Наиболее употребительные наречия
Наречия места и направления:
here— здесь, тут. there- там inside— внутри outside - снаружи down— внизу back — сзади, назад away— вдали, вон, прочь downward — вниз upward — вверх
Наречия времени:
now — сейчас, теперь before - до, перед, прежде ever— когда-либо never - никогда always - всегда often— часто usually — обычно seldom — редко still— все-еще already— уже just — только-что, только yet — еще, уже sometimes — иногда today- сегодня tomorrow — завтра yesterday — вчера recently— недавно lately— в последнее время commonly — обычно
Наречия образа действия:
slowly— медленно quickly — быстро easily— легко calmly — спокойно brightly - ярко hardly- с трудом, едва
Наречия меры и степени:
much — много, сильно little — немного, мало enough— достаточно
too — слишком almost - уже, почти very— очень
2.1 Напишите прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени:
1. large, tall, long, easy, hot, big, cold, nice, bad, strong, short, wide, good, happy, high, low, busy, well, little, many, far.
2. wonderful, necessary, quickly, interesting, comfortable, popular, active, famous, pleasant, beautiful, slowly, clearly, early.
2.2 Раскройте скобки:
1. Winter is (cold) season of the year. 2. Moscow is (large) than Tula. 3. Which is (long) day of the year? 4. The Alps are (high) mountains in Europe. 5. Even (long) day has an end. 6. It is one of (important) questions of our conference. 7. Your English is (good) now. 8. Who knows him (well) than you? 9. We have (little) interest in this work than you. 10. Health is (good) than wealth. 11. Victor worked (well) of all. 12. Today you worked (slowly) than usually.
2.3 Переведите на русский:
1. This book is not so interesting as that one. 2. The Baltic Sea is not so warm as the Black Sea. 3. The more you read, the more you know. 4. My brother is not as tall as you are. 5. The earlier you get up, the more you can do. 6. Today it is as warm as it was yesterday. 7. Your room is as light as mine. 8. John knows Russian as well as English. 9. Mary is not so lazy as her brother. 10. The longer the night is, the shorter the day. 11. The less people think, the more they talk.
2.4 Переведите на английский:
1. Майкрософт — одна из самых известных фирм в мире.
2. Этот роман интереснее, чем тот.
3. Ваш дом выше нашего? — Нет, он такой же высокий, как и ваш.
4. Это самая прекрасная картина во всей коллекции.
5. Население Российской Федерации примерно в два раза больше населения Великобритании.
6. Он выполнил работу быстрее, чем вы.
7. Австралия - одна из наименее населенных стран.
8. Его работа лучше вашей, но работа Анны — самая лучшая.
9. Россия — самая большая страна в мире.
10. Я живу не так далеко от Университета, как мой ДРУГ.
11. Я зарабатываю больше, чем мама, но меньше, чем папа.
12. Хороший мотоцикл быстрее плохой машины.
UNIT 3
Read and translate the text (Прочтите и переведите текст)
MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY
Moscow State University is the oldest, autonomous, self-governing and state-supported institution of higher learning, founded in 1755 by the scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Located in Moscow, the university is composed of faculties of biology, chemistry, computational mathematics and cybernetics, economics, foreign languages, fundamental medicine, geography, geology, history, journalism, law, mechanics and mathematics, physics, psychology, sociology, and soil sciences, as well as an institute of Asian and African Studies. Several museums, colleges, and a number of institutes are affiliated with Moscow University, and a preparatory faculty teaches the Russian language and other subjects to foreign students.
Except for the science faculties and some of the arts faculties—which are situated in south-western Moscow— the remainder of the faculties are located in the older university buildings in the centre of the city. A diploma in a given field of study is awarded after five or five and a half years of study. After three additional years and the completion of a thesis, the kandidat nauk degree is awarded. The highest degree, the Doctor of Sciences, may be attained upon completion of a thesis based on independent research.
1.1 Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When was Moscow State University founded?
2. What faculties is it composed of?
3. When, according to the article, the degree of kandidat nauk is awarded?
4. When of Sciences degree can be attained?
Read and translate the text (Прочтите и переведите текст)
OUR UNIVERSITY
Moscow State University of Design and Technology trains specialists for different branches of light industry. It was founded in 1930. There are 7 faculties at the University. They are two technological, chemico- technological, mechanical, economic faculties, the faculty of design and social engineering. In 1999 the Open Institute means distance education for different people of any age either at day or evening time. This education allows each student to have an individual scheme of study.
Before entering the University candidates take entrance examinations. After passing them the candidates are admitted to the University and become students.
The University has a five- year course of tuition. The academic year is divided into two terms. At the end of each term tests and terminal examinations are taken by all the students. Final examinations are taken at the end of the course of studies. Students who fail examinations and reexaminations are expelled from the University.
The first and second- year students study such subjects as mathematics, physics, general chemistry, political history, a foreign language and others. The third year students study political economy, philosophy and a number of special subjects depending on the speciality they are specializing in.
Students are required to attend lectures, seminars and practical classes. The University has modern, well-equipped labs where students carry out experiments and research work. There is a good library and several reading halls. Our University is open to anyone who is interested in getting university- level education.
ГРАММАТИКА
Местоимения little и few и местоименные выражения
A little и a few
Местоимение little и местоименное выражение a little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, местоимение few и местоименное выражение a few — с исчисляемыми:
Give mе a little water, please.
There is little milk in the bottle.
I have a few friends in Minsk.
I've got only few pencils in the box.
Местоимения few и little означают «мало», а местоименные выражения a few и a little — «немного».
Much (много) употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными, many (много) — с исчисляемыми.
2.1 Вставьте much, many, little, a little, few, a few:
1. I'd like to say ... words about my traveling. 2. There was not ... water in the lake because it was shallow. 3. He had ... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt ... tired. 5. Let's stay here ... longer. I like it here. 6. There were ... new words in the text and Peter spent ... time learning them. 7. There was ... sugar in the bowl, and we had to put ... sugar there. 8. My mother knows German ... and she can help you with the translation of this text. 10. When we walked ... farther down the street we saw the entrance of the Metro station. 11. Have you got ... time before the lesson?
2.2 Переведите на английский:
Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, много машин.
2.3 Вставьте much or many:
1. Please don't ask me ... questions. 2. How ... money have you got? 3. I never eat ... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so ... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us ... letters from the country. 6. ... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7. ... in this work was too difficult for me. 8. He spent ... time writing his composition in Literature. 9. There were ... plates on the table. 10. Thank you very ...! 11. ... of my friends are preparing for their entrance examinations now. 12.1 don't like ... sugar in my tea.
2.4 Переведите на английский:
1. В стакане есть немного молока. 2. В тетради осталось мало чистых страниц. 3. У тебя много кофе? — Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по русски. 5. У них здесь очень мало друзей. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения. 7. У Пола много русских книг и мало английских книг. 8. У меня есть немного времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. Я провожу много времени в библиотеке, потому что я готовлюсь к экзаменам.
ОБОРОТ there is / there are
Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Формы прошедшего и будущего времени: there was, there were и there will be.
There are some pictures on the wall. На стене несколько картин.
There was nobody in the room. В комнате никого не было.
Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за оборотом:
There is a chair and two armchairs in the room. There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.
Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом
Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow?
Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?
Разделительный вопрос There are some pupils in the classroom, aren't there?
2.5 Вставьте в нужной форме:
1. There ... a telegram on the table. 2. ... there any telegrams from Moscow? Yes, there ... some . 3. ... there ... a flight for Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there .... 4. There ... much snow last winter. 5.There ... a lot of stars and planets in space. 6. ... there ... a lift in your future house? Yes, there.......7. Some years ago there ... many old houses in our street. 8. ... there any lectures yesterday? No, there ... 9. ... there a lamp over the table? Yes, there ... . 10. ... there any interesting stories in this book? 11. ... there a test last lesson? No, there ... . 12. Soon there ......a new film on.
2.6 Поставьте общие вопросы к следующим предложениям:
1. There are some new pupils in our group. 2. There is no book on the table. 3. There were many old houses in our street. 4. There are 4 seasons in a year. 5. There will be a conference next week. 6. There are many large cities in our country. 7. There was nobody in the room. 8. There are 7 days in a week. 9. There is something on the shelf. 10. There are many places of interest in London. 11. There are many beautiful flowers in our garden. 12. There was much work last week.
2.7 Перепишите предложения в прошедшем и будущем временах:
1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 4 theatres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall.