I. Make up sentences using the following words and expressions
1. the Pedagocial Faculty, in 1921, The Belarusian State University, and began its work, in 1922, was founded
2. three terms, there were, took place, and lessons, in a year, from 5 p.m., in the evening, usually, till 8 p.m.
3. to pass tests, had, students, to the next course to move up.
4. the basis and the main principles, were formed, of Belarusian science, that meant, exactly at that time, that
5. the chromosomal inheritance theory, in 1950s, was prohibited
II. Complete the following sentences.
1. Some courses were obligatory ...
2. An interesting fact is ...
3. Moreover, they began researches in new fields ...
4. Very soon the Biology faculty began to enlarge ...
5. The surprising fact is ...
6. Today the faculty includes ...
7. Concerning social and cultural life ...
8. It’s always a great pleasure ...
READING MATERIAL
TEXT A
I. Read and translate the text.
Organic Molecules
The molecules found in living organisms vary tremendously in all ways including complexity. Usually they vary from complex to more complex! A molecule of table sugar, which comes from sugar cane or sugar beets, is composed of 45 atoms: 12 of carbon, 22 of hydrogen, and 11 of oxygen. Its chemical formula is C12 H22 O11. Starch molecules, which are found in all plants, contain thousands of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Protein molecules are often much larger still.
These large molecules are called organic molecules. All organic compounds contain carbon, in addition to other elements.
Many chemists of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centures felt it was impossible to learn much about organic compounds. They felt that these complex compounds could be made by an animal or plant but not by a chemist in his laboratory. Only after Wohler synthesized urea and Kolbe synthesized acetic acid did these beliefs change.
It was found that urea was made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in the proportions expressed by the formula CON2H4 - a molecule of eight atoms, this is better written as CO(NH2)2. Аs study progressed, it became apparent that a simple formula for a compound is not always sufficient. Just аs the position of letters determines the word, so the position of atoms determines the type of molecule.
The formula CO(NH2)2, for urea, does not fully indicate the position of each atom relative to the other atoms. A better way of showing what we know of the makeup of the urea molecule is to use a structural formula.
Vocabulary Notes
vary (v) [vFqrI] – изменяться, варьировать
include (v) [InklHd] – включать
complexity (n) [kqm′pleksItI] – сложность
urea (n) [jHqrIq] – мочевина
acid (n) [xsid] – кислота
belief (n) [bIlJf] – убеждение, вера
apparently (adv) [q′pxrqntlI] – вероятно, очевидно
sufficient (adj) [sA′fISnt] – достаточный
depend (v) [dI’pend] – зависеть
occupy (v) [′OkjupaI] – занимать (место)
determine (v) [dI′tWmIn] – определять
indicate (v) [′IndIkeIt] – показывать
relative (adj) [′relqtiv] – относительный
makeup (n) [′meikAp] – строение, структура
attach (v) [Q′txtS] – присоединять (-ся)
II. Mind the pronunciation of the following words:
| molecule [′mOlikjHl] carbon [kRbn] hydrogen [′haIdrIGqn] oxygen [′OksIGqn] | chemical [kemIkql] protein [proutIn] laboratory [lq′bOrqtqri] |
III.Mark the following statements as true or false:
1. Urea was the first chemical compound to be synthesized.
2. The properties of organic molecules fully depend on the number and kinds of atoms they are made up of.
3. Starch molecules are the simplest of all organic molecules.
4. The molecules containing carbon and other elements are called organic.
5. A structural formula of a molecule shows the number of atoms it consists of.
6. Some centuries ago scientists could easily synthesize organic compounds.
T E X T B
Read and translate the text:
Species
There are many different groupings beginning with species and ending with kingdom. Thus, you and all other human beings belong to the species Homo sapiens. In addition, you and all other animals belong to the group Kingdom Animalia.
A system for classifying organisms has developed gradually over the past 300 years. It was not until the late seventeenth century that an Englishman, John Ray (1627-1705), developed a clear concept of species. To him a species consisted of offspring of similar parents. The concept has been modified since the time of Ray. We now look upon a species as a group of individuals that can breed with one another. At the same time individuals of one species do not usually breed with individuals of other species in nature. We must emphasize the “in nature” because many species can crossbreed under artificial conditions even though they do not under natural conditions.
It was left to the eighteenth-century Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus to establish the rules that are used for naming organisms. Linnaeus gave every species that he knew a name of two words. Hence his system is known as binomial nomenclature. The first word of the species name is the name of the genus to which it belongs. The second name is the so-called descriptive or trivial name. Both words are Latin or Latinized Greek (later systematists have not always used classical words in naming organisms). The genus and descriptive name together constitute the species name of the organism concerned. For example, the large group of cats was given the generic (genus) name Felis. A particular group of cats was given the trivial name Leo. These words together, Felis Leo, are used for the lion, one species of cat. The scientific name of the common house cat is Felis domesticus; of the tiger, Felis tigris. All are cats, but each is a different species of cat.
Linnaeus listed 4,236 species of animals in his Systems Naturae of 1758. The total today is almost a million known species. We are sure there are just as many, and possibly more, that have not been named.
To ensure that no two groups of animals get the same specific name, a very elaborate system has been set up for classifying animals. There is even an international court of biologists that will decide any disputed cases of naming that occasionally occur.
GRAMMAR EXECISES
Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form. Use Present Simple or Past Simple, Active or Passive.
1. It’s a big factory. 500 people (employ) there.
2. Water (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.
3. Most of the Earth’s surface (cover) by water.
4. The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
5. The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday.
6. Ron’s parents (die) when he was very young.
7. I was born in London but I (grow) up in the north of England.
8. While I (be) on holiday my camera (steal) from my hotel room.
9. While I (be) on holiday my camera (disappear) from my hotel room.
10. The company (be) not independent. It (own) by a much larger company.
11. I (see) an accident last night. Somebody (call) an ambulance but nobody (injure) so the ambulance (not/need).
12. Where (these photos/take)? In London? (you/take) them?
13. Belarus (situate) in the centre of Europe.
14. Belarus (border) on Poland, Baltic States and Russia.
15. Minsk (be) the capital of Belarus.
16. Belarus (call) the land of lakes.
17. BSU (Belarusian State University) (open) in 1921.
18. The Academy of Sciences of Belarus (consist) of more than 40 institutions.
19. Visitors (allow) into the house and grounds between 9.00 a.m. and 5.30 p.m.
20. I’m very sorry we couldn’t repair your car today, but it (repair) tomorrow. (Future simple).
21. The bank robber didn’t get for. He (catch) near London last night.
22. In 1921 Ireland (divide) into Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
23. The University campus (destroy) almost completely during the war.
24. Lake Naroch (use) for both scientific investigations and academic purposes.
25. The billboard newspaper of the biology faculty (call) “Vita”.
26. Zoological museum of the biology faculty (create) in 1922.
27. Minsk first (mention) in chronicles in 1067.
28. Belarusian flax products well (know) abroad.
29. The Belarusians (accustom) to working hard.
30. Many territories in Belarus are unique places where infinite nature (save) untouched.
31. Every 4 years a president (elect) in the USA.
32. More cars (build) in the Detroit area than anywhere else in the USA.
33. Lunch (serve) in the cafeteria from 11.00 to 2.30.
34. You (ask) not to touch the furniture.
35. Visitors (request) not to feed the animals.
36. The staff (not permit) to accept tips.
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice.
1. The delegates had received the information before the recess.
2. The teacher should buy the supplies for this class.
3. Somebody will call Mr. Watson tonight.
4. Martha was delivering the documents to the department.
5. Somebody calls the president every day.
6. John is calling the other members.
7. The fire has caused considerable damage.
8. The company was developing a new procedure before the bankruptcy hearing began.
9. John will have received the paper by tomorrow.
10. The milkman brings the milk to my door but the postman leaves the letters in the hall.
11. In future perhaps they won’t bring letters to the houses, and we shall have to collect them from the post office.
12. People steal things from supermarkets every day, someone stole 20 bottles of whisky from this one last week.
13. The postman clears this box 3 times a day. He last cleared it at 2.30.
14. Normally men sweep this street every day, but nobody swept it last week.
15. Someone turned on the light in the hall and opened the door.
16. We never saw him in the dining-room.
17. We serve hot meals till 10.30 and guests can order coffee and sandwiches up to 11.30.
18. Passengers leave all sorts of things in buses. The conductors collect them and send them to the Lost Property office.
19. An ambulance took a sick man to hospital.
20. You can’t wash this dress, you must dry-clean it.
Ex. 3. Rewrite the sentences in the passive, making the underlined words the subject of the sentence.
1. Someone showed the child how to use the telephone.
2. They declared him “persona non grata”. They allowed him only 48 hours to leave the country.
3. They gave him artificial respiration.
4. Why didn’t they offer her the job?
5. Didn’t they promise you a rise in salary at the beginning of the year?
6. What did they pay you for doing the job?
7. Someone should tell her never to do that again.
8. They asked you to meet me here at 11 o’clock.
9. Will someone send me the details?
10. We shall send you the goods as soon as they are available.
11. Someone must teach that boy a lesson.
12. Everyone knows this fact very well.
13. They opened the theatre only last month.
14. People will soon forget it.
15. You must write the answers in ink.
16. Someone has taken two of my books.
17. We have already filled the vacancy.
18. What should one do in such case?
19. Did they say anything interesting?
20. You should keep milk in the refrigerator.
21. I don’t think anyone can do it.
22. You must finish the work by 7.
23. They are now manufacturing this type of computer in many countries.
24. No one could possibly have known the secret.
25. Has someone made all the necessary arrangements?
26. The police kept the man in custody.
27. Does someone clean all the rooms regularly?
Ex. 4. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the Passive Voice.
1. In many flowering plants the seeds are enclosed within a fruit.
2. When some sea weeds are boiled in fresh water the brown colouring matter is dissolved and the seaweeds become bright green.
3. In sexual reproduction the egg is fertilized by motile spermatozoids.
4. The mossy “carpet” is formed by many plants living together.
5. During mitosis each chromosome divides into two so that two new sets are formed.
6. Most of fungi are composed of the many cells.
7. A form of “sexual” mating has been rarely observed in bacteria.
8. In the laboratory most bacteria can be induced to grow in culture media.
9. Growth may be neither normal nor healthy without vitamins even when food has been taken in the right proportions.
10. According to differences in their properties and chemical composition, vitamins are classed as A, B, C, D, etc.
11. Young animals suffer from rickets if they are not provided with vitamin D.
12. Rickets is prevented by ultra-violet radiation.
13. Vitamins B and C are widely distributed in fresh fruit and vegetables.
14. Hormones are produced in small quantities, they are carried in the blood-stream.
15. The brain is protected by the skull and the lungs are protected by the ribs.
16. Bones have an ouher layer which is called periosteum.
17. It has been found that each side of our brain is responsible for different skills.
18. The cells that make up the brain are called neurons.
19. The brain is connected to the rest of the body by the spinal cord.
20. The brain is arranged in areas that relate to different parts of the body.
Ex. 5. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice.
1. Dogs guard the warehouses.
2. The watchman called the police. The police arrested the man.
3. The court tried the man, found him guilty and sent him to prison.
4. They are repairing my piano at the moment.
5. They invited Jack but they didn’t invite Tom.
6. The guests ate all sandwiches and drank all the beer. They left nothing.
7. Passengers shouldn’t throw away their tickets as inspectors may check these during the journey.
8. Has someone posted my parcel?
9. Why did no one inform me of the change of the plan?
10. Tom Smith wrote the book and Brown and Co. published it.
11. I’m afraid we have sold all our copies but we have ordered more.
12. You must keep dogs on leads in the gardens.
13. They haven’t stamped the letter.
14. They didn’t pay me for the work..
15. He escaped when they were moving him from one prison to another.
16. She didn’t introduce me to her mother.
17. They threw away the rubbish.
18. A Japanese firm makes these television sets.
19. An earthquake destroyed the town.
20. A machine could do this much more easily.
21. Visitors must leave umbrellas and sticks in the cloakroom.
22. We can’t repair your clock.
23. The police shouldn’t allow people to park there.
24. They are watching my house.
25. The examiner will read the passage 3 times.
26. Candidates may not use dictionaries.
27. You needn’t type this letter.
28. Nobody has used this room for ages.
29. We have warned you.
30. You shouldn’t leave these documents on the desk. You should lock them up.
Ex. 6. Open the brackets. Put the verbs into active or passive.
1. Today minerals (form) almost half of Australia’s exports.
2. Australia also (export) lots of wood, meat, butter, fruit and wine.
3. Many of these products (export) to the Pacific countries, especially Japan and the West of the USA.
4. Australia (discover) as a market for American products at the end of the 18-th century.
5. The first products from the USA (arrive) in Australia in 1792.
6. In the early 19-th century Sydney (can/reach) faster from the West Coast.
7. Today Australia mainly (import) machines and computer equipment.
8. Students (do) a lot of the work.
9. This room (use) only on special occasions.
10. Bicycles must not (leave) in the hall.
11. These artificial flowers (make) of silk.
12. Far more money (spend) on food now than 10 years ago.
13. The wine should (open) about 3 hours before you (use) it.
14. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month.
15. The seals (feed) at the zoo twice a day.
16. Who (write) it?
17. Who (write) it by?
18. A special edition (write) for children.
19. The idea (interest) you?
20. She (show) the easiest way to do it.
Ex. 7. Put it the verbs in proper Tense Form.
1. My friend usually (to have) dinner at 4 o'clock. 2. Most of the biology students (to live) in the hostel. 3. Last year we (to study) botany. 4. Some Soviet scientists (to take part) in the International Conference on Genetics next year. 5. Biology faculty (to have) its own library. 6. I (to give) you this book some days later. 7. These young men (to play) football in the last championship. 8. Everybody (to go) to the collective farm in September. 9. First-year students (to finish) school last summer. 10. Our newspaper “Vita” (to be) always very interesting.
Ex. 8. Change the sentences into Passive Voice.
1. British scientists solved this problem many years ago. 2. Enormous numbers of different plants and animals populate the Earth. 3. We can divide these organisms into 2 groups. 4. First-year students know the characteristics of these animals. 5. The Italian investigator Francesco Redi overthrew the theory of spontaneous generation. 6. Redi carried out a simple set of experiments. 7. He covered the tubes with paper, and no maggots and flies appeared in them. 8. Scientists placed Fungi and Bacteria in the plant kingdom. 9. We shall use computers at the exams at every institution of higher education. 10. Soviet Government opened our University in 1921. 11. Young scientists will use complex technique in their work. 12. These authors received very important results and summarized them in a large publication.
Ex. 9. Open the brackets and put the verbs in.
1. Jane (to play) the piano in the sitting-room (now; yesterday after supper; in half an hour). 2. The scientists of the British University (to investigate) this phenomenon (last year; at present; for the next 3 months). 3. We (to study) chemistry (for the next two years; last term; this year), 4. This author (to publish) the results of his scientific work (every month; very soon, regularly last year). 5. I (to visit) the library regularly (in future; some years ago; now). 6, My sister Olga (to read) (for the whole next night; constantly; when you came). 7. We (to calculate) the results (later; from time to time; when our scientific supervisor саше into the laboratory). 8. Biochemists (to observe) this reaction (from morning till evening yesterday; next week on Friday; day and night). 9. This substance (to dissolve) very quickly (when we added some water to it; if weadd some water to it; right now). 10. Newspapers (to discuss) ecology problems (for the last decade; all the time; for many years on). 11. We (to demonstrate) the importance of vitamins by a simple experiment (tomorrow after the clashes; at this moment; yesterday at that time).
Ex. 10. Open the backets and choose the necessary form and translate into Russian.
1. Soviet scientists (will be conducting, are conducting, were conducting) researches in different fields of science and engineering even in the hard years of the war. 2. The biologist (is designing, was designing, will be designing) new methods of investigation at present. 3. The students of our group (will be working, are working, were working) in the laboratory all the day tomorrow. 4. New methods of using genetics in practice (are being explained, were being explained) for the whole lesson. 5. She (was being often asked, is being often asked) questions at the seminars this term. 6. A. new apparatus (is being created, was being created) by one of our researchers for five years.
Ex. 11. Put the verbs in the correct tense form and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Their function (wasn’t established; has not been established) definitely yet. 2. It (has earlier been discovered; was earlier discovered, had earlier been discovered) that within the boxlike cells of living plants was a little sphere, the nucleus. 3. Much progress (has been made; was made; has made) in disclosing the secrets of photosynthesis lately. 4. He (has observed; had observed; is observing) flies flying over the meat before it became covered with maggots. 5. Let us sее what (is happening; has happened; happened) to the gametophyte in a heterosporous plant. 6. Question of much the same sort (is asked; has been asked; have been asked) for at least 2,500 years. 7. It (is discovered; has been discovered; had been discovered) that some dyes will selectively stain specific structures in cells. 8. The flasks in which no maggots appeared (were closed; have been closed; had been closed) and the air could not penetrate. 9. Redi (has repeated; had repeated; repeated) a familiar observation: maggots appeared in decaying meat. 10. As we look back and summarize the changes that (have occurred; had occurred; has occurred) in the evolution of green land plants, we can see two distinct trends.
UNIT III
GRAMMAR. MODAL VERBS. SUBSTITUTE WORDS.
TOPICS. BELARUS. MINSK.
| READING. REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH. BACTERIA: THEIR CONSTRUCTION. |
Belarus
Belarus is my homeland. It's the place where I was born and live now. Belarus is situated nearly in the centre of Europe, it borders on Poland in the west, on the Baltic States - Lithuania and Latvia - in the north-west, on Russia in the north and east and on the Ukraine in the south. Belarus occupies the territory of 207.6 thousand squarekilometres, it ranks 13th in Europe. The population of our country is about 10 million with more than 100 nationality groups. The share of the rural population is 31%. About 3 million Belarusians and their descendants live outside Belarus, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, the USA, Poland, and Latvia.
Belarus has a very long and rich history. It is believed that the formation of the Belarusian nation dates back to the 13th century when the Belarusian language and culture began to take shape. But according to some written documents the Belarusian statehood started to be formed as early as the 10 th century when prince Rogvold started his reign on Polotsk lands. From the 13th to the 16th centuries the territory of contemporary Belarus was the centre of polyethnic state - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most powerful slates in Eastern Europe. Then the Belarusian territory was a part of the Rzecz Pospolita. During that period the Belarusian culture and language were greatly influenced by the Polish. In the 18th century Belarus was under the Russian rule. Soon after the October revolution Belarus became a member of the USSR. In general, the history of our country was very difficult and dramatic; it proclaimed its sovereignty only at the end of the 20th century-in 1991.
According to the Constitution, Belarus is a presidential republic. The head of the state and the highest executive power is the President elected for a 5-year .term. The executive power is also performed by the Council of Ministers headed by the Premier. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The Parliament – the National Assembly – is a representative and legislative body of the republic. It consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. The House of Representatives is formed on the universal, free, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The Council of the Republic is the chamber of territorial representation. The judicial power in the republic belongs to courts. Control over constitutionality of regulatory acts in the state is exercised by the Constitutional Court.
With itsnumerous rivers and lakes, meadows and forests which cover one third of the country, Belarus is a unique formation with hundreds of remarkable species ofplants and animals. Belavezhskaya Puscha is the biggest and the most beautiful national park of the country. Rare bisons - aurochses - live here. Beresinski reserve, Pripyatski national park and many other territories are unique places where infinite nature is saved untouched.
The climate of the republic is moderately continental. The breathing of the Baltic Sea is constantly felt here and even during the coldest winter months the temperature may rise well above zero.
The mineral resources of the countrymeet the needs of the national economyin peat, potassium salts, building materials, underground fresh and mineral waters. But Belarus is poor in petroleum, gas, coal and metal, so they are the main items of Belarusian imports.
In spite of some serious economic problemsthatour countryhas faced over the recent years, Belarus can be named one of the most economically advanced regions among the countries, united in the CIS. Thanks to its good geographical position, advanced networkof transport and communications, skilled workforce the Belarusian industry is achieving a high level. Belarus has succeeded in industrial development ofsuch branches as motor industry, manufacture of tractors and agricultural engineering, machine tool industry and electro-technical industry, production of mineral fertilizers, wood-working and oil-refining. Such enterprises as MAZ, BelAZ, "Belaruskaly", "Azot", tractors "Belarus", TV-sets "Horizont"and "Vitiaz",watches and clocks "Luch",refrigerators "Atlant" are well-known both in our republic and abroad.
Belarus used to be called the land of bogs. Today a few million acres of land have been reclaimed for arable farming. The chief crops are potatoes, flax, rye and various fodder grasses. Belarusian flax products are among the main items of export and are well-known abroad.
Belarus possesses great scientific potential. The first step in the development of Belarusian science was made in 1921 when the BSU was opened, eight years later – the National Academy of Sciencesof Belarus which consists of more than 40 institutions. Nowadays the achievements of Belarusian scientists in different fields have gained international recognition.
Answer the questions:
1. Is Belarus your homeland?
2. Is it a place where you were born and live now?
3. What countries does Belarus border on?
4. What is the population of Belarus?
5. The formation of the Belarusian nation dates back to the 13th century, doesn’t it?
6. When was the Belarusian statehood formed?
7. Who is the president of the Republic of Belarus?
8. How many Chambers does the Belarusian Parliament have?
9. Minsk is the capital of Belarus, isn’t it?
10. What is the structure of population in Belarus?
11. What is the biggest and the most beautiful national park of the country?
12. What mineral resources of the country do you know?
13. What are the main industries successful developing in the Republic of Belarus?
14. Are you proud to be a citizen of the Republic of Belarus?
Vocabulary
homeland – родина
border (on, upon) – граничить
population – население
descendant – потомок
statehood – государственность
perform – выполнять, осуществлять
survive – уцелеть
aurochses [LrOksi:z] – зубры
proclaim – провозгласить
infinite nature – бесконечное природное пространство
petroleum [pItrquljqm] – нефть
desert – пустыня
arable – пахотный
Vocabulary Notes
moderately continental – умеренно континентальный
mineral fertilizers – минеральные удобрения
unique features – уникальные черты
to proclaim sovereignty [sOvrqntI] – провозгласить независимость
according to the Constitution – согласно Конституции
Prime Minister – Премьер Министр
Premier – Премьер
The CIS – the Commonwealth of Independent States – CHГ
Council of Ministers – Совет Министров
the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus – Национальное собрание Республики Беларусь
the Parliament – парламент
consists of two Chambers – состоит из двух Палат
1) the Upper Chamber – the Council of the Republic
2) the Lower Chamber – the Chamber of Representatives
judicial power – судебная власть
the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus – Конституционный Суд Республики Беларусь
to succeed in smth – преуспевать в …
SELF CHECK
Ex. 1. Put the verb in the proper form and translate the sentences.
1. Belarus (to be) my homeland.
2. It’s the place where I (to be) born.
3. Belarus (to be) situated nearly in the centre of Europe.
4. Belarus (to occupy) the territory of 207.6 thousand square kilometres.
5. About 3 million Belarusians and their descendants (to live) outside Belarus.
6. Belarus (to have) a very long and rich history.
7. The Belarusian statehood (to start) to be formed as early as the 10th century, when Prince Rogvold (to start) to reign on Polotsk lands.
8. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (to be) one of the largest and most powerful states in Eastern Europe.
9. In general the history of our country (to be) very difficult and dramatic.
10. The head of the state and the highest executive power (to be) the President, elected for a 5 – year term.
11. The Prime Minister (to be) appointed by the President.
12. The Parliament – the National Assembly, (to be) a representative and legislative body of the republic.
13. The Parliament (to consist) of two Chambers: the Council of the Republic and the Chamber of Representatives.
14. The judicial power (to belong) to courts.
15. Minsk (to be) the capital of Belarus.
16. With its numerous rivers and lakes, meadows and forests which cover one-third of the country, Belarus (to be) a unique formation with hundreds of remarkable species of plants and animals.
17. The climate of the republic (to be) moderately continental.
18. The mineral resources of the country (to meet) the needs of the national economy.
19. In spite of some serious economic problems that our country (to face) over the recent years, Belarus can (to be) named one of the most economically advanced regions among the countries, united in the CIS.
20. Belarus (to succed) in industrial development of such branches as motor industry, manufacture of tractors and agricultural engineering, machine tool industry and electro-technical industry, production of mineral fertilizers, wood-working and oil-refining.
21. Belarus (to possess) great scientific potential.