Н. Ю. Басуева, канд. соц. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков МИФУБ ТюмГУ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное агентство по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«ТЮМЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
Кафедра иностранных языков естественных факультетов
И.С. Бучельникова, Н.В. Полиновская.
ПРАКТИКУМ
по формированию навыков чтения
и устной речи для студентов II курса
математического и физического факультетов
Издательство Тюменского государственного университета, 2005
Практикум по формированию навыков чтения и устной речи для студентов II курса математического и физического факультетов/ И.С. Бучельникова, Н.В. Полиновская. Издательство Тюменского государственного университета, 2005. 69 с.
Данный практикум предназначен для второго этапа обучения английскому языку студентов математического и физического факультетов.
Практикум состоит из 5 частей: “The world of science”, “Careers in science”, “Famous scientists”, “How to get a job?", “Writing a course paper”. Каждая из частей сопровождается разнообразными заданиями, позволяющими студентам развить навыки разговорной речи и овладеть языковым материалом. Тексты взяты из аутентичных английских и американских источников сети Интернет.
Печатается по решению кафедры иностранных языков естественных факультетов.
Рецензенты: Л.В. Мельникова, канд. философ. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков естественных факультетов.
Н. Ю. Басуева, канд. соц. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков МИФУБ ТюмГУ
ã И.С. Бучельникова, Н.В. Полиновская.
ã Тюменский государственный университет, 2005.
Unit 1 The world of science.
Grammar reference:Passive Voice. Participle II.
Read the text and name the parts.
The world of Physics
1. Physics is the science devoted to the study of matter and energy. Physicists try to understand what matter is and why it behaves the way it does. They seek to learn how energy is produced, how it travels from place to place, and how it can be controlled. Physicists are also interested in how matter and energy are related to each other and how they affecteach other over time and through space.
The word physics comes from a Greek word meaning natural things. Solid-state physicists developed the transistor and other semiconductor devices. These devices contributedto the enormous growth of the electronics industry since World War II. Knowledge obtained from the study of physics is important in other sciences, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology. There is also a close connection between physics and practical developments in engineering, medicine, and technology. For example, engineers design cars and aeroplanes according to certain principles of physics. Laws and theories of physics have enabled engineers and scientists to put satellites into orbit and to receive information from space probes that travel to distant regions of the solar system.
2. Physicists try to answer basic questions about the world, how it is put together, and how it changes. So physicists, called experimental physicists, perform the fully designed experiments and then compare the results with what was predicted to happen. Such predictions come from laws and theories developed by another group of physicists, called theoretical physicists.
The subjects studied by physicists consist of two broad categories, classical physics and modern physics. These two categories differ primarily in emphasis classical physics deals with questions regarding motion and energy.
It is composed of five basic areas: mechanics, heat, sound, electricity and magnetism, and light. Modern physics concentrates on scientific investigations of the basic structure of the material world. Its fields include atomic, molecular, and electron physics; nuclear physics; particle physics; solid-state physics; and fluid and plasma physics.
Mechanics is the study of bodies at rest and in motion. For example, it describes how force acts upon an object, to produce acceleration. The mechanics of body in motion is sometimes referred to as dynamics. The mechanics of body at rest is called statics. One branch of mechanics, known as fluid mechanics, deals with the behaviour of liquids and gases.
Heat. The study of heat is called thermodynamics. It involvesinvestigating how heat is produced, how it is transmitted from one place to another, how it changes matter, and how it is stored. Thermodynamics also includes cryogenics, the study of material at very low temperatures.
Sound.The study of sound is called acoustics. Sound consists of vibrations that are produced by an object travel through a medium, such as air, water and so on. Understanding sound is important for designing auditoriums, hearing aids, tape recorders, record players, and speakers. The study of sound also includes ultrasonics, which deals with vibrations that have frequencies too high for human beings to hear.
Electricity and magnetism are so closely related that scientists often refer to the two of them together as Electromagnetism.
Light.The study of light is called optics. Optics has two major branches, physical optics and geometrical optics. In physical optics, physicists study the nature of light and the physical processes by which it is emitted(given off) from bodies and transmitted from place to place. Geometrical optics is the study of how light travels from place to place, and how the direction of travel is affected by different materials.
Atomic, molecular, and electron physics are concerned with understanding the structures of molecules and atoms. In particular, they concentrate on the behaviour, arrangement, motion, and energy states of the electrons that orbit atomic nuclei.
Nuclear physics involves the study of the structure and properties of the atomic nucleus. It focuses on radioactivity, fission, and fusion.
Particle physics. Physicists have discovered that the protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei are formed of still more elementary particles. Particle physicists conduct research by using devices called particle accel-erators. These devices can raise subatomic particles to very high speeds.
Solid-state physics, also called condensed-matter physics. Solids may be classified according to how the electrons and nuclei of the different atoms that make them up interact with each other.
Fluid and plasma physics. The modern physics of fluids is built on the principles of classical fluid mechanics. Understanding the behaviour and movement of fluids is important for the design and construction of cars, ships, aeroplanes, and rockets, as well as for the study of weather.
3.With a knowledge of physics, human beings can harness the forces of nature and put them to work. By using the principles of physics, people build generators to produce electricity for homes and factories. They burn gasoline to drive automobile engines, and they lift tons of scrap iron with a magnet.
Physicists enable us to harness different kinds of energy and put them to work. For example, an understanding of sound energy makes possible the musical instruments that combine to produce great symphonies. Knowledge of how light energy can be controlled enables photographers to take beautiful pictures.
Homemakers come into contact with the laws of physics when they use a vacuum cleaner or an electric iron. At home, we also enjoy phonograph records and television programs – all made possible by an understanding of physics. Every time you pick up the telephone or send a telegram you are putting physics to work.
Speak on the topic.
The world of mathematics
Mathematics has always been held in respect. Being one of the most ancient sciences it is still ever young. Mathematics is a Greek word and it means “something that must be learned or understood,” “acquired knowledge”. It is supposed that mathematics had its birth among the ancient Greeks. The Greeks divided mathematics into arithmetic and geometry.
Mathematics has different interdependent branches. The largest branch is that which builds on the ordinary whole numbers, fractions and irrational numbers, or what, collectively, is called the real number system. Arithmetic, algebra, the study of functions, the calculus, differential equations, and various other subject which follow the calculus in logical order are all developments of the real number system. This part of mathematics is termed the mathematics of number. A second branch is geometry consisting of several geometries. Mathematics contains many more divisions. Each branch has the same logical structure: it begins with certain concepts. These concepts must verify explicitly stated axioms. From the concepts and axioms theorems are deduced.
XVII century introduced the idea of motion - variable quantity (I. Newton, G. Leibnitz). Arithmetic, i.e. theory of numbers, algebra, and geometry gave way to the notion of function, infinity, concept of limit, derivative, and integral. The so-called classical mathematics was created within the period of three centuries (from the XVII to the XIX century). From then on differential equations have been used to describe laws of nature. However, the so-called "classical mathematics" has retained its leading position and importance.
Much of most fruitful modern research work emerged as a result of classical mathematical analysis' deductions. The theory of both ordinary and partial differential equations, which is vital for the study of various quantities, is used in ever-growing application field of modern mathematics.
If before the XVIII century mathematicians used to be both philosophers and experimentalists, since the XVIII century mathematical research has become an independent profession. Professional mathematicians were now trained at universities. The scientific revolution had bequeathed to mathematics and major program of research in analyses and mechanics. The period from 1700 - 1800, the century of analyses, witnessed the consolidation of calculus and its extensive application to mechanics.
By the middle of the XIX century both fundamental human knowledge and accepted potential of mathematics led to a noticeable growth of limited number of people, engaged in active research. This process was determined by invention of typography and emergence of textbooks, which granted access to new achievements in the field of mathematics, by systematic university teaching of mathematics and, finally, by new prospects of expanding and deepening general human knowledge.
The XX century has seen a tremendous upgrowth of mathematics. Its field of application considerably expanded as early as in the beginning of the century, which led to further progress and development. Thus, mechanics and optics used to constitute the main branch of physics, closely connected with mathematical experiment. Nowadays, however, they have been supplemented by electrodynamics, the theory of magnetism and thermodynamics. Mathematics became especially important in terms of continuum mechanics study, namely gas dynamics and hydrodynamics, i.e. viscous and non-viscous. Most of the powerful abstract mathematical theories in use today originated in the XIX century. The growth of mathematics as a profession was accompanied by a sharpening division between mathematics and the physical sciences. One result of this separation has been that mathematics developed higher standards of rigour.
Since the second half of the XX century the number of professional mathematicians has sharply risen, and now amounts to hundreds of thousands. This is due to both the facts that computers are widely used nowadays and to mathematization of all the sciences as well as other domains of human activity.
Modern mathematics of the late XX century is characterized by a still wider use of mathematical procedures in various spheres of activities as well as by emergence of a number of new mathematical disciplines, such as informatics, mathematical economics, numerical analysis, games theory, digital mathematics, programming, harmonic analysis, Fourier analysis. The need to improve control over different systems (physical, economic, social etc,) following differential equations, led to working out the mathematical theory of optimal control. In its turn, the need to control conflicting processes led to the beginning and progress of differential game theory. Mathematical physics required working out generalized functions and complex variable functions theories. Functional analysis, a revolutionary branch of mathematics, as well as the theory of differential variable function spaces were created.
Vocabulary:
1. to expand – расширять(ся), увеличивать
2. to emerge – появляться, выяснять
3. to work out – разрабатывать, решать
4. motion - движение
5. variable quantity – переменная величина
6. equation – уравнение, равенство
7. fraction - дробь
8. to verify – проверять, подтверждать
9. to deduce – сделать вывод
10. rigour - точность
Make the sentences passive
To be done
To have been done
Theory (to use) by mathematicians to solve engineering problems.
Mathematics (to divide) into 2 broad classes.
Many graduates (to employ) at colleges.
This complex problem (to solve) recently by our scientists.
The theorem can (not deduce) at once.
This science always (to hold) in respect.
The idea of motion (to introduce) in the XVII century.
It (to suppose) that classical mathematics (to create) in the XVIII century.
The process (to determine) by emergence of new knowledge and inventions.
Unit 2 Career in science
Careers in Mathematics.
2.1 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:
1. Where do you want to work after graduating the University?
2. What spheres of industry can you work as a mathematician in Tyumen?
3. Is it difficult to find the job of mathematician?
Careers in Physics
2.11 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:
1. Where do you want to work after graduating the University?
2. What spheres of industry can you work as a physicist in Tyumen?
3. Is it difficult to find the job of physicist?
Trainingfor a career in physicsbegins in the home when boys and girls learn to make things and to discover why things work. It continues with elementary and high school studies in scienceand mathematics.
The chief trainingof physiciststakes place in college. They learn higher mathematics, the basic toolof physics. After a year or two of general courses in physics, students may begin to specialise. They may take courses in electricity, optics, or nuclear physics. Most physicists continue their training after receiving a bachelor’s degree. Most positions of responsibility in physics require a doctorate.
Employment.More than half of the physicists in the United States are engaged in research and developmentactivities. Large numbers of physicists also teach in colleges and universities. Others have positions in administration and management.
Some physicists conduct experiments and work with instruments and other equipment. Others trained in mathematical analyses of physical problems, work with theories. These two sides of physics are closely related, and many physicists excel equally in both.
Many industries employ physicists in their research departments. These scientists work in applied physics, which deals with fields directly related to improvinga manufacturing process or a product. They may also work in basic physics, the study of general physical principles that may or may not have practical applications. Many physicists work in government research
laboratories. Others work in the laboratories of foundations and research institutions. Physicists in colleges and universities may conduct research and help train other physicists.
Vocabulary:
1. training - обучение
2. tool - инструмент
3. to specialize in - специализироваться на
4. to take courses – ходить на курсы
5. to be engaged in – быть занятым
6. to conduct an experiment – ставить опыт
7. equipment - оборудование
8. applied physics – прикладная физика
9.basic physics – физические основы
10. application - применение
11. research laboratory – научно-исследовательская лаборатория
2.12 Read the following words correctly. Mind reading rules:
Career, physicist, science, higher, specialise, course, nuclear, electricity, bachelor, doctorate, engage, experiment, equipment, analysis, equally, industry, development, manufacturing, laboratory, foundation, scientist.
2.13 Make up sentences using the following words and phrases:
Career, to specialise in, to be engaged in, to conduct research, to take courses in, to require, to receive a degree, equipment.
2.14 Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
trainingfor a career, to take place in,a basic tool, to specialise,
to be engaged in research and development activities, to be closely related, to improvea manufacturing process, to have practical applications,conduct research.
2.15 Complete the following sentences:
1. Training for a career in physics begins… .
2. It continues with… .
3. After a year or two of general courses in physics… .
4. They may take courses in… .
5. More than half of the physicists in the United States are engaged in… .
6. Some physicists conduct experiments and work with… .
7. Many industries employ physicists in… .
8. Many industries employ physicists in their research departments. These scientists work in… .
9. They may also work in… .
2.16 Comprehension questions:
1. Where does training for a career begin?
2. Is physics studied at elementary and high schools?
3. What is the basic tool for studying physics?
4. What are courses taken by students studying physics?
5. What is required for most positions of responsibility in physics?
6. What do physicists trained in mathematical analyses work with?
7. What do physicists employed in industry deal with?
Translate into English
1. Они работают в одной команде.
2. Вопрос, который сейчас рассматривается, очень важен.
3. В прошлом году он ходил на компьютерные курсы.
4. Обучение этих специалистов будет длиться 3 месяца.
5. Новое оборудование устанавливается сейчас в исследовательской лаборатории.
6. Сын Джона решил специализироваться по ядерной физике.
Speak on career in physics.
Make the nouns plural
| um | ---a |
| on | ---a |
| is | ---es |
| a | ---ae |
| us | ---i |
Datum, phenomenon, erratum, memorandum, basis, addendum, crisis, formula, bacillus, medium, quantum, analysis, thesis, nucleus, index.
2.21 The facts:
v The word “algorithm” originated in the Middle East. Curiously enough it comes from the Latin version of the last name of the Persian scholar Abu Jafar mohammed ibn Musa al-Khowaresmi (Algorithmi).
v After I Newton, the greatest mathematician of the English –speaking people is W R Hamilton (804-1864). His fame has had curious and regular changes. During his lifetime he was celebrated but not understood, after his death his reputation declined and he came to be counted in the second rank, In the twentieth century he has become the sibject of an extraordinary revival of interest and appreciation
v Charles Lutwidge Dodgsson (better known to many by his penname, Lewis Carroll) was an English mathematician and author of immortal fantasy “Alice in Wonderland’.
v The ten symbols we use today (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are of Hindu-Arabic origin.
Unit 3 Famous scientists
3.1 Match the names of famous scientists with the countries:
1. Nikolay Lobachevskiy a) France
2. Isaac Newton b) Germany
3. Franz Neumann c) Russia
4. Blaise Pascal d) Switzerland
5. Pierre Fermat e) Great Britain
6. Eurler Leonard f) France
7. Michael Faraday g) Great Britain
8. Marie Curie h) New Zealand
9. Ernest Rutherford i) Poland
Stephen William Hawking
Stephen William Hawking(1942- ) is a British theoretical physicist. Because of his work in the field of gravity, Hawking is considered perhaps the most brilliant theoretical physicist working today.
Hawking’s best–known work is on the nature of black holes, a phenomenon suggested by Einstein’ s equations describing what might happen should a huge star die, proposing it would crush into its own centre with such strong gravitational force that nothing could escape, not even light. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking positsthe existenceof mini-black holes. Created by the tremendous force of the big bang, these mini-black holes would not only emit sub-atomic particles and radiation (now called Hawking radiation), but would gradually evaporate over the space of 10 66 years, only to explode with the energy of millions of hydrogen bombs. At the same time, Hawking is the first to admit that there is as yet no physical evidence that black holes actually exist.
Hawking is one of a number of scientists concerned with theories linking quantum mechanics and gravitation. The premiseof these so called grand unified theories is that it is scientifically possible to prove how the universe came into being.
Hawking was born in Oxford, England. After graduating from Oxford in 1962, he went on to study at Cambridge. In his first year there, he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), otherwise known as Lou Gehrig’s disease of the nervous system. Confined to a wheelchair, he speaks through a computer synthesiser, and his movement is limited to a barely perceptible lifting of one finger and very little facial expression.
Hawking received his Ph.D. degree in 1966 from Cambridge, where he now holds the prestigious post of Lucasian professor of mathematics, a post once occupied by Sir Isaac Newton.
Hawking was among the youngest inductees into the Royal Society, one of the world’s most renowned scientific bodies. He has also received the prestigious Albert Einstein Award, has been named Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth, and has received honorary degrees from Notre Dame, the University of Chicago, Princeton, and New York University. In 1988, he published his book A Brief History of Time. He hoped the book would help non-scientists understand theories of nature, from the big band to black holes.
Notes
10 66 -ten to the sixty-sixth
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – болезнь Шарко, боковой амиотрофический склероз
a wheelchair – инвалидная коляска
hydrogen – водород
3.3 Find Russian equivalents to the following:
gravity, theoretical physicist, black holes, phenomenon, equations, gravitational force, existence, the big bang, sub-atomic particles, evaporate, hydrogen bombs, quantum mechanics, premise, grand unified theories, inductees, renowned.
3.4 Read the following words and state the part of speech:
mechanics, theoretical, renowned, gravity,prestigious, gradually, synthesiser, exist, subatomic,scientifically, radiation, phenomenon, tremendous, gravitational,existence,movement, perceptible, expression.
3.5 Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers:
1. Because of his work in the field of gravity, Hawking is considered perhaps the most brilliant theoretical physicist working today.
2. Hawking’s best–known work is on the nature of black holes.
3. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking positsthe existence of mini-black holes.
4. Hawking is one of a number of scientists concerned with theories linking quantum mechanics and gravitation.
5. After graduating from Oxford in 1962, he went on to study at Cambridge.
6. Hawking received his Ph.D. degree in 1966 from Cambridge.
7. He was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), otherwise known as Lou Gehrig’s disease of the nervous system.
8. In 1988, he published his book A Brief History of Time.
9. He hoped the book would help non-scientists understand theories of nature, from the big band to black holes.
3.6 Complete the following sentences:
1. Hawking was born in… .
2. Hawking is considered perhaps… .
3. Hawking’s best–known work is on … … .
4. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking posits… .
5. At the same time, Hawking is the first to admit that… .
6. Hawking is one of a number of scientists concerned with theories linking … and… .
7. After graduating from Oxford in 1962… .
8. Hawking received … … in 1966 from Cambridge.
9. In 1988, he published his book … .
3.7 Tell about the outstanding physicist Stephen William Hawking, using the key words:
to be considered, best–known work, to positthe existenceof, to admit, concern with, to go on to study, to be diagnosed with, to be confined to, to receive a degree, to hold the post of, a renowned scientist, to receive an award.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich was born in Vitebsk, Belorussia, USSR, on March 15, 1930. In the post-war particular situation Zhores attended an only boy's school in the destroyed Minsk-city, and was lucky in having an excellent physics teacher there Yakov Borisovich Meltserson. The teacher loved physics devotedly and his explanation of the cathode oscilloscope operation and talk on radar systems greatly impressed young Zhores. When finishing the school he took his teacher’s advice which institution to choose for education and that was a celebrated Ul'yanov Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad (abbreviated to LETI). Theoretical courses of studies were easy enough for him. It was the laboratory research that attracted him. Being a third-year student, Zhores began to work in a laboratory of vacuum processes.
In 1952, he graduated from the Department of Electronics of Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad. Since 1953 he has been a staff member of the Physico -Technical Institute where he held consecutively the following positions: junior researcher (1953–1964), senior researcher (1964–1967), head of the laboratory (1967–1987), director (1987–present).
In 1961 he defended his dissertation on the research of bullgermanic and silicon rectifiers. By the results of heterojunctions in semiconductors defended his doctoral dissertation and became Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. In 1968-1969 he realised all the ideas on control the electron and light fluxes in classical heterostructures. Apart from fundamental results that were quite new and important efficient one-side injection, the "superinjection" effect, electron and optical confinement in a double heterostructure. He succeeded in employing principal benefits of heterostructure applications in devices, lasers, LEDs.
Heterostructure-based solar cells were created by him as far back as 1970. And when American scientists published their early works, their solar batteries have been already mounted on the satellites (sputniks) and their industrial production was in full swing.
In 1972 he became Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Science. In 1973 Zh. I. Alferov took over the chair of optoelectronicsat the St Petersburg State Electrotechnical University and in 1988 he was appointed to Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology at the St Petersburg Technical University.
Professor Zh. I. Alferov is the author of the fundamental works on Physics of semiconductors, semiconductor devices, and semiconductor and quantum electronics. He participated in creating the first Russian transistors and bull germanic rectifiers. He is a founder of the semiconductor heterostructures and gears on their basis, which are the recent trend in Physics of semi-conductors and semiconductor electronics engineering. Professor Zh. I. Alferov is the author of 50 inventions, of three monographies and more than 350 scientific articles in domestic and international magazines. He was awarded the Gold Ballaniien medal by the USA Franklin Institute, the International Prize at the Symposium on gallium arsenide, the Gold Velker medal and the Karpinsky Prize (Germany).
Since 1989 he has been Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad- St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Science. From 1990 was the Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Science. He is married and has a son and a daughter.
Professor Zh. I. Alferov is Laureate of the year 2000 Nobel Prize. He often says: ”…if our country's choice is to be a Great Power, Russia will be the great power not because of the nuclear potential, not because of faith in God or president, or western investments but thanks to the labour of the nation, faith in Knowledge and Science and thanks to the maintenance and development of scientific potential and education”.
Notes:
heterojunction - гетеропереход
bull germanic and silicon rectifiers – германиевые и кремниевые выпрямители, преобразователи переменного электрического тока в постоянный
LED – светоизлучающий диод
gears – механизмы, устройства
cathode oscilloscope – катодный осциллограф
light flux – световой поток
gallium arsenide – арсенид галлия
A B
1. In 1961 a) he graduated from the Institute.
2. In 1952 b) Zhores Alferov was born.
3. In 1972 c) Laureate of Nobel Prize.
4. In 1930 d) he defended his dissertation.
5. In 2000 e) he became Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Science.
A B
1. to face a) to test
2. to dismiss b) to ridicule
3. to devote c) to confront
4. to response d) to disregard
5. to mock e) to discharge
6. to prove f) to apply
7. to elect g) to choose
3.15 Read the statements below and say if they are true or false:
1. When Lobachevsky was nine years old, the family moved to Kazan.
2. The Kazan University was founded in 1807.
3. The dean of the University was sure that Lobachevsky would be famous in future.
4. Lobachevsky received a Master's Degree in mechanics and mathematics in 1811.
5. At the age of 23 Lobachevsky was elected an adjunct professor.
6. Since 1817 he had been working on one of the most difficult problems, the proof for the fifth Euclid postulate on parallel straight lines.
7. In 1823 he came to conclusion that the fifth postulate can be proved.
8. At the age of 40 Lobachevsky headed the observatory and was the dean of mathematics faculty.
9.He was re-elected five times, heading the university for twenty years.
3.16 Complete the sentences:
1. Lobachevsky entered gymnasia and began to study at… .
2. His original intention was to study … .
3. Lobachevsky’s career was … .
4. The list of disciplines enumerates … .
5. Since 1817 he had been working on one of the most difficult problems… .
6. The works, which prove that Lobachevsky’s geometry is as rightful as the non-Euclidean one … .
7. He was not understood and even … .
8. Lobachevsky used to go to Petersburg … .
9. As the rector he energetically and with competence devoted himself to… .
A B
| In 1866 In 1874 In 1883 In 1889 By the spring of 1874 In 1888 | Kovalevskaya completed three papers. Sophia was taken to St.Petersburg to go on with her studies Sophia Kovalevskaya was awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. she was given an opportunity to report on the results of her research at a session held in Odessa. she won the highest prize offered by Paris Academy of Sciences. Kovalevskaya was granted her doctorate from Gоttingen University. |
Scientists joke
v What are Newton's laws of motion?
It's not only thick people who have trouble understanding Newton's laws. But although they appear complicated, they are actually very simple. However, first we must get to know four scientific terms:
Force: When you kick your sister in the shin, you are using force.
Mass: If she is fat she has lots of mass.
Inertia: Being fat, she will not be able to chase you. She has inertia.
Energy: Every time you kick her, molecules in the form of waves pass from your foot to her shin. This is energy. There can be lots of energy, like a nuclear bomb, or a tiny amount, like when one of your brain cells dies.
| Newton's First Law If something is not moving it will stay where it is. Kick your sister in the shins. Go on, do it now. You will see that she reacts. Let's just think about what happened there. If you hadn't kicked her, she would have stayed where she was, probably sitting in front of the TV eating cakes. Hence, the first law is proved. Newton discovered this law when an apple fell on his head. To this day it is know as Newton's Apple Law. |
| Newton's Second Law Every action results in a small loss of energy. You know how when you do a lot of exercise, you run out of breath? Well, this is proof of Newton's second law. This may seem simple but it has terrible consequences for the universe. You see, if the universe runs out of energy soon, everyone in it, including you and your family, will just waste away into nothing! But don't worry too much — scientists don't think this will happen in your lifetime. |
Unit 4 How to get a job?
4.1 Discuss in pairs the following questions and compare your answers with your groupmates:
1. Who and what influenced your choice of career?
2. What field of science are you interested in?
3. Do you have any work experience?
4. Is it possible to combine work and study?
5. Would you like to continue your education after graduating the University?
6. What are your special interests?
7. Do you prefer to work on your own or as a part of some team?
The Undergraduate Years.
Many students start thinking about the possibility of a career when their interest is ignited by a high-school or undergraduate teacher or some other role model. This is the time to start meeting and talking with scientists and engineers in fields that interest you. These early contacts can be crucial in helping you to navigate the terrain of science and engineering as you move through your career. The undergraduate years are probably your best chance. Finding a job takes work; finding the job that you wanttakes hard work. Many recent science and engineering graduates are lucky enough to move into desirable employment immediately. But it's common to spend months or even more than a year in the job search. When looking for a position, do not simply rely on the want ads in the scientific journals—although this is definitely the place to begin. Think more broadly. Meetings and conferences are a good way to explore your disciplineand to meet numerous people in your field and talk to them about employment—either for a postdoctoral position or a longer-term, ''real" job. You might also have the opportunity to demonstrate your research and communication skills (an excellent way is to present a poster or paper) and even to interview for positions. Your personality and natural abilities should match with the kind of performance required in various careers. Some of those skills are technical, such as the ability to operate or design complex equipment. Others allow you to apply your technical skills: the ability to reason, to spot interesting problems, to formulate hypotheses, to test those hypotheses. These allied skills acquiredin graduate school are more powerful than many students recognise and can be applied to many other kinds of jobs and careers. A potential employer will assume that as a scientist or engineer, you have advanced technical skills. But some of them, including the analytic and problem-solving abilities that are central to what you do as a researcher, might remain invisible unless you are able to display them. That is, unless you also have such survival skills as communication.
4.3 Read the following words and phrases. Mind the reading rules:
survival, to acquire, hypothesis, desirable, immediately, to navigate, engineering, scientist, career, common, to require, to advance.
4.4 Find the Russian equivalents to the following:
to be ignited, crucial,undergraduate teacher, employment, to assume, skill, to be lucky, to reason, to spot,opportunity.
4.5 Find the pair of synonyms:
1. decisive a) desirable
2. to investigate b) to reason
3. to notice c) to rely on
4. attractive d) crucial
5. to examine e) to reason
6. to trust f) to explore
7. expertness g) to spot
8. to think logically h) to navigate
4.6. Find the sentences with these words and word – combinations in the text and translate them:
1. crucial 5. technical skills
2. desirable employment 6. assume
3. allied 7. the job search
4. survival 8. a longer – term job
4.7 Answer the following questions:
1. When do students begin thinking about their future career?
2. What contact can help you understand what to choose?
3. How much time can it take you to find a job
4. What are the ways of the job searching?
5. What should match with your personality and natural abilities?
6. What are technical skills?
Dialogue I
Secretary: Good morning, MST agency.
Applicant: Good morning, I’m calling on your advertisementpublished in “Times” on Tuesday. I want to apply for a position of a computer programmer.
Secretary: Yes, sir. We are looking for a computer programmer. You may come tomorrow and bring your resumeand application.
Applicant: Thank you. Good bye.
Secretary: Good bye.
Dialogue II
Employer: Good morning Mr. Evance.
Applicant: Good morning Mr. Kidman. I want to apply for a position of a computer programmer.
Employer: What are your qualifications in this field?
Applicant: I have a bachelor’s degree in computer science. I graduated from London College this year.
Employer: Do you have any work experience?
Applicant: Not in this field, but I’ve worked as a programmer assistant in sales department for six months.
Employer: Have you got any referencesfrom your previous job?
Applicant: Unfortunately not.
Employer: Well, I think we may take on experimental period for one month. You’ll start on 200 dollars. The hours are from 9 to 5.30 with an hour for lunch. Any questions?
Applicant: What will my responsibilities be?
Employer: You’ll be responsible for our network security. You’ll also have to install some specific programs.
Applicant: When do you want me to start sir?
Employer: In a week, if it suits you.
Applicant: Yes, of course. Thank you. Good bye.
Employer: Good bye.
Dialogue III
Applicant: Good morning, Mr. Hill.
Employer: Good morning, Mr. Brown. Please, fill in the application form.
Applicant: Here you are.
Employer: Thank you. Tell me, how long were you in your last job?
Applicant: Two years.
Employer: Why did you leave?
Applicant: I worked in a branch office and I was made redundant, when the office was closed.
Employer: We need an experiencedengineer with your qualification.
Applicant: What will my job involve?
Employer: You’ll be in charge of manufacturing process. You’ll deal with complaints.
Applicant: Will I have to meet clients and attend meetings?
Employer: Yes, sure. First, your salary will be 300 dollars. You’ll also have a fortnight holiday pay.
Applicant: What about sick pay?
Employer: Certainly.
Applicant: What about travels?
Employer: Sometimes. Mostly to Birmingam for one week.
Applicant: It suits me.
Employer: When can you start?
Applicant: Next week. Thank you. Good bye.
Employer: Good bye.
Dialogue IV.
Jack:Hello, Dave! Haven’t seen you for ages.
Dave:Fine, thank you,Jack. How are you? You look great.
Jack:I’m O’K. I’ve heard you were fired.
Dave:Yes. The salary wasn’t fair and it was a nine- to- five job. You
know, it’s boring and it’s not for me.
Jack:So, how do you earn for living now?
Dave:Well, actually, I’m a freelance now. I work as a translator for some companies now. They send me some texts by e-mail and I translate them. What about you?
Jack:The company went bankrupt last year and I was made redundant. I applied for some jobs but nothing so far. I tried our old boy networkbut you see … . I moonlight sometimes for my friends. But I hope to find something.
Dave:By the way, I know that MVI is looking for a position of an engineer. Here is their telephone.
Jack:Thank you. I’ll call today.
Dave:Good luck. Bye.
Dave:Bye.
4.9 Match the words in column A with the words in column B:
1. jobbing a) зарабатывать
2. self-employed б) зарплата служащих
3. to earn c) работать на компанию
4. salary d) рано уйти на пенсию
5. wages e) получить повышение по службе
6. to be on flexi-time f) зарплата рабочих
7. to work in g) работать на себя
8. to work for h) случайная работа
9. to take early retirement i) работать по гибкому
графику
10. to be promoted J) работать в
4.10 Explain the meanings of these words in English:
jobs for the boys, job-sharing, hunt for jobs, ghost-writing, workaholic, whiz kid, temp.
4.11 Match the verbs on the left with the nouns or phrases on the right. Use each word once only:
1.to be made a) for
2.to do b) jobs
3.to apply for c) redundant
4.to hunt for d) overtime
5.to be on e) for a living
6.to be responsible f) of
7.to work g) shiftwork
8.to earn h) maternity leave
9.to be in charge i) a job
4.12 Make up your own sentences using these words:
Networking, jobs for the boys, job-sharing, hunt for jobs, headhunting, jobbing, ghost-writing, workaholic, whiz kid, self-employed, temp, to earn, salary, wages, to do shiftwork, to be on flexi-time, to work overtime, to work in, to work for, to be fired, to be on maternity leave, to take early retirement, to be promoted.
4.13 Complete the dialogues in English:
- Hi, Alice. What on earth are you doing here? Как дела?
- I’m fine. Thank you. And you?
- Всё хорошо. Меня недавно повысили. Я теперь менеджер отдела продаж.
- Здорово! Что входит в твои обязанности?
- I deal with any complaints. I also advise clients. I’ve heard you’re fired.
- Да, я бросила работу. Я поступила в колледж на вечерние курсы. Через два года я буду консультантом по работе.
- You’re right. All needs a fresh challenge. You know, Jack resigned from his company.
- Да, он решил уйти, так как больничный и отпуск не оплачивался. По-моему, он собирается организовать свою фирму.
- Замечательно. Удачи.
- See you.
4.14 Fill in the blanks with the corresponding words (from the list below):
Twenty years ago a 20 years old Jane … in a local telephone company. First she was a trainee for three months and she also went on. She was an industrious and in two years she … and in three years she was … by her boss. Then she moved another town and she … from the company. She sent her … to some companies and was asked to come for. She got … in a small advertising company. It was … for her. She liked her job and now she … this company.
| to own, an interview, to resign, a part – time job, training courses, to promote, resume, a fresh challenge, to get a good pay rise, to apply for a job |
4.15 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word:
1. When the company went bankrupt he became … (employment, employed, unemployed).
2. Your written (applied, applicant, application) will be considered tomorrow.
3. He was sent to (trainee, training, trained) courses.
4. He’ll be offered a good pay (rise, rising).
5. I want to become a good (mathematics, mathematician, mathematical).
6. We need an (experience, experienced, experiencing)programmer with your qualification.
7. You’ll be (respond, responsibility, responsible) for our contacts with foreign partners.
8. I hope that next year I’ll be (promotion, promoted, promote) by my boss.
4.16 Say what you think has happened:
1. He’s very lazy and irresponsible that’s why his boss fired him …
2. He’s just graduated the University and he’s trying to find a job … .
3. In a week she’s going to become our supervisor … .
4. She isn’t working out. She is looking after her 2 month baby … .
5. She spends all her time in the office … .
6. I’ve caught a cold and can’t come today … .
4.17 Choose the right word:
job – position – occupation
“job” – anything that one has to do, task, duty;
“position” – a person’s relative place, as in society; rank, status
“occupation” – that which chiefly engages one’s time; one’s trade
“work” – an uncountable noun, not used with an indefinite article e.g. I have work.
1. He was unemployed doing only odd … .
2. Knitting is useful … for long winter evenings.
3. My sister occupies an important … in the Department of Health.
4. The police called to the company to find out his … at the moment.
5. He had a hard … painting the car.
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name
Address
Telephone:
Date of Birth:
Schools attended
(Name and town) From to (dates)
Colleges attended to (dates)
(Name and town) From
Qualifications
(Name of examination) (subject) (grade)
(Include all school and college examinations which you have passed and any other relevant qualifications or achievements in fields like sport or music.)
Work experience(With the most recent job first.)
Interests and Activities (Your hobbies, interests – especially social ones. Try to project yourself as an individual here. )
Future education plans(Any subject you are currently studying or courses you plan to take.)
References(Names, addresses, phone numbers of head teachers or ex – employers who may be approached for references.)
Writing a course paper
My name is Michael. I am a student of Berlin University. I study at the faculty of Science and Engineering. I like studying here. The teaching staff is friendly and well-organised. Our dean is very competent. He knows how to cope with different people and problems. During my study here I got acquainted with new books and scientific ideas. Our library with its electronic catalogue impressed me.
I am a second year student and this term I have to write a course paper. My scientific supervisor is Professor Davidson. Professor is a very experienced supervisor. The theme of my course paper is ”Computer today.”
It consists of 3 chapters. First I want to statethe problem. I begin with the fact that the computer is a defining symbol of 20th century technology - a tool that has transformed businesses and lives around the world, increased productivity, and opened access tо vast amounts of knowledge. I aim to show that in the first half of the 20th century, a steady stream of technical innovation transformed people's lives. I want to underline that In many ways, new technologies were no longer a surprise when came a new machine - the computer - which astonished the world and promised to remove other forms of drudgery from life, such as tedious calculations.
In the second chapter I describe how the computer soon evolved from an elaborate calculator to a complex system of enormous capability. I pay attention to the fact that before the century was over; the computer had become an integral part of every major industry.
In the third chapter I present the history of computer. For a better understandingof some problems I consider the earliest digital machines, beginning with ENIAC and continuing into the late 1950s based on vacuum tubes. Moreover, in this part I discussthe next phase that required the development of a whole range of components used in computers today. Then I pass overto 1981 when IBM introduced the PC, a key event in the development of the consumer computer industry. It was based on an Intel microprocessor and the operating system DOS, licensed from Microsoft.
In the last part I focus on the result of my research and touch upon the future of the computer. I also explain that graphically driven software makes computers easy to use and has begun to open new worlds through the Internet. I state that the real computer revolution is not one of numbers and bytes, but one in which people, regardless of geography and politics, can share information and learn from each other. At the end I present a list of books as well as tables and charts.
A B
| 1. to manage 2. experienced 3. to increase 4. innovation 5. to evolve 6. enormous 7. to introduce 8. competent | a) efficient b) change c) to handle d) endured e) vast f) to present g) to enlarge h) to produce |
5.5 Explain in your own words how you understand the following sentences:
1.The teaching staff is friendly andwell-organised.
2. He knows howto cope withdifferent people and problems.
3. The computer is a defining symbol of 20th century technology.
4. Before the century was over; the computer had become an integral part of every major industry.
5. The real computer revolution is not one of numbers and bytes, but one in which people, regardless of geography and politics
5.6 Read and translate the dialogue. Pay attention to the italicised phrases:
Dialogue I
- Martin, whose supervision are you elaborating your theme under?
- My supervisor is Mr. Smith, a professor of Physics at our University. He is famous for his numerous publications devoted to the pressing problems of molecular physics, which have been published in different scientific magazines. What about you, Paul?
- As for me, I’m elaborating my theme under the supervision of Tom Hadson, probably you know him
- Of course, I know him. More than 30 researchers have successfully received their Doctorate degrees under his supervision. By the way, what specific traits of character does he possess?
- To my mind, he is a talented and experienced research supervisor. Moreover, he employs different techniques to involve the students into an independent work.
- What character traits do you appreciate most?
- He is a very sociable, creative person, who shows a consistent approach to problems.
- You’re lucky, I should say, because the personality of a research supervisor is very important for students.
- I completely agree with you. I’m really happy with my research supervisor and I hope that under his supervision my research will contribute to the accelerating progress of thermal physics.
Dialogue I
- Frankly speaking, I’m interested in lasers. The lasers are reported to enable scientists to measure the temperature of planets. They are expected to increase even the range of telescopes allowing us to penetrate still deeper into the universe
- I’m all right. Andrew, what’s the theme of your course paper?
- Hi Andrew, how are you?
- .Hello, Chris! I’m fine, thank you. And you?
- Does your research supervisor help you in your investigation?
- It sounds great!
- How often do you meet with your research supervisor?
- Really, and why are you interested in your theme?
- Yes, of course, he is known to be a high-qualified specialist in this field and I hope that our collaboration will be fruitful.
- Well, the theme of my research is “Possible Alternative to Internal-Combustion.» And what about you?
- You’re right, that’s why my course paper is devoted to the problem of internal-combustion engines. I’m going to create better forms of power which when ‘burnt’ will not emit harmful materials.
- Twice a month or even more often, it depends.
- And what about you?
- As you know, the internal-combustion engine played a major role among movers in the 20 century. But now it’s coming under criticism because of its substantial contribution to air pollution and to noise pollution.
- So, we meet once a week and discuss all my findings.
- If I’m not mistaken, when used the internal-combustion engines all burn a fuel mixture and this burning creates poisonous gases.
CONTENTS
Bibliography 67
И.С. Бучельникова, Н.В. Полиновская.
Практикум по формированию навыков чтения и устной речи для студентов II курса математического и физического факультетов Издательство Тюменского государственного университета, 2005.
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Кафедра иностранных языков естественных факультетов
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