She is taller than her sister.

He is the youngest in his family.

5. Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, законченного к настоящему моменту и связанного с этим моментом.

Present Perfect используется:

1) для констатации факта совершения действия без указания на время его совершения: I have written a letter.

2) когда указан период времени, который еще не закончился: today, this week, this month, this year: I haven’t seen Ann today.

3) с наречиями never(никогда), ever(когда-либо), just(только что), yet(еще), аlready(уже): Nick has just come back.

4) с обстоятельствами времени, указывающими на период, в течение которого происходило или могло происходить действие, начиная с какого-то момента прошедшего времени и вплоть до настоящего времени: lately(в последнее время), for a long time(в течение долгого времени), how long(как долго), so far(до сих пор), up to now(до настоящего момента), for three hours(в течение трех часов), since(с тех пор как): Have you been to the cinema lately?

Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have и причастия прошедшего времени(Particle II) смыслового глагола. Particle II правильных глаголов образуется при помощи окончания -ed к неопределенной форме глагола: to ask- asked, to work – worked;

Particle II неправильных глаголов образуется чередованием звуков в корне (3-я форма глагола): go – went – gone, do – did – done.

I/You/We/They’ve (have) worked Have I/you/we/they worked? I/You/We/They haven’t (have not) worked.
He/she/It’s (has) worked. Has he/she/it worked? He/she/It hasn’t (has not) worked.

Present Perfect Continuous обозначает действие или состояние, которое началось в прошедшем и продолжалось в течение определенного периода до момента речи и либо еще продолжается в этот момент, либо закончилось непосредственно перед ним. Present Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем перфектном времени (настоящем, прошедшем или будущем) и причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола.

I have been waiting for you for three hours.

Stative verbs (глаголы состояния) не употребляются в Present Perfect Continuous. Stative verbs :

∙ feelings: hate, like, love, prefer, want.

∙ thoughts: believe, feel, know, think, understand.

∙ possession: belong, have, own.

∙ senses: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste.

∙ appearance: appear, look (like), seem.

Irregular verbs

be was/were been   let let let
become became become   lose lost lost
begin break began broke begun broken   make made made
bring brought brought   mean meant meant
build built built   meet met met
buy bought bought   pay paid paid
catch caught caught   put put put
choose chose chosen   read read read
come came come   ring rang rung
cost cost cost   run ran run
cut cut cut   say said said
do did done   see saw seen
draw drew drawn   sell sold sold
drink drank drunk   send sent sent
drive drove driven   show showed shown
eat ate eaten   shut shut shut
fall fell fallen   sit sing sat sang sat sung
feed fed fed   sleep slept slept
feel felt felt   speak spoke spoken
fight fought fought   spend spent spent
find found found   stand stood stood
fly flew flown   steal stole stolen
forget forgot forgotten   swim swam swum
get got got   take took taken
give gave given   teach taught taught
go went gone   tell told told
have had had   think throw thought threw thought thrown
hear heard heard   understand understood understood
keep kept kept   wake woke woken
know knew known   wear wore worn
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt   win won won
leave left left   write wrote written

Literature

1. Sarah Cunningham, Peter Moor “Cutting edge”, Pearson Longman, 2009

2. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley “Upload”, Express Publishing, 2011

3. Clive Oxenden, Cristina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson “New English File”, Oxford University Press, 2009

4. Kathy Gude, Michael Duckworth “Matrix” Oxford University Press, 2008

5. Sue Kay, Vaughan Jones “New Inside Out” Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2008

6. Philip Kerr “Straightforward” Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2005

7. Bob Hastings, Marta Uminska “Exam Activator” Pearson Education Limited, 2010

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