Лексическая тема: «Law Systems. Legal Professions».
Грамматическая тема: Согласование времен. Косвенная речь.
Text A
LEGAL PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIA
Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of advocates - self-managed cooperative type organization. The highest body of advocates’ self management is the general meeting of a college. The presidium headed by the chairpersonis the executive boardof each college. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years. There are colleges of advocates in the cities, regions, republics or autonomous entities. Any college is represented by law firms or legal aid offices, which render all regular legal assistance to citizens: advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation, and provide defense in criminal proceedings.
Many lawyers are employed by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as in-house counsel (jurisconsult). These lawyers have all powers of an attorney, but they represent their single and permanent “client” – their organization. They support and counsel it, provide expertise in administrative, employment, tax, insurance,contract, international and other legal issues, draft documents and contracts, act in negotiations,deals and lawsuits.
Some lawyers may work as notaries. A notary is a public officer who certifies the document or its copy’s authenticity and witnesses official acts: wills, commercial papers, etc. Lawyers may serve as judges or prosecutors. A prosecutor usually initiates a criminal case and conducts criminal proceedings, presents the evidenceof the committed crime. A judge presides in courtroom and administers justice, resolves disputes between the parties, decides the case during the trial, directs the jury and gives the judgment.
Legal careers also include teaching law and academic research work. In Russia there are 40 institutions of higher education in law (either a law school attached to a university or a separate entity called a “juridical institute”). There are also separate research centres in law, the most prominent of which is the Institute of State and Law under the Academy of Sciences of Russia.
РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст А, пользуясь словарем.
Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What kind of organization is a college of advocates?
2. What is the highest body of advocates’ self-management?
3. Who is the presidium of each college headed by?
4. What organizations represent colleges of advocates in the cities, republics, regions and autonomous entities?
5. What does the work of advocate involve?
6 Who are in-house counsels employed by?
7. What does the work of in-house counsel involve?
8. What are the duties of a notary?
9. What are the duties of a prosecutor?
10. What are the responsibilities of a judge?
11. What else do legal careers include?
12. What is the most prominent research centre in law in Russia?
Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний.
коллегия адвокатов, частная практика, независимая общественная организация, исполнительный комитет, председатель, юридическая консультация, предоставлять юридическую помощь, составлять юридические документы, давать рекомендации, представлять истца (ответчика) в суде, обеспечивать защиту, гражданский судебный спор, давать заключение (экспертную оценку), удостоверять подлинность документа, заверить подписанный документ, начинать уголовное дело, вести уголовное дело (проводить уголовное преследование), предъявлять доказательства, председательствовать в суде, отправлять правосудие, принимать решение по спору, давать инструкцию присяжным, выносить решение по делу.
Упражнение 4. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов.
- to employ –
- to involve –
- to represent –
- to certify –
- to initiate –
- to administer –
- to decide –
Упражнение 5. Какие из следующих предложений соответствуют/не соответствуют содержанию текста? Обоснуйте свой ответ.
1. Lawyers can’t have private practice in Russia.
2. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for the term of thirty years.
3. Any college of advocates in its territory is represented by law firms or legal aid offices.
4. Advocates represent a single client.
5. Advocates represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation.
6. An in-house counsel witnesses wills.
7. A prosecutor initiates a criminal case and conducts criminal proceedings.
8. A judge never instructs the jury or gives the judgment.
9. Legal careers also include teaching law and research work.
10. An in-house counsel can provide expertise in many legal issues.
Упражнение 6. Закончите следующие предложения.
1. A college of advocates is …
2. Advocates are lawyers who …
3. In-house counsels are lawyers who…
4. A notary is an officer who…
5. The duties of a prosecutor are…
6. The responsibilities of a judge are…
7. Legal careers in Russia also include…
Text B
LAW AS A SYSTEM
Civil law is contrasted against common law. Civil law is the law inspired by old Roman law. It developed out of the Roman law of Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), the main feature of which is that laws were written into a collection, codified; and not determined, as is common law by judges. The principle of civil law is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow.
Common law is a judge-made law developed by custom (historical legal precedents) over hundreds of years. Because it is not written by elected politicians but, rather, by judges, it is also referred as “unwritten” law. Judges seek these principles out when they try a case and apply the precedents to the facts to come up with a judgment.
Common law countries are the United Kingdom, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In the UK there is no constitution but there are Acts of Parliament. In the USA there is the Constitution of the USA. But precedent, or case is the main source of law.
Упражнение 7. Прочтите текст В, пользуясь словарем.
Упражнение 8. Выделите в тексте ключевые слова и словосочетания.
Упражнение 9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What was civil law inspired by?
2. What is the main feature of a civil law?
3. What was common law inspired by?
4. What is the main feature of common law?
5. What countries are common law countries?
6. Is Russia a common law country?
Упражнение 10. Закончите следующие предложения.
1. Civil law is contrasted ….
2. Civil law was inspired….
3. Civil law developed out of the….
4. The main feature of civil law is….
5. Civil law provided all citizens with….
6. Common law is a law developed by….
7. Common law is referred as….
8. In order to come up with the judgment when trying a case judges….
9. Common law countries are….
10. In the UK there is no….
11. In the USA there is the Constitution of the USA but ….
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.
1. “I have two suitcases and a carry-on baggage,” said the passenger.
2. “I don’t think I have any goods to declare,” she added.
3. “I’m here on business and I’m planning to stay here for two months,” she said.
4. “This is my second visit. I was here last spring,” the woman said.
5. “I have no alcohol, cigarettes or medicines,” she said.
6. “I am not carrying any illegal drugs!” she exclaimed.
7. “These are the presents for my friends I bought yesterday,” the passenger said to the customs officer.
8. “I hope that is under the limit,” she said.
9. “I was informed about the Customs regulations before,” she added.
10. “You have forgotten to declare your currency,” reminded the customs officer.
Упражнение 2. Передайте следующие предложения в прямой речи.
1. The passenger said that he had filled in the declaration.
2. The captain said that it was prohibited to take those things ashore.
3. The customs officer informed the passenger that he would go through her luggage.
4. The inspector notified the tourists that he was going to run their luggage through the X-ray machine.
5. I told him that I hadn’t been to Columbia for a long time, therefore it was unreasonable to suspect me.
6. The container team officer explained that they thoroughly checked high-risk cargo but they did not normally check low-risk containers.
7. She mentioned to the dog handler that she didn’t like dogs.
8. She said that her children under 16 were accompanying her.
9. The Customs office chief told his officers that he was pleased with their work.
10. My sister remembered that she hadn’t got a golden ring.
Упражнение 3. Передайте диалог в косвенной речи,
используя следующие глаголы:
He told her that…, she explained that…, she said that…, he announced that…, he added that…, she answered that… , he complained that… , she admitted that… , he thought that… , she replied that… , she suggested that…, he believed that…, she answered that…, he hoped that…, she felt that….
Passenger: Excuse me, I have been trying to figure out for half an hour already where I can pass through the customs.
Customs officer: You should go through the Red channel if you have something to declare and through the Green channel if you have nothing to declare.
P.: I don’t know what documents are required.
C.O.: Let me see what you have.
P.: I’m afraid I have forgotten to fill in my declaration.
C.O.: Well… You are to fill in your declaration first and then go through the customs.
P.: I see.
C.O.: You can find forms on the table in the middle of the hall.
P.: Thank you. The problem is I don’t know English well enough to fill in a declaration form.
C.O. : There are forms in different languages. You can choose what you need.
Упражнение 4. Передайте следующие предложения, содержащие общие вопросы, в косвенной речи.
1.”Have you got a permit for duty-free importation of these goods?” the officer asked the businessman.
2. “Do I need to go through the Red channel?” the passenger asked.
3. “Are you feeling sick?” I asked the passenger.
4. “Shall I need an exit permit for this painting?” asked the owner of the art gallery.
5. “Was the box full or empty?” he asked his colleague.
6. “Did you buy this watch in Russia or abroad?” the customs officer asked the passenger.
7. “Have you got a vet certificate?” the vet inspector asked.
8. “Do you understand the question or not?” the officer asked the Chinese tourists.
9. “Are you traveling on business?” the inspector asked me.
10. “Will you be X-raying my camera too?” the tourist asked the officer.
Упражнение 5. Передайте следующие предложения, содержащие специальные вопросы, в косвенной речи.
1. The inspector asked the captain, “What cargo are you carrying?”
2. The passenger asked the officer, “Where can I go through the customs control?”
3. The officer asked me, “What is the purpose of your visit?”
4. The newcomer asked the inspector, “When did you seize the largest concealment of cocaine?”
5. Mary’s mother asked her, “Where have you put our passports?”
6. I asked the girl, “Who gave you this watch?”
7. Peter asked me, “When are we going to have the next meeting?”
8. The inspector asked the tourist, “How much do you spend on traveling per year?”
9. The officer asked me, “Where have you arrived from?”
10. Tom asked his friend, “Where will you go to get an exit permit?”
Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Профессор спросил, кто из нас знает, сколько лет в России существует таможенная служба.
2. Студент поинтересовался, что означало слово «тамга».
3. Нам сказали, что этот департамент занимается вопросами внешней торговли уже 10 лет.
4. Инспектор хотел знать, почему пассажир не задекларировал валюту.
5. Я спросила у него, какие еще новости о новых тарифах были опубликованы в прессе за последнее время.
6. Мы спросили преподавателя, как мы сдали экзамен по уголовному праву.
7. Она спросила его, поедет ли он в аэропорт встречать делегацию.
8. Турист пожаловался, что уже десять минут ищет зону таможенного контроля.
9. Мы спросили, как они собираются досматривать контейнеры повышенного риска.
10. Я и не знал, какие запреты и ограничения могут быть в законодательстве этой страны в отношении импорта товаров.
Glossary
| аdvocate (n) | защитник, адвокат |
| college of advocates | коллегия адвокатов |
| attorney (n) | адвокат, поверенный |
| authenticity (n) | подлинность, достоверность |
| case (n) | дело |
| to resolve a case syn. to decide a case | принимать решение по делу |
| to certify (v) | заверять, удостоверять |
| to counsel (a client) (v) | советовать, консультировать |
| crime (n) | преступление |
| to commit a crime | совершить преступление |
| deal (n) | сделка, соглашение |
| to defend (v) | защищать |
| defendant (n) | ответчик, обвиняемый, подсудимый |
| dispute (n) | спор |
| to resolve a dispute | принимать решение по спору |
| draft (n) | проект |
| to draft (v) | составить проект |
| to employ (v) | нанять на работу |
| enterprise (n) | предприятие |
| evidence (n) | доказательство,свидетельские показания, улика |
| to give evidence syn. to present, to provide | давать показания, предоставлять улики, доказательства |
| expertise (n) | профессиональная компетенция, знание дела, компетенция |
| to provide expertise | давать заключение, экспертную оценку |
| in-house counsel (n) | юрисконсульт, штатный юрист |
| judge (n) | судья |
| judgment (n) | приговор, решение суда |
| to give judgment | выносить решение по делу |
| juridical (adj) | юридический,правовой,судебный судейский |
| jury (n) | присяжные |
| to direct the jury syn. to instruct the jury | давать наставление, инструкцию присяжным |
| justice (n) | правосудие, справедливость |
| to administer justice | отправлять правосудие |
| litigation (n) | тяжба судебного спора |
| civil litigation | гражданский судебный спор |
| law (n) | закон, право |
| civil law | гражданское право, римское право |
| common law | англосаксонское право |
| Administrative Law | административное право |
| Contract Law | контрактное право |
| Employment Law | трудовое право |
| Insurance Law | страховое право |
| International Law | международное право |
| Tax Law and Taxation | налоговое право |
| lawsuit (n) | судебное дело, иск |
| to file a lawsuit | возбуждать судебное дело, предъявлять иск |
| to initiate (v) | начинать, инициировать |
| to initiate a criminal case | начинать уголовное дело |
| negotiation (n) | переговоры |
| notary (n) | нотариус |
| plaintiff (n) | истец |
| practice (n) | практика, обычай |
| to preside (v) | председательствовать |
| to preside in a court | председательствовать в суде |
| to preside at trials | председательствовать на судебных процессах |
| prosecutor (n) | прокурор, обвинитель |
| proceedings (n) | рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство |
| criminal proceedings | уголовное преследование, уголовное дело |
| to conduct criminal proceedings | проводить уголовное преследование, вести уголовное дело |
| to render (v) | представлять, предоставлять |
| to represent (v) | представлять, сообщать, заявлять |
| research | исследование,научно-исследовательская работа |
| trial (n) | судебное разбирательство, судебный процесс |
| will (n) | завещание |
| to witness (a document) (v) | подписывать в качестве свидетеля |
| to witness (an official act) | заверить подписанный документ |
UNIT 6