Устойчивые выражения с предлогами

all of a sudden	внезапно, вдруг
at any rate	во всяком случае, по меньшей мере
at best	в лучшем случае
at least	по крайней мере, во всяком случае
by all means	любым способом, любой ценой, во что бы то ни стало
by far	явно, общепризнано, безоговорочно
by the way	кстати, между прочим
for one thing	во-первых
in a way	в некоторой степени, в некотором смысле
in many respects	во многих отношениях
in that case	в таком случае
in the least	совсем
on the contrary	наоборот
on the one hand	с одной стороны
on the other hand	с другой стороны
on the whole	в целом, вообще
once and for all	окончательно, раз и навсегда
to get rid of	избавиться от
to some extent	сколько-нибудь, до некоторой степени
to the point	по существу, кстати

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Choose before, after, from, or agofor the blank space in each sentence.

1.	Our friend will arrive in this city a week ____ now.
2.	Mr. Benson was here the week ____ last.
3.	The men are leaving for Cuba the month ____ next.
4.	Fred’s brother finished school several years ____.
5.	Bill and I went to that meeting the night ____ last.
6.	Pierre will return to this country two years ____ now.
7.	Our school year ended the month ____ last.
8.	Mr. and Mrs. Fox left London two weeks ____ yesterday.
9.	I’m going back to school the week ____ next.
10.	Did you speak to Miss Davis the day ____ yesterday?
11.	My friends will arrive here a week ____ next Sunday.
12.	Mr. and Mrs. Taylor will get back the day ____ tomorrow.
13.	I am leaving for South America a week ____ tomorrow.
14.	I’ll get back to London a month ____ now.
15.	My friend left for Venezuela a week ____ yesterday.

Exercise 2.

Choose in, on, or atfor the blank space in each sentence.

1.	This English class seemed very easy ____ first.
2.	____ present, we are studing the use of prepositions.
3.	Did you get to work ____ time yesterday morning?
4.	Did you get to the meeting ____ time for the movie?
5.	Both of us were in Leeds ____ that time.
6.	____ the future, please write exercises more carefully.
7.	I see a musical comedy on Broadway once ____ a while.
8.	____ the beginning, the work seemed very difficult to me.
9.	My friend came back with the money ____ no time ____ all.
10.	From now ____, please study ____ least two hours a day.
11.	We went out for coffee ____ the middle of the afternoon.
12.	I’ve mentioned it to him ____ several different occasions.
13.	You’re making too much noise. Stop that ____ once!
14.	Why don’t you call him? I’ll wait here ____ the meantime.

Exercise 3.

In each section, choose one of the two words for each sentence.

since/for

1.	Mr. Berg has studied English in this class ____ eight months.
2.	My friend has studied English in this ckass ____ last October.
3.	The Browns have lived in this city ____ 2000.
4.	The Wilsons have lived in New York ____ six years.
5.	Mr. Smith worked for that company ____ one year.
6.	Mr. Smith has worked for our company ____ that time.
7.	Alice has been here ____ the beginning of the year.
8.	Her sister has been in San Francisco ____ a long time.

since/in

1.	Mr. and Mrs, Hanson lived in London ____ 2003.
2.	Mr. and Mrs. Hanson have lived in this city ____ 2004.
3.	We haven’t seen our friends the Smiths ____ August.
4.	Mr. and Mrs. Smith left for South America ____ August.
5.	Frank’s parents returned fron Canada ___ the autumn.
6.	Frank’s parents have lived in their new house ____ last autumn.
7.	Mr, Johnsosn hasn’t had any free time ____ this morning.
8.	Mr. Johnson had several important meetings ____ the morning.

for/in

1.	Mr. Smith worked for the Container Corporation ____ 1999.
2.	Mr Smith worked for the corporation ____ one year.
3.	My wife and I usually take our vacation ____ the summer.
4.	We usually stay in Rome ____ a whole month.
5.	Professor Moore came to this university ____ 2005.
6.	Professor Moore has taught here ____ eight years.
7.	Fred’s sister has had her diploma ____ over six weeks now.
8.	She received her diploma from the University of Oxford ____ June.

by/in

1.	Thomas and Richard will be there ____ ten o’clock.
2.	My friends will be there ____ two or three hours.
3.	Will you finish the work ____ September?
4.	I’ll finish the work ____ three months.
5.	I’ll lend you my dictionary ____ a day or two.
6.	Don’t bother, I’ll have my own dictionary ____ then.
7.	We’ll go there six-thirty. ____ that time, Tom will be there.
8.	I’m sure you will not finish the work ____ that amount of time.

by/until

1.	Bill is there now. He’ll be there ____ ten o’clock.
2.	Bill isn’t there now. But he’ll be there ____ ten o’clock.
3.	Don’t hurry. The train won’t leave ____ 5.45 p.m.
4.	We’ll certainly get to the station ____ 5.45 p.m.
5.	Please return in an hour. I’ll be ready ____ then.
6.	I’ll be back very soon. Wait right here ____ then.
7.	Our guests stayed here ____ twelve o’clock last night.
8.	____ twelve o’clock, we were practically asleep in our chairs.

by/for

1.	We’ll have that report ready for you ____ 4.00 p.m.
2.	We’ll work on that report ____ the next two hours.
3.	I’m leaving now, but I’ll be back here ____ noon.
4.	I’ll be away from my office ____ several hours today.
5.	The highway department will finish that road ____ 2015.
6.	The construction company has already worked on it ____ one year.
7.	Please don’t tell my friends the news ____ a few days.
8.	Why not? Your friends will know all about it ____ that time.

until/for

1.	I waited for you right there ____ five o’clock.
2.	I waited for you right there ____ an hour and a half.
3.	Mr. and Mrs. Carson will be in London ____ September.
4.	The Carsons are going to stay in London ____ two months.
5.	Our guests will remain with us ____ one more day.
6.	They are going to stay here ____ the day after tomorrow.
7.	Mr. Wilson won’t be away from the office ____ very long.
8.	Why don’t you wait here in the office ____ then?

until/in

1.	The train will leave the station ____ ten minutes.
2.	The train won’t leave the station ____ 2.30 p.m.
3.	Mr. Burke will be back here ____ nine or ten days.
4.	Mr. Burke will stay in Rome ____ a week from Friday.
5.	You will probably finish all of the work ____ an hour.
6.	However, you will probably be very busy with it ____ that time.
7.	Miss Stewart will be ready to leave ____ a little while.
8.	Miss Stewart won’t be ready to leave ____ eight o’clock.

Exercise 4.

Select the correct preposition for the blank or blanks in each sentence if it is necessary. If there are two possibilities, give both and explain the difference. Use only the prepositions from the box.

by

during

for

in

on

since

until

1.	He said the boat would be leaving the dock ____ 25 minutes.
2.	Bill Allen married his sweetheart ____ the war.
3.	Mr. and Mrs. Harrison have been in Columbia ____ last August.
4.	Those students have been working on the report ____ three hours now.
5.	The engineer hopes to finish the entire job ____ April or May.
6.	Mr. Smith won’t get back here ____ later this afternoon.
7.	That student has been here ____ the beginning of the semester.
8.	We think the thief broke into the house sometime ____ the night.
9.	She said she was going to return to Detroit ____ the tenth of August.
10.	All the guests had finished dinner ____ ten o’clock.
11.	The Andersons lived in California ____ two or three years.
12.	Pierre made his first trip to the USA ____ October 2006.

Exercise 5.

Select the correct preposition for the blank or blanks in each sentence if it is necessary. If there are two possibilities, give both and explain the difference. Use only the prepositions from the box.

at

by

for

from

in

on

to

1.	My wife and I make trips to nearby cities ____ time ____ time.
2.	____ no time ____ all, he learned to speak English fluently.
3.	Just ____ that moment, we heard a loud crash outside the house.
4.	Once ____ a while, I enjoy eating at a French restaurant.
5.	Edward’s command of English is improving day ____ day.
6.	The captain ordered Sergeant Hardy to leave ____ once.
7.	We got there just ____ time to see the end of the program.
8.	We took a taxi in order to get to the meeting ____ time.
9.	____ the beginning, everything seemed to be difficult for us.
10.	____ occasion, we enjoy seeing a good Broadway play.
11.	Both of the students were trying to speak ____ the same time.
12.	____ the end, we decided that Harry was right about that matter.
13.	____ present, Arthur is working on a novel about the Civil War.
14.	I’m usually completely exhausted ____ the end of the day.
15.	____ times, I felt as though I would never be able to finish it.
16.	____ the first time ____ his life, he didn’t argue about anything!
17.	Do those men usually get paid ____ the week or ____ the month?
18.	I hope that these conditions will be changed ____ the future.
19.	____ the past, people did a great deal of work by hand.
20.	The girls usually go for coffee ____ the middle of the afternoon.

Exercise 6.

Select the correct preposition for the blank or blacks in each sentence. If there are several possibilities, explain the differences in meaning carefully. Use only the prepositions from the box.

along	behind	down	into	on	to
around	between	for	near	opposite	up
at	by	in	of	past

1.	The tallest building ____ the world is located ____ New York City.
2.	It’s ____ 34th street ____ Madison Avenue and Park Avenue.
3.	Their business office is ____ the fifteenth floor ____ that building.
4.	Our office is ____ 165 Main Street. It’s ____ the post office.
5.	I drove ____ the block slowly while Martha ran ____ the store.
6.	Our friends drove ____ us ____ their car, but they didn’t see us.
7.	They’ll meet us ____ the corner ____ Broadway and 8th Street.
8.	I always go ____ work ____ bus. Do you ride ____ the bus too?
9.	Did Ed park his park his car ____ the alley ____ our house?
10.	Your friend can park his car ____ the alley ____ our house.
11.	Joe is going ____ school ____ the University ____ Wisconsin now.
12.	The Smiths live ____ West Chestnut Street ____ the University.
13.	Mr. Kennedy was walking ____ Madison Avenue when I saw him.
14.	Please be careful! Walk ____ the sidewalk, not ____ the street.
15.	They’ll leave ____ England ____ the Queen Elizabeth tomorrow.
16.	They’ll stop ____ London ____ their way ____ France and Italy.
17.	Are you going to go ____ Spain ____ way ____ New York and Miami?

Exercise 7.

Choose byorwithfor each blank space in the following sentences.

1.	Mr. White said all these photographs had been taken ____ George.
2.	George took all those nice photographs ____ an expensive camera.
3.	Joe told me the motor had been repaired ____ a very good mechanic.
4.	The mechanic was able to repair the old motor ____ a special tool.
5.	Joe saved a lot of money ____ using second-hand pairs in the motor.
6.	He said the motor would work just as well ____ second-hand parts.
7.	We were frightened ____ the loud explosion.
8.	Mr. Brown’s shoes were covered ____ mud.
9.	He got them dirty ____ going out in the rain.
10.	We flattered Jim ____ a great deal of praise.
11.	We flattered him ____ telling him nice things.
12.	He was very flattered ____ all of our praise.
13.	Harold annoyed us ____ his constant advice.
14.	He annoyed us ____ giving us very bad advice.
15.	She went to the library ____ her friend, but she returned ____ herself.
16.	____ a little help I’m sure that students will improve very rapidly.
17.	____ practicing constantly he will become very proficient quickly.

Exercise 8.

Select the correct prepositions for the idiomatic expressions in each of the following sentences. Use only the prepositions from the box.

in

on

at

of

for

by

to

out of

1.	Robert resembles his father ____ many aspects.
2.	I think the conference was very successful ____ the whole.
3.	He works very hard or ____ any rate he gives that impression.
4.	Carol didn’t seem to be excited ____ the least about the news.
5.	The dean said I had to take ____ least twelve credits a semester.
6.	You don’t like it, do you? – ____ the contrary, I love it.
7.	It isn’t a very good plan. ____ one thing, it’s too complicated.
8.	____ case anyone calls for me, tell him I’ll be back a little later.
9.	I’m going to settle that matter with him once and ____ all.
10.	Should I start now? – Yes, ____ all means. The sooner the better!
11.	____ the one hand, I want to tell my boss exactly what I think.
12.	____ the other hand, I don’t want to lose my good position here.
13.	The weather here is like the weather in my country ____ some extent.
14.	____ a way, it’s too bad he didn’t take advantage of the opportunity.
15.	I wish he would come ____ the point. He never says what he thinks.
16.	____ the way, what did you think about the movie you saw yesterday?
17.	All ____ a sudden, the man in the car ahead of us put on his brakes.

Союз (The Conjunction)

Союзами называются служебные слова, которые употребляются для соединения членов предложения и предложений.

По своей форме союзы делятся на простые, сложные и составные.

Простые союзы – это союзы, неразложимые на составные части, например: and и, а, but но, or или, if если, that что и т. д.

Сложные союзы – это союзы, в состав которых входит наречие ever или которые представляют собой сочетание двух союзов, например: however однако, whereas тогда как.

Составные союзы – это союзы, которые представляют собой сочетание служебных слов со знаменательными: in case в случае, as though как если бы, как будто бы, as well as так же как, as long as до тех пор пока, in order that для того чтобы и т. д.

К составным союзам относятся двойные союзы, состоящие из двух частей: both … and как … так (и), either … or или … или, neither … nor ни … ни, not only … but also не только … но и, as … as так же … как, not so … as не так … как и т. д.

Имеется ещё небольшая группа союзов, которые произошли от причастий: provided, providing при условии если, seeing поскольку, supposing если, в случае.

По своей функции в предложении союзы делятся на сочинительные (CoordinativeConjunctions) и подчинительные (SubordinativeConjunctions).

Сочинительные союзы (CoordinativeConjunctions) соединяют однородные члены предложения, а также независимые предложения, которые с их помощию соединяются в одно сложносочинённое предложение.

Подчинительные союзы (SubordinativeConjunctions) присоединяют придаточные предложения к главному, от которого зависит придаточное предложение.

Сочинительные союзы по значению делятся на следующие группы:

1) соединительные: and (в значении и); as well as так же как (и); nor также не, и не; neither … nor ни … ни; not only … but (also) не только … но (также) и; both … and и …и, как … так и.

2) противительные: and (в значении а); but но; still, nevertheless всё же, тем не менее; yet всё же, тем не менее; however однако.

3) разделительные: or или, иначе; either … or или … или.

К сочинительным союзам относится союз for (так как), поскольку он вводит предложения, дающие дополнительные сведения, а не придаточные причины.

It is morning already for the birds are singing.

Уже утро, (так как) поют птицы.

Подчинительные союзы по значению делятся на:

1. Изъяснительные: that что, чтобы; whether, if ли.

2. Временные: as в то время как, когда, по мере того как; as soon as как только; as long as пока; till, until (до тех пор) пока (не); before прежде чем; after после того как; since с тех пор как; directly как только; when когда; while в то время как, когда.

3. Причинные: as так как; because потому что; seeing (that)поскольку, принимая во внимание; since поскольку, так как.

4. Целевые: that, in order that, so that чтобы, для того чтобы; lest чтобы не.

5. Условные: if если; unless если не; provided (that), providing (that) при условии что; supposing (that)если, допустим (что), предположим (что); on condition (that) при условии если.

6. Уступительные: though, although хотя; in spite of the fact that несмотря на то что.

7. Образа действия и сравнения: as как; (not) so … as (не) так … как, (не) такой … как; as … as так же (такой же), … как (и); as if, as though как если бы, как будто; such … that такой … что; not so … as не так (такой), … как; than чем; so … that так (такой) … что; the … the чем … тем.

8. Следствия: so … that так (настолько) … что; so that так что.

Союзные слова

Кроме союзов, для связи придаточных предложений с главным употребляются союзные слова, которые отличаются от союзов тем, что входят в состав придаточного предложения в качестве одного из его членов. К ним относятся: who кто, который, whose чей, которого, what что, which, that который, when когда, where где, куда, how как, why почему.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Pick out the conjunctions and state whether they are coordinative or subordinative. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.	Ann and Jane are great friends.
2.	I can’t go with you because I’m busy.
3.	I’ve never been here before, and I don’t think I’ve ever seen a place as lovely as this one.
4.	I’m sorry, Nick, but I must go now.
5.	Let’s wait until the rain stops.
6.	I’ve been here before, and I like the place very much.
7.	The book is either in the bookcase or on the shelf.
8.	What shall we do if it rains?
9.	The weather was bad, still we decided to go.
10.	We decided to put off our outing, for it looked like raining.
11.	I wonder if we can get tickets for the 5 o’clock show.
12.	Jack told me that he would come at six.
13.	Either go with us or stay here.
14.	We have plenty of time, so there’s no need to hurry.
15.	Both Nick and Pete were there.

Exercise 2.

Pick out coordinative conjunctions and state their type. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.	He was neither for nor against the proposal.
2.	I looked for the book everywhere, but I couldn’t find it.
3.	Do you want to go there or don’t you?
4.	The earth and other planets move around the sun and at the same time they rotate about their own axes too.
5.	He would not listen to me, and I wanted to warn him.
6.	Hurry up or you will be late!
7.	I told him about our plan, and he agreed to it.
8.	The waters of the lake were deep, yet clear.
9.	We have received your telegram as well as your letter.
10.	The village is about seven or eight kilometers from here.

Exercise 3.

Pick out subordinative conjunctions and state their type. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.	I don’t know whether he will come tonight.
2.	The tourists did not make camp until it grew dark.
3.	As the day was clear, they decided to climb the mountain.
4.	He wrote down the number lest he should forget it.
5.	The air is not so cold now as it was in the early morning.
6.	You answer as if you did not know this rule.
7.	As I was coming here, I met your brother.
8.	What have you been doing since you left our town?
9.	I shall go there tomorrow unless I am too busy.
10.	Let me know as soon as he comes.
11.	He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.
12.	He returned sooner than we had rxrpected.
13.	Supposing that he doesn’t come, who will do the work?
14.	Since the documents have not arrived, we cannot load the goods.
15.	The leaves of the trees were very dark and thick, so that no ray of light came through the branches.

Exercise 4.

Combine the following sentences so as to make them either complex or compound, using the conjunctions given in brackets. Make necessary changes. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.	I did nor read the book to the end. It was not very interesting (because, therefore).
2.	We left early. We wanted to reach the town before sunset (so that, so)
3.	The expedition may be dangerous. I shall take part in it (although, nevertheless).
4.	The road was very muddy. The car would not move (so …that, for).

Повелительное наклонение
(The Imperative Mood)

Повелительное наклонение выражает волю говорящего, побуждение к совершению действия, просьбу или приказание говорящего.

В английском языке в повелительном наклонении есть только одна форма глагола для 2-го лица. Она соответствует двум формам глагола в повелительном наклонении для 2-го лица в русском языке – форме единственного и форме множественного числа.

Look at the blackboard!

смотри (смотрите) на доску!

Отрицательная форма глагола образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do и частицы not.

Don’t be late!

Не опаздывай(те)!

Для усиления просьбы перед глаголом употребляется вспомогательный глагол to do.

Do write to me as soon as you need my help!

Напишите мне непременно, как только вам понадобится моя помощь!

Для выражения воли говорящего, побуждения к совершению действия, относящихся к 3-му лицу, употребляется сочетание глагола let с личным местоимением в форме объектного падежа или с существительным в форме общего падежа и инфинитивом без частицы to.

Let him read!

Пусть (пускай) он читает! Дай(те) ему читать!

Сочетание глагола let с личным местоимением 1-го лица множественного числа в форме объектного падежа и инфинитивом без частицы to выражает побуждение к совместному действию.

Let us return to the subject of our discussion.

Вернёмся к теме нашего обсуждения.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Change these orders and direction to polite requests.

Model:

Open the door. Please open the door. Open the door, please. Open the dorr, will you?

1.	Come at 7.30.
2.	Give me the magazine.
3.	Shut the window.
4.	Finish your work.
5.	Come back soon.
6.	Call me before 5.30.
7.	Post the letter today.
8.	Pass the sugar.
9.	Tell me the answer.
10.	Bring it to me.
11.	Return those books.

Exercise 2.

Put these orders and requests into the negative form. Change them to polite requests.

Model:

Shut the door. Don’t shut the door. Please don’t shut the door. Don’t shut the door, please.

1.	Sit on the sofa.
2.	Put the box there.
3.	Move the chairs.
4.	Call me after 5.30.
5.	Bring your friend today.
6.	Tell them about that.
7.	Put your coat there.
8.	Turn off the light.
9.	Turn on the radio.
10.	Push the table back.
11.	Talk to me now.

Exercise 3.

Change these orders and directions to suggestions with let us (let’s). Write the negative form also.

Model:

Call Fred tonight. Let’s call Fred tonight. Let’s not call Fred tonight.

1.	Study that lesson now.
2.	Visit Mr. and Mrs. Smith.
3.	Learn those words now.
4.	Read the newspaper.
5.	Walk to school today.
6.	Listen to the radio.
7.	See that movie.
8.	Watch television tonight.
9.	Finish the work now.
10.	Go to the shop.
11.	Study those two lessons.

Сослагательное наклонение
(The Subjunctive Mood)

Сослагательное наклонение показывает, что говорящий рассматривает действие не как реальный факт, а как желательное, предполагаемое, условное или возможное.

В русском языке для выражения сослагательного наклонения употребляется форма глагола в прошедшем времени в сочетании с частицей бы.

В современном английском языка для выражения сослагательного наклонения употребляются следующие формы:

Сослагательное I (Subjunctive I или Present Subjunctive) имеет ту же самую форму, что и инфинитив.

от глагола to be	От других глаголов
I	be	I	write
he/she/it	he/she/it
we	we
you	you
they	they

Сослагательное II (Subjunctive II или Past Subjunctive) имеет ту же самую форму, что и Past Tenses. Исключением является глагол to be, который имеет форму were.

от глагола to be	От других глаголов
I	were	I	wrote
he/she/it	he/she/it
we	we
you	you
they	they

В разговорной речи форма were иногда заменяется в единственном числе формой was.