She is taller than her sister.

He is the youngest in his family.

5. Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, законченного к настоящему моменту и связанного с этим моментом.

Present Perfect используется:

1) для констатации факта совершения действия без указания на время его совершения: I have written a letter.

2) когда указан период времени, который еще не закончился: today, this week, this month, this year: I haven’t seen Ann today.

3) с наречиями never(никогда), ever(когда-либо), just(только что), yet(еще), аlready(уже): Nick has just come back.

4) с обстоятельствами времени, указывающими на период, в течение которого происходило или могло происходить действие, начиная с какого-то момента прошедшего времени и вплоть до настоящего времени: lately(в последнее время), for a long time(в течение долгого времени), how long(как долго), so far(до сих пор), up to now(до настоящего момента), for three hours(в течение трех часов), since(с тех пор как): Have you been to the cinema lately?

Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have и причастия прошедшего времени(Particle II) смыслового глагола. Particle II правильных глаголов образуется при помощи окончания -ed к неопределенной форме глагола: to ask- asked, to work – worked;

Particle II неправильных глаголов образуется чередованием звуков в корне (3-я форма глагола): go – went – gone, do – did – done.

I/You/We/They’ve (have) worked	Have I/you/we/they worked?	I/You/We/They haven’t (have not) worked.
He/she/It’s (has) worked.	Has he/she/it worked?	He/she/It hasn’t (has not) worked.

Present Perfect Continuous обозначает действие или состояние, которое началось в прошедшем и продолжалось в течение определенного периода до момента речи и либо еще продолжается в этот момент, либо закончилось непосредственно перед ним. Present Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем перфектном времени (настоящем, прошедшем или будущем) и причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола.

I have been waiting for you for three hours.

Stative verbs (глаголы состояния) не употребляются в Present Perfect Continuous. Stative verbs :

∙ feelings: hate, like, love, prefer, want.

∙ thoughts: believe, feel, know, think, understand.

∙ possession: belong, have, own.

∙ senses: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste.

∙ appearance: appear, look (like), seem.

Irregular verbs

be	was/were	been	let	let	let
become	became	become	lose	lost	lost
begin break	began broke	begun broken	make	made	made
bring	brought	brought	mean	meant	meant
build	built	built	meet	met	met
buy	bought	bought	pay	paid	paid
catch	caught	caught	put	put	put
choose	chose	chosen	read	read	read
come	came	come	ring	rang	rung
cost	cost	cost	run	ran	run
cut	cut	cut	say	said	said
do	did	done	see	saw	seen
draw	drew	drawn	sell	sold	sold
drink	drank	drunk	send	sent	sent
drive	drove	driven	show	showed	shown
eat	ate	eaten	shut	shut	shut
fall	fell	fallen	sit sing	sat sang	sat sung
feed	fed	fed	sleep	slept	slept
feel	felt	felt	speak	spoke	spoken
fight	fought	fought	spend	spent	spent
find	found	found	stand	stood	stood
fly	flew	flown	steal	stole	stolen
forget	forgot	forgotten	swim	swam	swum
get	got	got	take	took	taken
give	gave	given	teach	taught	taught
go	went	gone	tell	told	told
have	had	had	think throw	thought threw	thought thrown
hear	heard	heard	understand	understood	understood
keep	kept	kept	wake	woke	woken
know	knew	known	wear	wore	worn
learn	learned/learnt	learned/learnt	win	won	won
leave	left	left	write	wrote	written