Лексическая тема: «Canine Enforcement».
Грамматическая тема: Система времен. Страдательный залог. Времена группы Perfect.
Text
CANINE ENFORCEMENT
(USE OF DRUG SCENTING DOGS BY CUSTOMS)
Customs and other law enforcement agencies round the world use dogs for detection work.
The traditional working dog for many enforcement agencies is the Alsatian or German shepherd dog. This has a very good reputation for drug detection. But as drug detector dogs are often on show in public areas (such as airport terminals) Customs Services prefer to choose the breeds (dogs) of which people are not frightened. For example, in the UK the Customs doesn’t use Alsatians. Nor do they use rottwellers as these dogs are considered aggressive. Mainly Retrievers, Labradors, Collies, Spaniels are used for drug detection work.
The basis for the training is the dog’s natural instinct to hunt and retrieve and its desire to please its handler. Initially the dogs are encouraged to retrieve various items (training aids) containing samples.
The motivation or «reward» is the chance to play as well as praise and affection from their handler. The handlers are trained with the dog thus making a team which remains together until one or the other leaves detection work.
The handlers are trained to interpret the dog’s behaviour or indications when they are confronted with the presence of drugs. Each dog behaves differently and different signals or indications are given according to circumstances.
If the handler fails to interpret these signals or indications there will be little success. It is generally accepted that success with drug detector dogs is due to teamwork and handler interpretation.
Dogs can be trained:
- to detect drugs (cannabis, cocaine, heroin, amphetamine and their derivates);
- to detect firearms, ammunition, and explosives;
- to work among passengers;
- to work in all types of customs environment except public areas.
To the dog, finding drugs is fun. This is reflected in the dog’s behaviour: it is highly active at work, and enjoys the handler’s reward or praise when it makes a find, but the dog is not allowed to feel that it is playing. To make a clear distinction between work and play, the working dog wears a special harness. When the handler puts the harness on the dog, the animal knows it is on duty.
Dogs can be used to search passengers, baggage, cargo, private and commercial vehicles, vessels and aircraft.
Private cars. Normally the occupants will be out of their vehicle if the dog is to be used. The doors and windows will be closed. The dog is then taken around the outside of the car paying particular attention to the fuel tank, spare wheel and wheel arches; it is then used in the luggage boot before going inside the car.
Commercial vehicles. Three elements are checked here:
- the driver’s cab and his baggage (if any);
- the contents of the vehicle; and
- the vehicle itself.
Vessels. Drug detector dogs are often used during the search. Many places on board a vessel are difficult and noisy for the dog to work in but they are trained to for these conditions.
Search of baggage. Bags are usually screened in front of the passengers but sometimes it happens behind the scenes not to alert potential smugglers.
People. Dogs are not allowed to sniff people, оr even get too close to passengers. But this doesn’t mean that dogs cannot be used for drug concealments on the body. At airports and ferry ports passengers are asked to sit in a holding lounge in a line of chairs opposite their hand baggage. The dog then checks the bags. The passengers are then asked to stand and move to their bags, and sometimes the dog checks the seats they have just left.
No piece of equipment has yet been invented that can replace the dog. Some experimental models have been tried but found to be far inferior to the canine nose. A drug detector dog can search up to fifty parcels in fifteen or twenty minutes as the dog’s sense of smell is one million times better than the man’s.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарем.
Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих слов и словосочетаний:
Правоохранительные органы, природный инстинкт, кинолог (проводник), охотиться (преследовать), образцы, награда, похвала, понимать (интерпретировать), командная работа, обнаруживать наркотики, гашиш, кокаин, героин, оружие, боеприпасы, взрывчатые вещества, грузовой автотранспорт, суда, самолеты, оборудование, заменить.
Упражнение 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What is canine enforcement?
2. What are the main breeds selected for drug detection work?
3. Why does British Customs use neither Alsatians nor Rottwellers?
4. What is the basis for training?
5. What is the dog’s motivation or reward?
6. What is the main task of a trainer?
7. How many types of detector dogs do you know?
8. How does the dog know it is on duty?
9. How are private cars normally searched if the dog is to be used?
10. What three elements are to be checked when inspecting commercial vehicles?
11. Why is it difficult for the dog to search vessels?
12. Why is baggage sometimes searched behind the scenes?
13. What is the procedure of passenger examination when the dog is to be used?
14. Why can no piece of equipment replace the dog?
Упражнение 4. Кратко изложите содержание текста (8-10 предложений) в письменной форме, используя ключевые слова.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1. New customs checkpoints have been set up at the borders with the Baltic States.
2. Quantitative restrictions or other forms of import control have been adopted in many countries.
3. The goods had been kept at the bonded warehouse for a month before the dutieswere paid.
4. The new import tariffs on used cars will have been worked out by December.
5. The cargo was seized because the false invoicehad been discovered.
Упражнение 2. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
1. He has not fixed the date for the next meeting yet.
2. The government has increased duties on some types of industrial products recently.
3. The Japanese customs has made efforts to train more detector dogs.
4. The customs officer seized the cargo because he had discovered the false invoice.
5. The specialists have estimated the size of the US market between $ 50 billion and $ 100 billion a year.
6. The officer-in-charge will have signed all the protocols by 2 o’clock.
7. The inspector has already confiscated 25 kg of drugs this year.
8. I had checked the accompanying documents before I examined the cargo.
9. The passengers had collected their luggage before the customs officer told them to go through the Green Channel.
10. The congressmen will have introduced the new bill by the end of the month.
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Груз был задержан, так как документы были оформлены неправильно.
2. Сколько месяцев товар находился на складе временного хранения, прежде чем пошлины были уплачены?
3. Мне только что сообщили, что в багаже пассажира были обнаружены наркотики.
4. Судно уже будет проверено, когда вы прибудете в порт.
5. Все таможенные декларации были заполнены, до того как нам сказали, что мы можем идти через Зеленый канал.
6. Собаку учили находить наркотики и взрывчатку в течение 8 месяцев, прежде ее начали использовать в аэропорту.
7. Только после того как чемодан был открыт, сотрудник таможни убедился, что в нем не было ничего запрещенного.
8. Так как стоимость товара была явно занижена, таможенник предупредил, что она будет скорректирована.
9. Валюта была конфискована таможенником, так как она не была внесена в таможенную декларацию.
10. Новые ставки таможенных пошлин были установлены еще до 1 мая.
Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в соответствующей форме.
The Russian Customs Service (to carry out) the same functions as the Customs of any other developed countries: fiscal function, regulation of foreign trade by means of tariff and non-tariff methods, law enforcement, collection and keeping of customs statistics concerning foreign trade, etc.
However, the main task of Russian Customs (to be) the protection of the economic interests of the country, national treasures and cultural and historical properties. Customs policy (to have) a far greater share and importance in Russia’s regulation of economic activities than in industrial countries with developed market economies.
Customs policy (to perform) already its historical role in western European countries. The increasing integration and GATT/WTO development (to bring) to zero the average customs duty payment in Europe. So, the Customs tariff, in practice (to be) not an economic and trade regulator any longer in Europe. The Russian Federation, on the other hand, (to be) in its tariff renaissance period.
The customs tariff’s main advantage (to be) that it (to bring) only quantitative changes and (not to break) the link between the internal economy and world markets.
During the period 1991-94, much (to do) to create customs legislation in Russia. Two important laws (to put) into power: “The Customs Code of the Russian Federation” and “On Customs Tariff”. All provisions and regulations of these documents (to be) of the world standards.
Russia (to have) the world’s longest border to police, much of it newly created. The creation of Russian Customs (to complicate) by the fact that, after the disintegration of the USSR, the best-equipped and best-staffed customs services (to be) outside Russia, which (to acquire) as a result 13,500 km of new borders with former Soviet Republics. Moreover the Russian Customs Service (to see) a five-fold staff increase over the past years. This (to match) by growing organizational complexity. The ideological imperative (to replace).
Today the Russian Federation (to have) a modern, multi-functioning Customs Service which (to be) able to take a deserving place in market economy regulation and (to be) competent to help in rapprochement between the Russian and world economies. Everyone (to treat) The Russian Customs Service as an equal and this (to mean) that the Russian Federation (to become) a full and equal member of the world community.
Glossary
| affection (n) | зд.ласка |
| aircraft (n | самолет, самолеты |
| to alert (v) | испугать, спугнуть |
| Alsatian (n) | эльзасец (немецкая овчарка) |
| amphetamine (n) | амфетамин |
| ammunition (n) | боеприпасы |
| breed (n) | порода |
| cab (n) | кабина |
| cannabis (n) | гашиш, конопля |
| cocaine (n) | кокаин |
| contents (n) | cодержимое |
| derivates (n) | производные |
| equipment (n) | оборудование |
| explosives (n) | взрывчатые вещества |
| firearms (n) | огнестрельное оружие |
| fuel tank (n) | бензобак |
| handler (n) | кинолог, проводник |
| harness (n) | шлейка, ошейник |
| heroin(n) | героин |
| to hunt (v) | охотиться, преследовать (зверя и т.д.) |
| inferior (adj) | низший, худший |
| law enforcement agencies | правоохранительные органы |
| luggage boot (n) | багажник |
| praise (n) | похвала |
| to replace (v) | заменить |
| to retrieve (v) | найти |
| sample (n) | образец |
| to screen (v) | просвечивать (с помощью рентгена) |
| shepherd dog | овчарка |
| to sniff (v) | обнюхивать |
| spare wheel (n) | запасное колесо |
| to train (v) | обучать, готовить |
| vehicle (n) | транспортное средство |
| vessel (n) | судно |
| wheel arches (n) | колесные арки |
UNIT 5