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years, and at least 35 years old. He is elected for 4 years, every leap year on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
While most Americans are very proud of their country, they may openly criticize the government (or even the president). Freedom of speech is carefully protected by the people and the constitution. Americans value humor and like to laugh at themselves and the country’s weaknesses. Indeed, a good sense of humor is valued. Americans openly share their opinions on a variety of subjects. They ask questions and challenge other people’s opinions. Public criticism is not considered improper, unless it is very personal.
Task 2.
Comprehension Check
Exercise 1.Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1. Individual states of the US do not have sovereignty.
2. The federal president is indirectly elected.
3. The Senate is elected for 4 years.
4. There are no re-elections to the Senate every year.
5. Members of the House of Representatives are elected every second year.
6. The Supreme Court is the highest juridical power in the USA.
7. The legislative power is in the hands of a President and his Cabinet.
8. Personal public criticism is considered improper in America
.
Exercise 2.Look through the text and find the word or word-combination which means:
1. a form of government in which sovereign power is divided between a central authority and a number of constituent political units;
2. to express an opinion about a candidate for office;
3. a member of a Senate;
4. one who makes his home in a particular place;
5. they who put into effect the country’s laws;
6. to appreciate smth;
7. open criticism;
8. to demand for an explanation.
Exercise 3.Enlarge on the following quotations.
1. Self-criticism is a mark of social maturity. (Gore Vidal)
2. Being a politician is a poor profession. Being a public servant is a noble one. (Herbert Goover)
3. No government can continue good but under the control of people. (Thomas Jefferson)
Exercise 4.Arrange the jumbled text given below.
1. Atlanta, the capital and the largest city of Georgia is the leading commercial, industrial and distribution centre of the south-eastern United States. Products include automobiles, airplanes, chemicals, furniture, steel, paper, fertilizers and processed foods.
2. Dallas is the second largest city in Texas. Today the city’s economy rests primarily on banking, insurance, electronics, the aerospace industry, cotton, oil , state and federal employment.
3. There are some centres in the USA where almost all sorts of products are made and all industries are developed.
4. South of Houston is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Manned Spaceflight Centre, a big complex for astronaut training, equipment, testing, and flight-control centre for Project Apollo.
5. Fishing, lumbering and in recent years, the manufacturing of giant jet planes have made Seattle the north-west’s most important economic centre. World War II made the city a centre of aircraft manufacturing and shipbuilding. Other important industries today are food processing, chemical products, metal goods, machinery, and aerospace production. Seattle is the nucleus of an important military-industrial complex, with the Boeing Company being the largest employer in the area. The Boeing heavy bomber airplane became a symbol of Seattle.
6. Houston is the largest city in the South, heart of the nation’s largest petro-chemical complex, which turns natural gas into fertilizer, rubber, vinyl. The city ranks first in the nation as a refinery centre, first in the manufacture and distribution of petroleum equipment.
Oral Practice
Agreeing and Disagreeing. Expressing Doubt.
Patterns
Questions Replies
1.Do you think there is too much 1. - Yes, I agree.
traffic in Moscow? - Yes, I do.
2. Don’t you think shops should 2. - Yes, I completely agree with you.
be open on Sunday? - I don’t know.
3. Wouldn’t you agree that people 3. - I don’t completely agree with you,
don’t care much about the I’m afraid.
environment? - Right you are. I’m of the same opinion.
4. What’s your opinion of super- 4. - I don’t really know.
markets? - I haven’t really thought about it.
- I suppose they are a good idea.
5. Do you think he must be 5. - I disagree.
punished? - Oh, yes, you are quite right.
6. Do you think women shouldn’t 6. - I don’t think it matters.
be allowed to drive? - Oh, no that’s ridiculous.
7. What do you think of pop music? 7. - In my opinion it is awful
8. How do you feel about . . .? 8. - On the one hand it is . . .,
but on the other hand . . .
9. What are your views on . . .? 9. - I think that . . .
Exercise 1.Learn the dialogues by heart and make your own
dialogues using the patterns.
I
Peter - Well, Susan, what do you think of modern art?
Susan - I like it. It is so colourful, a good example of our colourful times.
And how about you?
Peter - Yes, I completely agree with you, though some people hate it.
Susan - I don’t think it matters. Opinions differ, you know.
II
Kate - Do you think old people should live with their children?
Ben - Well, it depends. Sometimes it can make life difficult and how do
you feel about it?
Kate - On the one hand it is a good idea. It makes life cheaper and more
convenient for older people, but on the other hand sometimes
people are not as free as they would like to be.
Ben - Yes, I quite agree with you.
Exercise 2.Agree or disagree with these opinions. Then interview
your partner. What does he/she think about it?
1. People should retire at 55.
2. Children should start school when they are 5.
3. Parents shouldn’t punish their children.
4. Parents should know everything about their children.
5. Young people should have their own home at 18.
6. Old people should live with their sons and daughters.
7. Parents should give their children everything they want.
8. Education in Russia is on a high level.
9. The English are very temperamental people.
10. The Russian countryside is very beautiful.
11. Russian television is very good.
Exercise 3. Listen to the joke “A Holiday in Great Britain”.
Answer the questions.
Chapter 4
Alloys
Unit 1
Text 1
Bronze and Brass
About 6,000 years ago people discovered that copper could be made harder if mixed with tin. This alloy is called bronze. It was so widely used for many years that this period of time became known as the Bronze Age.
If you had been a soldier in Ancient Greece you would have had to stop in battle to straighten your bronze sword. But bronze was a great improvement on copper, which bends even more easily. Most pure metals are weak and soft. But two soft metals mixed together make a harder metal called an alloy. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. It was the first alloy.
Tin was the fifth metal discovered by man. It is a soft whitish substance. Various proportions of the two metals produced different qualities in the bronze. Most early metal-workers used about eight parts of copper to one of tin. Because weapons made of bronze were harder and stronger than those of copper, tin became very important. However, there was little tin to be found in western Asia - still the centre of the metal-working world. Mostly it was found in Europe, and the merchants of Troy, who brought their goods to Europe, began loading their boats with tin on their return journeys. In England, tin was discovered and mined in Cornwall and was a main export for a long time.
When zinc was discovered it was used to produce an important alloy in combination with copper. This alloy was brass, a hard-wearing, yellow metal which was valued more than bronze. The exact date of discovery is uncertain but it was probably about 200 BC. Brass is often mentioned in the Old Testament, most of which was written before zinc was discovered and therefore when there could not have been any brass. The bibical metal must have been either bronze or copper, and the word ‘brass’ is the result of a translator’s error at some time. So, bronze and brass were the first alloys - man-made metals.
Task 1.
Phonetic Exercise
Practise after the speaker and learn to pronounce the words given below.
straighten /’streit'n/; Asia /’eiò'/; Europe /’ju'r'p/; load /loud/; brass /bra:s/; export /’ekspo:t/; biblical /’biblik 'l/.
Task 2.
Lexical Exercises
Exercise 1.Find the English equivalents for the words and word- combinations given below.
большинство чистых металлов; сплав; мягкий металл беловатого цвета; оружие, сделанное из бронзы; Бронзовый век; износостойкость; упоминать; ошибка; добывать олово.
Exercise 2.Match the English words and word-combinations given below
with their Russian equivalents.
1. mixed with tin 1. либо бронза, либо медь
2. return journey 2. до нашей эры
3. a main export 3. в сочетании с
4. BC (before Christ) 4. в сочетании с оловом
5. the Old Testament 5. обратное путешествие
6. in combination with 6. Ветхий Завет
7. either bronze or copper 7. основной предмет экспорта
Exercise 3.Answer the following questions
1. Why was bronze a great improvement on copper? 2. What does bronze consist of? 3. Where were the major tin deposits located? 4. What alloy was produced of zinc in combinations with copper? 5. Why was brass valued more than bronze?
Exercise 4.Look through the text and find the words which mean
the same as:
find out; arms; so; in combination with; way back; mistake;
advance; principle.