Настоящее завершенное (present perfect)
7.1. Настоящее завершенное время (Present Perfect)образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have и прошедшего причастия (Participle II) основного глагола. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.
| Утвердительная форма + | I/ We You havejust seen/ visited. They |
| He She hasjust seen/visited. It | |
| Вопросительная форма ? | I / we Have you just seen/visited ? they |
| Has he, she, it just seen/visited ? | |
| Отрицательная форма - | I /We You have not (haven’t)just seen/visited. They |
| He She has not (hasn’t)just seen/visited. It |
Present Perfectупотребляется:
1. для выражения действия в прошлом с результатом в настоящем: e.g. Where is your key? – I’ve lost it. – Где твой ключ? – Я потерял его.
2. для сообщения о недавнем происшествии: e.g. Oh, I’ve cut my finger. – Ой, я порезал палец.
Следующие наречия часто сопровождают такое употребление:
just – толькочто: I’ve just had lunch.
already – уже (употребляется только в повествовательных предложениях, обычно ставится между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами): I’ve already posted the letter.
yet –еще, уже (употребляется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях): I haven’t seen him yet. Have you had dinner yet?
3. Когда мы говорим о периоде времени, продолжающемся от прошлого до настоящего, обычно имеется в виду жизненный опыт человека: e.g. Have you ever been to China?
Следующие наречия часто сопровождают такое употребление:
Ever, never, recently, lately, so far, for two years, since breakfast.
4. Когда период времени еще не закончился к моменту говорения: e.g. I’ve had four cups of coffee today.
Примечание: обратите внимание на разницу между выражениями have been и have gone:
e.g. Jim has gone to Spain.(он сейчас там)
Jim has been to Spain. (побывали вернулся).
Exercise 1.Измените время глагола наPresent Perfect, употребляяjust, already илиyet. Переведите оба предложения.
1. I am eating my breakfast.
2. He is putting the dishes on the table.
3. They are having tea.
4. She is taking dirty plates from the table.
5. The students are writing a test.
6. She is learning a poem.
7. He is telling them an interesting story.
8. We are opening a box of chocolates.
Exercise 2. Перепишите предложения, употребляя for или since.
A
1. Hello! I haven’t seen you ____ ages.
2. She has studied English ____ 1995.
3. He hasn’t met his friends ____ his birthday.
4. She has worked here ____ 5 years.
5. I haven’t met him ____ 5 days.
6. We have studied here ____ September, 1.
7. She has been here ____ 10 o’clock.
8. I’ve lived in this house ____ I was 6.
B
1. They have been to London ____May, 14.
2. I haven’t met her ____ a long time.
3. They have been to London ____ 2 years.
4. We have known each other ____we were children.
5. I haven't seen Helen ____ Friday.
6. It has been raining ____ 2 hours.
Exercise 3. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Present Perfect.
A
1. He _______ (not/come) back yet.
2. I ____ just _____(get) a letter from my parents.
3. _____ you ever _____ (be) to the Crimea?
4. Pease, give me a pencil, I _____ (lose) mine.
5. Where is Paula? – She _____ (go) home.
6. They get only excellent marks. They _____ (improve) their English.
7. _____ you _____ (read) all this books?
8. ‘_____ you _____ (book) the tickets?’ ‘Yes, I ____.’
B
1. Linda ____ (lose) her passport again. It' s the second tome it ____ (happen).
2. You're out of breath. _____ you _____ (run)?
3. It ____ (not rain) this week.
4. Tom _____ (not/ work) very hard this month.
5. _____ you _____ (hear) this song yet?
6. I never _____ (drive) a car.
7. Look! Somebody _____ (break) my pencil.
8. ‘Would you like a cup of coffee?’ ‘No, I _____ just _____ (drink) tea.’
Exercise 4. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Present Perfect.
1. A: ____ you ever ____on a diet that actually worked? (be)
B: No. I ____ lots, but I usually put on weight again once I stop them! (try)
2. A: ____ you ever ____ anything unusual? (eat)
B: Yeah, I ____ camel meat a few times and I had bat soup last year in the Philippines. (have)
3. A: ____ you ever ____ to a really expensive restaurant? (go)
B: Yes, I have, but luckily my boss paid!
4. A: ____ you ever ____ a hair in your food? (find)
B: No, never, but I once found a piece of glass in a burger. I couldn't believe it!
5. A: ____ you ever _____ in a restaurant? (complain)
B: Yeah, a few times, actually. Last week I complained in a cafe because the food wasn't cooked properly.
6. A: ____ you ever any ____ of Gordon Ramsay's recipes? (try)
B: No, I ____never ____ of him. (hear)
Exercise 5. Вы пишите письмо своему другу. Использу явремяPresent Perfect, сообщите о том, что произошло с вами и с другими людьми.
Dear Chris,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
1. I / buy / a new car _________ .
2. My father / start / a new job ________ .
3. I/give up/smoking ________ .
4. Charles and Sarah/go/to Brazil ________ .
5. Suzanne / have / a baby _________ .
Exercise 6.
A Составьте вопросы вPresent Perfectиз данных слов. Внесите все необходимые изменения.
1. you / be / here before?
2. you / ever / eat / snake?
3. you / try / that new restaurant round the corner?
4. Dave / speak / to you about tonight yet?
5. you two / be introduced?
6. how long / she / live / there?
B Сопоставьте вопросы в части А с предложенными ниже ответами.
a. Yeah, I had it once when I was in Hong Kong.
b. Yeah, we've met before actually.
c. Yeah, I came on holiday here a few years ago.
d. No, but I've had my phone switched off.
e. About six years now.
f. No, but I'd like to go there. Itlooksnice.
Exercise 7. Напишите о том, что произошло, поставив глаголы, данные в таблице, в Present Perfect.
| arrive break go up grow improve lose |
1. Mike is looking for his key. He can't find it. He _______.
2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She _______.
3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. Her English ______.
4. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. He ______.
5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it . It _______.
6. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90.The bus fare _______.
Exercise 8. Составьте предложения со словами just, already илиyet. Обратите внимание на образец.
e.g. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says: ‘Would you like something to eat?’ You say ‘No, thank you. I’ve just had lunch.’ (have lunch)
1. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says: ‘Can I speak to Joe?’ You say: ‘I'm afraid he ____.’ (go out)
2. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: ‘Wait a minute! I ____.’(not/finish)
3. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says: ‘Shall I phone to reserve a table?’ You say: ‘No, I ____.’ (do)
4. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You say: ‘____ you ____ the job?” (find)
5. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks: ‘Is Ann still at the bank?’ You say: ‘No, she ____.’(come back)
Exercise 9.Закончите предложения словамиbeen илиgone.
1. Jim is on holiday. He's ____ to Italy.
2. Hello! I've just ____ to the shops. I've bought lots of things.
3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's ____ to the shop to get a newspaper.
4. Tom has ____ out. He'll be back in about an hour.
5. ‘Are you going to the bank?’ ‘No, I've already ____ to the bank.’