Perfect Participle Active and Passive
Обстоятельственные причастные обороты времени и причины могут переводиться деепричастием совершенного вида или придаточным предложением
| Успешно решивзадачу нахождения участка для насосной станции, наши специалисты смогли разработать способы планирования нового проекта | |
| Havingsuccessfully solvedthe problem of a site location for the pump station, our specialists could work out the methods of planning the new project. | или |
| После того как наши специалистыуспешно решили задачу нахождения участка для насосной станции, они смогли разработать способы планирования нового проекта |
Обстоятельственные причастные обороты в английском языке бывают двух видов:
1) зависимый причастный оборот, в котором действие, выражаемое причастием, относится к подлежащему данного предложения. Такие обороты, как мы видели, выражают обстоятельства времени, причины или образа действия и обычно переводятся русскими деепричастными оборотами, например:
| Applying force, we produce motion | Прилагая силу, мы производим движение |
2) независимый причастный оборот. В английском языке, в отличие от русского, бывают и такие причастные обороты, в которых действие, выражаемое причастием не обнаруживает прямой связи с подлежащим данного предложения, а имеет как бы свое собственное подлежащее
| The equipment having purchased, the construction began |
Такие обороты называются независимыми причастными оборотами. (The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction).
Они переводятся тремя способами;
3) придаточным предложением времени:
| Когда (после того, как) закупили оборудование, началось строительство |
4) придаточным предложением причины:
| Так как закупили оборудование, началось строительство |
самостоятельным предложением, соединенным союзами: причем; в то время, как; а, но. Такой перевод дается обычно тогда, когда независимый причастный оборот стоит в конце предложения:
Almost all metals are good conductors of electricity,
silver being the best conductor of all.Почти все металлы являются
хорошими проводниками электричества, причем самым лучшим из всех оказывается серебро.
Основными признаками независимого причастного оборота являются:
а) наличие слова (группы слов), играющего роль подлежащего в причастном обороте; б) наличие запятой, которая всегда отделяет независимый причастный оборот.
Грамматические упражнения
Определите функцию формы с окончанием -ing и переведите следующие предложения:
- The molecules of a gas are moving about freely.
- Knowing the volume, the pressure, and the temperature of the gas, we can determine the state of its mass.
- At the beginning of the century scientists succeeded in breaking the nucleus of the atom by attacking it with tiny particles flying with a great speed.
- Being taken in proper proportion hydrogen and oxygen combine forming water. 5. The ammeter is a measuring device.
- The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very strong.
- When speaking of water, we must remember that it is composed of tiny particles- its molecules.
- Having been detained by a snow storm, the liner was three days late.
- I was told of their having been sent to the rescue operation.
- He had good hopes of being sent to fulfilling this mission, and therefore, before returning home he spent some hours in preparing the plane for flight, trying it again and again.
Дополнительный материал
10.3.1 Прочтите и выучите наизусть определения основных терминов и понятий нефтегазовой промышленности, изложенные в Указе Президента, имеющего силу Закона “О нефти” (статья 1).
“Block” means any territory on dry land and in water, which is located fully or partially in the Republic of Kazakhstan and shown as a block on a specially prepared chart of blocks.
“Internal Water Bodies” means lakes, artificial reservoirs and other surface level water resources.
“Production” means any operations which are related to the recovery of oil to the surfacea and shall include:
- the construction and operation of subsurface and surface industrial equipment and facilities;
- the recovery of oil to the subsurface, organization and support of the working process in operational wells;
- the treatment and processing and of oil;
- the extraction of oil by-products, and
- petroleum and natural gas utilization and liquefaction.
“Competent Body” means the State Body to which the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan has delegated rights directly related to the conclusion of Contracts.
“Contract” means an agreement between a Contractor and a Competent Body to carry out Petroleum Operations.
“Contract Territory” means a territory, determined by the geological and/or mining lease, on which Contractor is authorized to carry out Petroleum Operations in compliance with the Contract.
“Commercial Discovery” means the discovery in a Contract Territory of one or several fields, which are deemed profitable for development purposes.
“Sea” means the surface and depth of water, the bed of the Caspian and Aral seas, within the Kazakhstan territory of the Caspian and the Aral seas.
“Offshore Scientific Investigations” means scientific and research work related to conduct offshore Petroleum Operations.
“Field” means one or several natural accumulations of hydrocarbons in a geological reservoir of any type.
“Trunk Pipeline” means an engineering facility consisting of a linear part and accompanying surface level objects, communications, remote controls and communications, which is intended for transportation of oil from the place of production (refining) to the place of transfer to a different type of transport, processing or use. A pipeline that is operated as a collector shall not be regarded as a trunk pipeline.
“Petroleum” means crude oil, gas condensate, natural gas, and also hydrocarbons received after the refining of crude oil, natural gas and treatment of fuel shale or resinous sand.
“Petroleum Operations” means all operations conducted onshore and in the river, lake and other inland areas, as well as offshore Petroleum Operations , related to exploration, production, construction and operation of the subsurface oil storages and tanks, construction and operation of oil and gas pipelines,
“Contractor” means a physical person or a legal entity which has concluded a Contract with the Competent Body (an Authorized State Body) for the conduct of the Petroleum Operations.
“Good Oil Field Development Practice” means the internationally accepted practice of Petroleum Operations which is considered as rational, safe, effective and necessary when executing Petroleum Operations.
“Oil By-Products” means various types of metallic and other compounds contained in oil and formation waters of a field.
“Littoral State” means the adjacent and opposite states of the Caspian and Aral sea (lake) basins.
“Natural Gas” means hydrocarbons, which are in gaseous form under normal atmospheric temperature and pressure, including rich gas, dry gas, dissolved gas , which remain after extraction or separation of liquid hydrocarbons from rich gas, and non-hydrocarbon gas, which is extracted together with liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons.
“Exploration” means any operations, which are associated with the prospecting and exploration of oil, and shall include:
- geological and geophysical investigations;
- structured drilling;
- drilling of prospecting and exploratory wells, and also experimental and industrial work on fields, which are under exploration.
“Crude Oil” Means any hydrocarbons, irrespective of their specific weight, which have been extracted from the subsurface in liquid form under normal atmospheric temperature and pressure, including liquid hydrocarbons, which are known as distillate or condensate, which are formed from natural gas by means of natural condensation.
Coastal Line Means the coastal line formed as a result of the maximum tide (full water tide).
The procedure of determination of actual location of coastal line is determined by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
“Pollution of the Sea” means inflow of pollutant materials, substances, energy, noise, vibrations in marine areas, as well as formation of different types of radiation and fields, which would lead to or facilitate damage to the health of the population, live marine resources and to the marine ecosystem, or creating hindrances or leading to or creating losses to physical or legal entities, engaged in the legal activities either in the sea, or on its coast;
“Offshore Facilities” means any artificially created facilities, located in the sea, including artificial islands, dams, structures, fixed and floating equipment for conducting Petroleum offshore operations.
“Offshore Protected Zones or Safety Zones” are zones determined by the Acts of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, established around offshore facilities in order to ensure safety of people, live marine resources, environment and navigation, fishing and other lawful activities, conducted in accordance with current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in an offshore area. “Best Practice in Relation to the Protection of the Marine Environment” means general internationally accepted practice for conducting offshore Petroleum Operations, which create the lowest level of pollution of the sea or fully exclude the pollution of the sea.
“Oil and Gas Pipelines” means any pipelines designated for oil transportation, including trunk lines, collecting pipelines, and also equipment and mechanisms for cleaning, separation and liquefaction of substances, transported through a system of pipelines or its separate parts, the system of control and isolation, system of electrochemical protection and other equipment intended for servicing these pipelines.
“Offshore Petroleum Operations” means exploration, production, construction and operation of the oil and gas pipelines in the offshore area.
“Bordered field” means a field, located within the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan or in the offshore area, a part of which is located in a territory or in the jurisdiction of a different adjacent or opposite state.
“Protection zone” means a zone stretching from the coastal line of the sea for 5 kilometers in the direction of dry land in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Construction and Operation of the Oil and Gas Pipelines” means any work (operations), conducted with the purpose of construction, laying and operation of oil and gas pipelines onshore, on rivers, lakes, offshore and other inland waters. “Construction and Operation of the Subsurface Oil Storage Facilities and Tanks” means any work, related to construction and operation of the subsurface oil and gas storage facilities and tanks. “National Company” means a closed joint stock company, with one hundred percent of stock belonging to the state, created by the Edict of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan for managing Petroleum Operations directly in the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as by shared participation in the Contracts.
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