Семинаров по английской лексикологии
М. C. Ретунская
СЕМИНАРОВ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИИ
Учебно-методические материалы
Нижний Новгород 2000
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета НГЛУ им.Н.А. Добролюбова
УДК 802.0 – 54
10 семинаров по английской лексикологии. Учебно-методические материалы. – Нижний Новгород: НГЛУ им.Н.А. Добролюбова, 2000.- 54 с.
Предлагаемые учебно-методические материалы включают планы семинарских занятий с циклами упражнений по всем разделам лексикологии, списки рекомендуемой литературы, глоссарий лексикологических терминов, краткий этимологический справочник и списки слов, демонстрирующих результаты семантических процессов, имевших место в истории развития словарного состава языка. Разнообразные практические задания развивают умение анализировать языковые факты, способствуют расширению лингвистической эрудиции и служат средством самоконтроля. Материалы предназначены для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы студентов старших курсов.
Автор: д.ф.н., проф. М.С. Ретунская
Рецензент: к.ф.н., доц.Н.Н.Сальникова,
зав.кафедрой лексикологии и стилистики английского языка
© Издательство НГЛУ им.Н.А. Добролюбова, 2000
F O R E W O R D
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which studies and systematically describes the vocabulary of the language in respect to its origin, development and current use. Lexicology is concerned with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units and with morphemes which make up words.
The vocabulary of English is never stable, never static, but is constantly changing, growing and decaying. The life of the English language is greatly determined by the life of society including such important events as the Norman \conquest, Scandinavian invasion, christianization, development of industry, numerous wars, revolutions, great social upheavals, colonial expansion, the intense development of science and technology.
The approach to the study of the vocabulary of the language in this country is lexico-centrical: the w o r d is the basic unit of the language system.
The two principal approaches to the study of the vocabulary – the syncronic and diachronic are not contrasted. The evolution of the vocabulary, the origin of words, their change and development together with factors modifying their structure, meaning and usage are the object of historical or diachronic lexicology. Descriptive or synchronic lexicology studies English words, their morphological and semantic structure at a given period of time as well as different kinds of semantic groupings and semantic relations.
Modern English lexicology investigates the word-stock of Modern English as a system. Structural and semantic analysis is applied to words, their component parts – morphemes – and various types of word-groups. Lexicology is also concerned with relations existing between various lexical layers of the English vocabulary, rules governing the replenishment of the vocabulary with new vocabulary units.
Modern English lexicology is inseparable from Grammar, Phonetics, Stylistics and the Course of History of the English language.
The aim of the present book is to assist the students of English in their study of the fundamentals of Modern English Lexicology. The author’s main concern was with the practical application of the learners’ knowledge of the theory of lexicology.
The book is based on the course of lectures in English Lexicology delivered by the author for a number of years at the Nizhny Novgorod Linguistic University. The subject matter corresponds to the programme on English Lexicology issued for the speciality “Linguistics and Сross-Cultural Communication”.
Ten seminars comprise the material covering almost all the main problems of Modern English Lexicology.
S E M I N A R I
Q u e s t i o n s
1. What part does lexicology play in the general linguistic training of philologists?
2. In what way is lexicology connected with other branches of linguistics?
3. What are the main branches of lexicology as a science?
4. What main factors in the life of the country determined the development of English vocabulary?
5. What approaches to the study of words exist in modern lexicology?
6. What does lexical system of the language represent?
7. What methods of lexicological analysis are applied to the study of the vocabulary?
8. What new trends in modern linguistics contributed to modern lexicological theory?
*** ***
1. How can you characterize the first English dictionaries?
2. What is a glossary?
3. What dictionary is an eighteenth century standard?
4. What encyclopedic dictionaries are known to you?
5. What is the number of entries in a good-size translating dictionary?
6. What kind of information can you derive from dictionaries of usage?
7. Do general dictionaries habitually exclude slang?
8. What is a capital investigation of phraseologisms in the form of a dictionary?
9. When did American lexicography begin to develop?
10. What dictionaries of new words do you know?
11. What is the role of supplementary notes?
12. What is the order of arrangement of different meanings of polysemantic words?
A s s i g n m e n t s
Assignment 1.
Characterize the Following Dictionaries:
1. The English-Russian Dictionary ed. by V.K. Muller.
2. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English by E. Partridge.
3. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by N.W. Fowler.
4. English Pronouncing Dictionary by D. Jones.
5. Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases by R.M. Roget.
6. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by J. Bosworth.
7. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.
8. Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by Ch.T.Onions.
9. The Second Barnhart Dictionary of New English. – N.Y. 1980.
10. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED). A corrected reissue of the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED): In thirteen vols/Ed. by Y.A.H. Murray, H. Brandley, W.A. Craigie, Ch.T. Onions. – Oxford, 1977.
Assignment 2.
Define the Dictionaries from Which the Entries Are Given.
1. Bach– elor n 1. unmarried man, spinster; (attrib) of, suitable for, an unmarried
person: a (= independent unmarried) girl, flats.
2. (man or woman who has taken the first university degree:
Br of Arts/Science
2. Alone, solitary, lonely, lone, lonesome, foreign, desolate
1. находящийся или чувствующий себя вне общества других
людей, одинокий, покинутый, оставленный…
3. cloister (s.v.) – ers, - ering, - ered
4. electricity ilek’trisiti [,elek-, i:lek-, elik-]
5. 79. Adam’s ale (или wine) шутл. «вино Адама», вода
Some take a glass of porter to their dinner, but I slake my thirst with Adam’s wine (Eliot G.) Многие выпивают за обедом стакан портера, я же утоляю жажду водой.
6. bishop OE. Biscop, corr. To OS. Biskop, OHG biscof ( G. biscof), ON. Biskup pop L.* biscopus, for eccl. L. episcopus – Gr. Episkopos overseer( whence Goth. aipiskaupus) f. epi EPI + -skopos looking (cf. - scope )
7. Great Rebellion [`greitri`beljen] Великий мятеж (термин, принятый историографией для обозначения периода Английской буржуазной революции [English Revolution]; тж. Civil Wars, Commonwealth 2 и Protectorate)
8. Hyperbole [hai`pe:beli] n. ( f. Gk. Hyperbole, a throwing beyond, excess f. hyperballein, to throw beyond; f. hyper – преувеличение, усиливающее выразительность слова. One of the types of semantic change. An exaggerated statement not meant to be understood literally but expressing an emotional attitude of the speaker to what he is speaking about, e.g. lovely! awfully! splendid!
9. Заклеивать, заклеить(вн.) glue up(d.) stick* up(d.); ~ окно seal up a window; ~ щели stop up the chinks; ~ конверты seal (up) an envelope, ~иваться, заклеиться 1.stick*; конверт не ~ ивается the envelope will not stick; 2. страдат. к заклеивать
10. HUN 1. One of Asiatic race of warlike nomades who invaded Europe c. AD 375, and in the middle of the 5th c. under their King Atilla overran & ravaged a greater part of this continent.
3. transf. A reckless or willful destroyer of beauties of nature or art; an uncultured devastator. C.f. “Goth”, “Vandal”.
S E M I N A R 2
ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. NATIVE WORDS VS BORROWED WORDS
I. The origin of English words. Words of native origin.
2. Common Indo-European and Germanic word-stock. Cognate words.
3. Characteristic features of native words.
4.Causes, ways and types of borrowings in English.
5. The problem of assimilation of borrowings. Types and degrees of assimilation.
6. Etymological hybrids, etymological doublets and international words.
Folk etymology.
7. Interrelation between native and borrowed elements.
S E M I N A R 3
S E M I N A R 4
WORD STRUCTURE. AFFIXATION
1. Morpheme as one of the basic linguistic units.
Classification of morphemes.
Segmentation of words into morphemes.
Free and bound morphemes.
Morphemic types of words.
2.Aims and principles of derivational analysis.
Derivational types of words. Word stem.
Degrees of derivation.
3.The analysis of words into Immediate Constituents.
4.Derivational and functional affixes. Semi-affixes.
5.The nomenclature of affixes in the English language.
Prefixation and suffixation.
6.Different principles of classification of derivational affixes.
7.Historical changeability of word structure.
8.Peculiarities of affixation as a way of word-building in modern English.
R e f e r e n c e b o o k s:
1. Arnold I. V. The English Word. P. 77-106.
2. Ginzburg R. S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979, P. 89-106, P.114-126
3. Каращук П.М. Словообразование английского языка. М., 1977.
4. Кубрякова Е.С. Основы морфологического анализа. М., 1974.
5. Кубрякова Е.С. Типы языковых знчений. Семантика производного слова. М., 1981.
6. Мешков О.Д. Словообразование современного английского языка. М., 1976.
Q u e s t i o n s
1. What is the difference between a word and a morpheme?
2. What is the aim of analysis into immediate constituents?
3. What is the difference between derivational and functional affixes?
4. What is a bound morpheme?
5. How do we classify derivational affixes?
6. What is meant by simplification of stems?
7. What is the number of derivational affixes?
8. What are the peculiarities of English prefixation?
A s s i g n m e n t s
Assignment 1.
Translate the Following Terms into Russian and Comment on Their Essence:
Сompound derivatives, level of analysis, UCs (ultimate constituents), structural pattern, non-productive, polymorphic, word stem, semi-affix.
Assignment 2.
Discriminate Between Productive Affixes of Germanic and Romanic Origin:
Мis-, -y, -en, -ize, -let, in-, -ess, -al, -ie, sub-, -ly, -ish, de-, -ate, -ness, -er, -ee.
Assignment 3.
Give Full Characteristics of the Affixes:
-Ship, -ly, pre-, -ism, -fold, super-, anti-, -ster.
Assignment 4.
State the Morphological Structure of the Words Below:
Ailment, fair-minded, unforgetfullness, headline, booklet, forget-me-not, window-shopping, waste-paper-basket.
Assignment 5.
Give the Primary Forms of Words:
Sheriff, always, lady, neighbour, breakfast, barn, elbow, lord, daisy, cupboard, window, husband, gossip, forehead.
S E M I N A R 5
WORD - BUILDING
1.Word composition.
a) General characteristics of the process of compounding;
b) The criteria of compounds;
c) Specific features of English compounds;
d) Classification of compounds;
e) The historical development of English compounds.
2.Conversion.
a) The historical development of conversion in English;
b) Conversion in modern English as a morphological-syntactical way of word-building;
c) Traditional and occasional conversion;
d) Semantic relationships in conversion.
3.Minor ways of word-building.
a) Shortening;
b) Blending;
c) Onomatopoeia;
d) Back-formation;
e) Distinctive stress;
f) Sound interchange.
R e f e r e n c e b o o k s:
1. Arnold I. V. The English Word. M.,1986, P. 108-163
2. Ginzburg R. S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979, P.108-114, P. 127-158.
3. Marchand H. The Categories and Types of Present Day English Word-Formation. Wiesbaden, 1960.
4. Мешков О.Д. Словообразование современного английского языка. М.,1976.
5. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
6. Загоруйко А.Я. Конверсия – морфолого-синтаксический способ словообразования. Автореф.дис….канд.филол.наук. М., 1968.
Q u e s t i o n s
1. What is a compound word?
2. What structural types of compound words exist in English?
3. What is the difference between a compound word and a combination of words?
4. Which type of composition is productive in Modern English?
5. How old is conversion as a way of word-building?
6. How do you account for a high productivity of conversion in Modern English?
7. Why do we call conversion a morphological-syntactical way of word-building?
8. What serves as a word-building means in case of conversion?
9. What word is called a compound derivative?
10. What is the difference between a shortened word and its prototype?
A s s i g n m e n t s
Assignment 1.
Analyse the Morphological Structure of the Following Words:
Мind-reader, woman, shortsightedness, egg-shell, always, Anglo-African, cabman, double-decker, reckless, hide-and-seek, highway, salesman, radio-equipped, brick-paved, lord.
Assignment 2.
Discriminate Between Motivated and Non-motivated Compound Words:
Мicrofilm, master-key, brainwash, sweet-tooth, whores-marine, to speedread, backseat-driver, green-yellow, blackskirt, frontbencher, brick-layer, lady-killer, handbag.
Assignment 3.
Form Verbs from the Nouns by Conversion and Compare Their Meaning with that of the Original Words:
Station, dog, back, star, fish, head, ass, pocket, face, man, rat.
Assignment 4.
Give Full Words of the Following Shortened Ones:
Pub, taxi, CIA, lb., UNESCO, dorm, id., ad., gap, specs, M. P., comfy, V-day, phiz, KKK, maths, NASA, UFO, mam, fancy, ad, chap, i. e., van, dz.
Assignment 5.
Comment on the Formation of the Blends:
Good-bye, brunch, Irangate, republicrat, fruice, electrocute, flush, Nixonomics, zebrule, dollarature.
Assignment 6.
Give the Derivational Origin of the Following Words:
To spring-clean, to beg, to type-write, to enthuse, to burgle, to baby-sit, to edit, to orate, t o automate, to butle.
Assignment 7.
Comment on the Nature of the Following Onomatopoeic Words:
Ding-dong, buzz, croak, yelp, grumble, hiss, clap, tinkle, sizzle, bellow, boom, twitter, neigh, murmur, babble, grunt, bleet, jungle, crash.
S E M I N A R 6
S E M A S I O L O G Y
1. Word meaning. Different approaches to the study of meaning.
2. Types of meaning. Lexical and grammatical meaning.
3. The semantic structure of words. Central and peripheral elements of it.
4. Denotational and connotational components of meaning, their constituents. Stylistic reference, evaluation, emotive charge.
5. Polysemantic words. The interrelation of lexico-semantic variants (LSVs). Polysemy and context.
6. Word-meaning and motivation.
7. Semantic change. Linguistic and extra-linguistic causes of semantic change.
8. Types of semantic change:
a) Generalization of meaning;
b) Specialization of meaning;
c) Degradation (pejoration) of meaning;
d) Elevation (amelioration) of meaning.
8. Different types of semantic transfer (metaphoric and metonymic). Shifts of meaning through hyperbole, litotes, irony and euphemism.
R e f e r e n c e b o o k s:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1986. P.37-73.
2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979. P.13-38.
3. Palmer F. Semantics. A New Outline /Pref.and commentaries by M.V. Nikitin/. M., 1982.
4. Ullman St. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford, 1962.
5. Никитин М.В. Лексическое значение слова., М., 1983.
6. Уфимцева А.А. Лексическое значение слова. М., 1986.
Q u e s t i o n s
1. What are the main approaches to the study of word-meaning?
2. What is the structure of word-meaning?
3. What words are non-motivated?
4. Why do words change their meaning?
5. What is meant by plurality of meaning?
6. What are the basic types of semantic transfer?
Assignment 1.
Use the Following Terms in Sentences:
LSV, emotive charge, evaluative component, radiation, concatenation, basic meaning, split of polysemy, phonological motivation, demotivation, pejoration, hyperbole, euphemism, connotational.
Assignment 2.
Characterize the Interrelation of Denotational and Connotational Components of meaning:
Abdomen, controversialist, oldie, algebraic, buck, beseech, brine, smartie, cycloid, drinko, departmentalism, trascendental.
Assignment 3.
Discriminate Between Different Types of Motivation:
Conventionalism, to howl, go-getter, cold, disreputable, sizzle, actor-manager, blackleg, eye, murmur, moon, coatless.
Assignment 4.
Comment on the Semantic Development of Words:
Starve, arrive, ready, style, camp, rival, girl, fowl, season, meat, pipe, write, hound.
Assignment 5.
Characterize Types of Semantic Changes in Words:
Knight, lord, villain, Tory, silly, nice, sad, clown, boor, steward, marshal, knave.
Assignment 6.
Explain the Logic of Semantic Transfer:
China, heaps of time, mouth of a cave, astrakhan, the best pen of his epoch, jeans, boicott, tongues of flame, a musical ear, champaign, rising spirits, a Ford, not half as bad, to burn with a desire, madeira, bookworm, hooligan.
S E M I N A R 7
S E M A S I O L O G Y (cont.)
1. Polysemy and homonymy.
a) Classification of homonyms.
b) Sources of homonymy.
c) Etymological and semantic criteria of polysemy and homonymy.
2. Synonyms.
a) Semantic equivalence and synonymy.
b) Criteria of synonymy.
c) Sources of synonymy in English. Euphemisms.
d) Types of synonyms. The role of synonymy in the development of the vocabulary.
3. Semantic contrasts and antonymy.
Root antonyms and derivational antonyms.
4. Thematic groups and semantic fields.
5. Methods and procedures of semasiological analysis.
R e f e r e n c e b o o k s:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1986, P. 182-238.
2. Ginzburg R.S. et.al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979, P.39-62.
3. Апресян Ю.Д. Англо-русский синонимический словарь. М., 1979.
4. Уфимцева А.А. Лексическое значение слова. М., 1986.
5. Стернин И.А. Проблемы анализа структуры значения слова. Воронеж, 1979.
6. Арнольд И.В. Семантическая структура слова в современном английском языке и методы ее исследования. Л., 1966.
7. Медникова Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания. М., 1974.
8. Принципы и методы семантических исследований. Сборник. М., 1976.
Q u e s t i o n s
1. How can you account for a highly developed polysemy in English?
2. What elements form the semantic structure of polysementic words?
3. What are the main sources of homonymy in English?
4. How do we treat homonymy synchronically?
5. What are the main principles of classification of synonyms?
6. What are the basic criteria of synonymy?
7. What synonyms are called contextual?
8. What is the essense of the law of synonymic attraction?
9. How do you understand the terms “hyponym” and “hyperonym”?
10. What is a synonymic dominant?
A s s i g n m e n t s
Assignment 1.
Comment on the Lexico-Semantic Variants of the Following Polysemantic Words:
Take, heart, letter, go, hand, do.
Assignment 2.
State the Development of Semantic Structure of the Following Words:
Sorrow, impression, guest, institute.
Assignment 3.
Give Perfect Homonyms to the Following Words, State Their Origin and Meaning:
Bill, pupil, spell, like, can, bat, fit.
Assignment 4.
Comment on the Origin of the Following Homonyms:
Flower - flour, rite – write - right, a bit - to bit, back – to back, box(1) – box(2), scene – seen, spring – to spring, capital (adj) – capital (n), know – no, rear (1) – rear (2), love – to love, chest (1) – chest (2), case (1) – case (2), sea – see.
Assignment 5.
Give Antonyms to the Following Words and Discriminate between Their Types:
Ugly, legal, continue, fortunate, courage, slow, light, distinct, wet, frequent, kind, clean, painful, movable, use.
Assignment 6.
Define the Source of Synonymy:
To ask – to question – to interrogate, poor – unprivileged, girl – lass, vegetable – veg, pretty – bonny, heaven – sky, foe – enemy, anxiety – anxiousness, house – residence, lodger – a paying guest.
Assignment 7.
Find Synonyms to the Following Words and State Their Types:
Disciple, shudder, sweat, heaven, warrior, holy, bare, bobby, mom, courage, dread, earth.
Assignment 8.
Discriminate between Synonyms in the Following Synonymic Groups and Point Out a Synonymic Dominant:
Anger – indignation – wrath – fire – rage – fury.
Mad – maniac(al) – crazy – crazed – insane – demented – deranged.
Apartment – flat – rooms – lodgings – chambers – quarters – tenement.
Assignment 9.
Explain the Usage of the Following Partial Synonyms:
Dear – expensive, frontier – border, mature – ripe, labyrinth – trap, mean – stingy.
S E M I N A R 8
P H R A S E O L O G Y
1. Phraseology as a branch of lexicology. Its theoretical basis.
2. Different approaches to the study of phraseological units in different linguistic schools.
3. The criteria of distinguishing phraseological units from free word combinations.
4. The origin of phraseological units in the English language.
5. The problem of classification of phraseological units:
a) The classification of phraseological units given by V.V. Vinogradov;
b) A.I. Smirnitsky’s classification of phraseological units ;
c) Contextual approach to the classification of phraseological units suggested by N.N. Amosova;
d) A.V. Koonin’s conception of English phraseology.
6. Phraseological status of proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and cliches.
7. Lexicological presentation of phraseological units.
8. Different modifications of phraseological units in actual speech.
9. Some debatable problems of phraseology.
R e f e r e n c e b o o k s:
1.Arnold I. V. The English Word. M. ,1986. P. 165-179
2.Ginzburg R. S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M. , 1979. P. 64-88 .
3.Longman Dictionary of Current English Idioms. Harlow and L. :
Longman Group Limited. , 1979 , 841 P.
4.Benham’s Book of Quotations and Proverbs. L. : George G.,
Harrap and Co., 1948. 1412 P.
5. Кунин А.В. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь. /Лит.ред. М.Д.
Литвинова. – М.: Русский язык, 1984. 944 С.
6.Кунин А.В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка: Учебное
пособие…М.: Высшая школа, 1986. 336 С.
Q u e s t i o n s
1.What is the difference between free word combinations and set expressions?
2.What are the most problematic aspects in the study of phraseological units?
3.In what way do phraseological units come to enrich the vocabulary of English?
4.How do we use phraseological units in actual speech?
5.Can we call phraseology a separate level of the language?
A s s i g n m e n t s
Assignment 1.
Define the Source of Phraseological Units:
Cakeand ale, an artful Dodger, a skeleton in the closet (cupboard), the lion’s share, what will Mrs. Grundy say?, to cast pearls before swine, to carry coals to Newcastle, a marriage of convenience, to blow one’s own trumpet, baker’s dozen.
Assignment 2.
Classify the Following Phraseological Units According to Difference Principles Advanced by V. Vinogradov, N. Amosova, A.Kunin:
To rob the cradle, to oil one’s palm, to appear on the scene, high spirits, sharp as a razor, to open old wounds, a white elephant, to swallow one’s words, maiden speech, small talk, a black sheep, the game is not worth the candle.
Assignment 3.
Dwell on the Extralinguistic Background of the Following Phraseological Units:
Beefeater, Christmas stockings, Jack the Ripper, April Fool, the mailed fist, fight like Kilkenny cats, Hobson’s choice, Barkis is willin, The Swan of Avon, to grin like a Cheshire cat.
Assignment 4.
Outline the Situation in Which You Can Use the Following Proverbs and Sayings:
He will never set the Thames on fire.
Cut your clothes according to your cloth.
An empty bag cannot stand upright.
S E M I N A R 9
D E V E L O P M E N T O F T H E V O C A B U L A R Y
1. The problem of obsolete words in English.
Lexical and grammatical archaisms. Historisms. Their classification and functional role.
2. The problem of new words in English.
a) New meanings and new vocabulary units;
b) Neologisms, different ways of building new words;
c) Occasional words, their types and functions.
3. The fundamentals of neology. Dictionaries of new words.
R e f e r e n c e b o o k s:
1.Arnold I. V. The English Word. M. ,1986. P. 219-221
2.Ginzburg R. S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M. , 1979. P. 180-193.
3.Barnhart C.L., Steinmetz S. Barnhart R.K. The Second Barnhart Dictionary of New English. 1973-1979. N.Y., 1980.
4.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 11 th ed. London, 1978.
5.Berg P.Ch. A Dictionary of New Words in English. N.Y., 1953.
6.Новые слова и словари новых слов. АН СССР. Ленинград, 1978.
7.Волошин Ю.К. Новообразования и собственно неологизмы английского языка /опыт дифференциации новых слов/. Автореф.канд.дисс. М., 1971.
8.Ретунская М.С. Английское окказиональное словообразование. Автореф.канд.дисс. Горький, 1974.
9.Трофимова Э.С. Словарь новых слов и значений в английском языке. М: “Павлин”, 1993. 304 С.
10.Жордания С.Д. Проблема архаизмов: Автореф.канд.дисс. М., 1970.
Q u e s t i o n s
1.How can we prove the dynamic character of the English vocabulary?
2.Why does some part of the vocabulary grow old and go to the periphery of the language's vocabulary?
3.Under what circumstances do obsolete words revive?
4.What dictionaries of new words do you know?
5.What are the productive ways of building neologisms?
6.What is the difference between neologisms and occasional words?
A s s i g n m e n t s
Assignment 1.
Define Extralinguistic Background of the Following Historisms:
Clavichord, frigate, musket, hoopskirt, galley, soaper, gauntlet, childe.
Assignment 2.
Substitute Modern Forms and Words for:
Quoth, thine, ye, kine, albeit, thy, eke, bade.
Assignment 3.
Give Modern Synonyms to the Following Obsolete Words:
Spoil-paper, carry-tail, nose-wise, eldern, disport, fisher.
Assignment 4.
Outline Semantic Spheres in Which the Following Neologisms are Used:
Intifada, AIDS, preschooler, Thatcherism, washeteria, pulsar, bookaholic, wrongo, bionics, deglamorize.
Assignment 5.
Find Russian Equivalents for the Following Neologisms:
Arrestee, laser card, narcodollars, televangelist, video jockey, relaunch, beach music, leonovise, paramedic, robototics.
Assignment 6.
Comment on the Meaning of the Following Occasionalisms:
Lord-and-masterdom, nostalgia-monger, womanthrope, word-waster, to pretend-read, Harvardism, monomania, not-my-cup-of-teaness, library-grinding, waspitality.
S E M I N A R 10
E N G L I S H L A N G U A G E
1. The English-speaking world. American, Canadian, Australian, New-Zealand and Indian variants of the English language.
2. The historical background of the development of the American variant of the English language.
3. Lexical peculiarities of American English:
a) Total divergency of lexical units in BE and AE;
b) Divergency of lexical units in BE and AE for the same denotatum;
c) Difference of semantic structure of partially equivalent words in BE and AE;
d) Lexical units in BE and AE equivalent in form and meaning but different in distribution;
e) Connotational divergencies of the same lexical units in BE and AE
f) Different frequency distribution of identical lexical units in BE and AE.
4. The prospect of linguistic bonds across the Atlantic.
5. Peculiarities of word-building process in AE.
6. The development of American lexicography.
R e f e r e n c e b o o k s:
1.Arnold I. V. The English Word. M. ,1986. P. 262-271
2.Ginzburg R. S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M. , 1979. P. 200-209.
3. Menchen H.L. The American Language. N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.. 1938. 769 P.
4. Webster’s New World Dictionary of American Language. Second College Edition: N.Y., 1974.
5. Швейцер А.Д. История американского варианта английского языка: дискуссионные проблемы //Вопросы языкознания. 1995. №3 С.77-92.
6. Швейцер А.Д. Литературный английский язык в США и в Англии. М., 1971.
Q u e s t i o n s
1. What is the difference between a dialect and a variant of English? Is AE a separate language?
2. In what spheres of the language do we state the most obvious divergencies between British English and American English?
3. What are the main lexical differences between BE and AE?
4. What were the causes of deviations of AE from BE?
A s s i g n m e n t s
Assignment 1.
Characterize the Following Americanisms Against Their Socio-cultural Background:
Prohibition, barracoon, sorority, wrangler, barbecue, vietnik, nickel, repeal, watcher, campus, drive-in, dude ranch, the Depression, forty-niner, canvasser.
Assignment 2.
Discriminate Between Different Ways of Word-Building in the Following Americanisms:
Baddie, patriotism, ambulance-chaser, draftee, hitch-hiker, bosso, luncheteria, Dallasgate, payola, sleep-in, dopelomate, tryout.
Assignment 3.
Find American Equivalents to Their British Counterparts:
Flat, elevator, corridor, waistcoat, chemist’s shop, season ticket, secondary school, lorry, tin, sweets, pillar-box, autumn, shop, biscuit, think, wireless, trousers.
III. WORD BUILDING
1. Give examples of words formed through affixation, characterize prefixes and suffixes according to their origin, meaning, type (convertive or non-convertive), productivity, frequency, stylistic reference, emotive charge, valency, part-of-speech meaning.
2. Give examples of compound words, characterize them according to the type of composition, idiomaticity, the way of joining components.
3. Find examples of words formed through conversion, characterize conversion pairs according to the main points of difference and similarity between the members of a pair; semantic relationship between them; direction of derivation.
4. Characterize examples of other ways of word-building; shortening, blending, back-formation, onomatopoeia, distinctive stress and sound interchange.
IV. SEMASIOLOGY
1. Find several (5-6) lexical units with different types and degrees of motivation.
2. Point out instances of semantic change (widening, narrowing, degradation, amelioration of meaning). Characterize different cases of semantic transfer (metaphor, metonymy, etc.).
3. Point out polysemantic words, characterize their lexico-semantic variants. Supply some words in the text with homonyms, speak on their source, type, degree.
4. Define the type and source of synonyms to some words in the text.
5. Find homonyms to several words from the text, define their source and types.
V. PHRASEOLOGY
Find several phraseological units and classify them according to V.V.Vinogradov’s classification, N.N. Amosova’s classification, A.V. Coonin’s classification. Speak on their source.
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
1. Native element in the English vocabulary.
2. Classical element and other early borrowings in English.
3. Borrowings from different languages, their assimilation.
4. Morphological structure of English words. The system of affixation.
5. Word-building.
6. Word-meaning and motivation.
7. Polysemy, synonymy, homonymy.
8. Types of semantic changes in the development of the vocabulary.
9. Phraseology.
10. English and American lexicography.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Амосова Н.Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка. М., 1956.
Амосова Н.Н. Английская контекстология. Л., 1968.
Амосова Н.Н. Основы английской фразеологии. Л., 1963.
Апресян Ю.Д. Лексическая семантика. Синонимические средства языка. М., 1974.
Арнольд И.В. Семантическая структура слова в современном английском языке и методы ее исследования. Л., 1966.
Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка: Стилистика декодирования. 2-е изд., перераб. Л., 1981.
Беляева Т.М., Потапова И.А. Английский язык за пределами Англии. Л., 1971.
Каращук П.М. Словообразование английского языка. М., 1977.
Караулов Ю.Н. Лингвистическое конструирование и тезаурус литературного языка. М., 1981.
Котелова Н.З. Значение слова и его сочетаемость. Л., 1975.
Кубрякова Е.С. Основы морфологического анализа. М., 1974.
Кубрякова Е.С. Типы языковых значений. Семантика производного слова. М., 1981.
Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английского языка. М., 1972.
Лайонз Дж. Введение в теоретическую лингвистику /Пер. с англ. М., 1978.
Медникова Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания. М., 1974.
Медникова Э.М. Практикум по лексикологии английского языка. М., 1978. /на англ.яз./
Мешков О.Д. Словообразование современного английского языка. М., 1976.
Никитин М.В. Лексическое значение слова. М., 1983.
Стернин И.А. Проблемы анализа структуры значения слова. Воронеж, 1979.
Ступин Л.П. Словари современного английского языка. Л., 1973.
Уфимцева А.А. Лексическое значение. М., 1986.
Хидекель С.С. и др. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Л., 1969 /на англ.яз./.
Беляева Т.П., Хомяков В.А. Нестандартная лексика английского языка. Л., 1985.
Швейцер А.Д. Литературный английский язык в США и в Англии. М., 1971.
Швейцер А.Д. Современная социолингвистика: теория, проблемы, методы. М., 1976.
Языковая номинация: Общие вопросы. М., 1976.
Языковая номинация: Виды наименований. М., 1977.
Arnold I.V. The English Word. М., 1986.
Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. М., 1979.
Jespersen O. Growth and Structure of the English Language, Oxford, 1982.
Lyons J. Semantics. London-Cambridge, 1979. Vols. 1 and 2.
Marchand H. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation. Wiesbaden, 1960.
McKnight C. English Words and their Background. New York – London, 1931.
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ахматова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М., 1966.
Деева И.М., Ишо Л.Х., Литвиненко А.И., Плеухина Э.Н., Снегирева Т.А. Учебное пособие по английской лингвистической терминологии. Горький, 1975.
Ретунская М.С. К истокам английского слова. Учебные материалы по этимологии английского языка. Горький, 1987.
Томахин Г.Д. Реалии-американизмы. Пособие по страноведению. М., 1988.
LISTS OF BORROWINGS
CELTIC WORDS IN ENGLISH
Bannock, brat, bin, brock, cart, cradle, crocca, dun, dunn, dale, torr, bard, bog, brogue, fun, glib, lough, shamrock, tory, cosy, glen, loch, mackintosh, plaid, reel, slogan, raid, whiskey, cromlech, crowd, flannel, kick, wee, billy, bonny.
Winchester, Exeter, Glouscester, Salisbury, Stratford-on-Avon, Thames, Duncomb, Tornhill, Cardigan, Edinburgh, Lincoln, Carlisle.
EARLY LATIN BORROWINGS
| Street | mile | pound | cup | box |
| wall | acid | monger | dish | mint |
| pit | chest | inch | kettle | turnip |
| pea | pine | plum | poppy | radish |
| onion | mill | plant | chalk | copper |
| kitchen | linen | line | purple | sack |
| sock | candle | sponge | mule | dragon |
| elephant | ass | oyster | turtle | butter |
| cheese | chester | port | fountain | tower |
| mountain | wine |
SCANDINAVIAN WORDS IN ENGLISH
| Anger | bore | die | flake | happy | scant | |
| bag | cake | dirt | flat | harsh | scold | |
| band | clip | drag | fog | hip | scrape | |
| bark | club | drown | freckle | hug | scream | |
| bask | clumsy | egg | gape | kid | screech | |
| big | cock | fast | gasp | law | scrub | |
| bond | cosy | fellow | get | leg | shrill | |
| booth | crawl | fidget | gift | loft | skate | |
| bound | crook | fir | gloss | nag | ski | |
| bow | cub | fit | guess | odd | skill | |
| bulk | cut | fizz | gun | rag | skin | |
| bunch | dash | flag | happen | rotten | skirt | |
| sky | slave | snug | stern | take | their | |
| them | they | thrust | till | ugly | want | |
| window | wing | |||||
FRENCH WORDS IN ENGLISH
Government
Court, crown, council, empress, govern, reign, realm, sovereign, country, power, minister, parliament, people, nation, feudal, peer, baron, marquis, duke, prince.
Law
Just, judge, jury, suit, sue, summon, course, session, attorney, accuse, crime, traitor, damage, heritage, property, injury, case, marriage, prove, false, heir, defend, prison, robber, rich, poor, poverty, money, interest, rent.
Art and Architecture
Art, beauty, colour, image, design, figure, ornament, paint, arch, tower, pillar, column, aisle, choir, abbey, cloister, palace, castle, mansion.
Army and Navy
Army, navy, peace, enemy, arms, battle, combat, siege, defense, retreat, soldier, guard, spy, captain, lieutenant, sergeant, danger.
Fashion, Meals, Social Life
Fashion, dress, gown, cloak, coat, frock, collar, veil, train, embroidery, button, kerchief, mitten, boots, blue, brown, scarlet, jewel, ornament, brooch, diamond, ruby, pearl.
Dinner, supper, appetite, taste, salmon, oyster, beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, toast, biscuit, salad, tart, jelly, roast, boil, stew, fry, plate, saucer, fruit, comfort, joy, delight, pleasure, ease, sport, cards.
SPANISH WORDS IN ENGLISH
| Corrida | sombrero | squadron | tomato |
| torrero | doublon | filibuster | cocoa |
| bolero | peso | tortilla | banana |
| flamenco | armada | vanilla | quadroon |
| senor | caudillo | potato | creole |
| don | infanta | maize | cannibal |
| hidalgo | junta | barbecue | embargo |
| mantilla | guerrilla | chocolate | plaza |
| padre | rodeo | corral | machete |
| lasso | mustang | cigar | risk |
| caravel | contraband | canoe | hurricane |
| hammock | jaguar | poncho | quinine |
| canyon | cafeteria | tango | caramel |
ITALIAN WORDS IN ENGLISH
| studio | aria | contralto | scenario |
| concert | finale | soprano | fiasco |
| opera | piano | soprano | pantaloon |
| serenade | viola | solo | corridor |
| sonata | violoncello | duet | gallery |
| ambassador | portfolio | racket | cash |
| bank | credit | bank | bark |
| manager | spaghetti | macaroni | pizza |
| volcano | grotto | citadel | balcony |
| casino | mosaic | barricade | colonel |
ARABIC WORDS IN ENGLISH
| Admiral alcohol apricot candy carat check chess coffee cotton crimson lemon sofa sugar talc zero | albatross giraffe zebra azimuth zenith henna jasmine sandal spinach elixir matrass atlas damask mohair typhoon | algebra soda allah caliph Koran Moslem minaret talisman cable magazine harem kaif Khan risk assassin |
GERMAN WORDS IN ENGLISH
| Bismuth cobalt nickel wolfram aspirin blitz jaeger | yodel sauerkraut lagerbeer vermouth schnaps poodle kirsch | marzipan rucksack carouse waltz swindler lobby vaneer | iceberg kindergarten blitzkrieg luftwaffe bunker gestapo volkssturm |
| Blood and iron (Blut und Eisen) iron rations (Eiserne Ration) mailed fist (gepanzerte Faust) place in the sun (Platz an der Sonne) | song without words (Lieder ohne Worter) homesickness (Heimweh) time-spirit (Zeitgeist) masterpiece (Meisterstuck) |
М. C. Ретунская
СЕМИНАРОВ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИИ