Иностранный язык (английский язык)

Практикум

К практическим занятиям и по самостоятельной работе для курсантов 3 курса специальности 26.05.07 «Эксплуатация судового электрооборудования и средств автоматики»

очной и заочной формы обучения

Семестр

Керчь, 2016 г.

УДК 811.111’276.6:621.3

Составитель: Фролова С. Н., старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков

ФГБО ВО «КГМТУ» __________

Рецензент: Кручина О. Н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков

ФГБО ВО «КГМТУ» _________

Практикум рассмотрен и одобрен на заседании кафедры иностранных языков

ФГБО ВО «КГМТУ»

протокол № _2_ от 15.09.2016 г.

Практикум утвержден и рекомендован к публикации

на заседании методической комиссии МФ ФГБОУ ВО «КГМТУ»

протокол №__ от ________ г.

ФГБОУ ВО «КГМТУ», 2016 г.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Содержание---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

Unit 4. Safety at sea.

Lesson 1. Safety appliances---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

Lesson 2. Ship’s drills---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

Lesson 3. Types of alarms on a ship----------------------------------------------------------------------14

Lesson 4. Ships survivability.------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

Unit 5. Fire fighting.

Lesson 1. Fire on board.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

Lesson 2. Class “C” fires-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------24

Lesson 3. Fire prevention-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------29

Lesson 4. Fire detection methods--------------------------------------------------------------------------32

Lesson 5. Fire fighting--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39

Grammar exercises.

Conditional clauses------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49

Should\would verbs-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51

Внеаудиторное чтение

6 семестр. Engine room fires------------------------------------------------------------------------------54

Лексический минимум.

6 семестр-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58

Unit 4.

Safety at sea.

Read and translate the following test and entitle it.

According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), “Shipping is perhaps the most international of all the world’s greatest industries and one of the most dangerous.” This means that in shipping industry even the most basic job of transporting cargo across oceans involves great amount of risk, involving both physical and financial aspects. Every part of the shipping business is bounded by stringent regulations, which prompts companies to act in disciplined and organized manner. To ensure that all operations are carried out in an efficient and smooth manner at the sea, the shipping companies resort to “safety” as their first tool for streamlining processes. Safety in all types of operations is the key factor in ensuring that the company always maintains its position about the profit line, both efficiently and ethically. Personal safety or safety of life at sea comes at the top of priority list as there is no loss which is considered greater than the loss of human life. Shipping companies understand the importance of the safety of human life at the sea and thus rank it at the very top. It’s a known fact that without an efficient crew no shipping company can survive.

Vocabulary.

To be bounded by – быть связанным чем-л

Stringent regulations – строгие правила

smooth – ровный. равномерный

to resort to – обращаться к

streamlining processes – оптимальные (совершенные) процессы

priority list – список приоритетов

Lesson 1.

Translate into Russian.

The safety of a vessel, the Master’s responsibility, to ensure, sufficient number of safety equipment, safety precautions, a whistle and a light, heavy weather, during the hours of darkness or restricted visibility, horseshoe shape, self-igniting buoy-light, double the numbers, lowering.

Find the equivalents of English word combinations in left column.

1. properly maintained and stowed 2. regarding safety precautions 3. what concerns 4. ready at hand 5. strong-points 6. buoyancy 7. a self-igniting buoy-light 8. a conventional lifeboat 9. to be launched 10. separate buoyancy compartments 11. automatically inflatable 12. rated capacity 13. wire rope 14. lifeboat swinging heavily

a) точки крепления b) обычная спасательная шлюпка c) надувающийся автоматически d) относительно мер предосторожности e) металлический трос f) быть спущенным на воду g) плавучесть h) правильно эксплуатирующийся и хранящийся i) сильно раскачивающаяся шлюпка j) номинальная мощность k) что касается l) самозажигающийся осветительный буй m) под рукой (быть готовым) n) отдельные плавучие отсеки

Read and translate the text.

LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES

The safety of a vessel and her crew is the Master’s responsibility, who must ensure seaworthyness and experienced crew. He also must ensure sufficient number of safety equipment which is properly maintained and stowed. The crew has to know where it is kept and how it is used. All vessels must comply with the laws of their country of registration and relevant, applicable Shipping Act or Regulations regarding safety precautions and life saving appliances.

What concerns life jackets at least one approved must be for every person on board. It is recommended that they are equipped with a whistle and a light. They must be stowed ready at hand.

A Safety Harness should be worn by all sailors on deck in heavy weather or during the hours of darkness or restricted visibility. There must be an adequate number of strong-points on the vessel to which safety harnesses can be attached.

There are lifebuoys of either circular or horseshoe shape of adequate size and buoyancy. Both must be carried on deck, ready for instant use; one must be within easy reach of the helmsman and equipped with a self-igniting buoy-light and dan marker.

Hundreds of lives have been saved by liferaftsand in several cases the weather was such that a conventional lifeboat would have been useless. Liferafts vary in size from a 4 man up to a 42 man. All liferafts are capable of carrying double the numbers for which they are certified. Liferafts must be carried on deck or in a special stowage opening immediately. They must be capable of being launched within 30 seconds. They have two separate buoyancy compartments each, of which is automatically inflatable and are capable to carry its rated capacity with one compartment deflated.

Strong and effective lifelines of wire rope or metal tube, or a combination of both ought to be fitted right round the vessel including bow and stern without a break. Their height from deck level equals 61 cm.

Lowering of the lifeboat may call for considerable preparation. The danger of the lifeboat swinging heavily against the ship's side while being lowered, and sustaining grievous damage before she is in the water, is so imminent that it will usually be advisable to pass two wires under the bottom of the boat.
Vocabulary.

Seaworthiness – годность судна к плаванию, мореходность

safety precautions - меры безопасности

to comply with – соответствовать, исполнять

harness - рангоут и такелаж, привязные ремни

buoyancy - плавучесть, -надводное положение

dan marker - поплавок

inflatable - надутый воздухом

deflate- выпускать воздух

lifelines- спасательный леер (трос), бортовой леер.

bowsprit - бушприт

lifebuoys -спасательныйкруг

life saving appliances - приспособления для спасения жизни на море

Answer the questions.

1. What regulations must any ship comply with?

2. How many life jackets must be on board a ship?

5. Where do we secure safety harnesses?

6. How do liferafts vary?

7. Why may lowering of the lifeboat call for considerable preparation?

Lesson 2.

Ship’s drills.

Translate into Russian.

Proper training, to proceed to the lifeboat, verbal order, the major source, fight fires, to be familiar with, can perform their best, to train, to be trained, when the need arises, fire fighting apparatus, the effectiveness of the entire team, to keep a lookout for, to take an immediate action, a distress message, the rescue operation, a rescue boat, to control ship board pollution, to reduce the risk, the watertight integrity of ship.

Read and translate texts.

There are some drills on board merchant vessels like Abandon Ship, Fire Drills, Man Overboard Drill, Oil / Chemical Spills, Enclosed Space Entry, Flooding, Collision, Grounding Drills, Blackout Training, Emergency Steering Drill. A Drill is an exercise performed on board (or during training ashore) which may be supervised by a competent authority or personnel. Mostly such exercises are specialized for a particular event, or emergency. Such drills ideally should be practiced again and again so that everyone on board is well versed with the situation and is trained enough to tackle if such a situation arises.

Here are Drills On board Merchant Vessels:

Abandon the ship. We all sincerely hope no one ever has to experience abandoning the ship but proper training ensures if such an incident occurs, all the crew members are able to safely abandon the ship in any condition and proceed to the lifeboat.

Upon hearing the auditory signal – Seven Short Blasts, One Long Blast, all crew members and passengers are to report to their assigned muster stations and stand in order of their numbers in the Muster List. The Master gives a verbal order to abandon the ship and the crew members enter the lifeboat according to their numbers in the Muster List.

According to SOLAS ‘ Every crew member shall participate in at least one abandon ship drill every month. The drills of the crew shall take place within 24 hours of the ship leaving a port if more than 25% of the crew has not participated in abandon ship and fire drills on board that particular ship in the previous month.

Fire drills. Fires are the major source of accidents on board. Efficient and regular drills ensure the crew members are properly trained to tackle and fight fires. All crew members are assigned tasks so that everyone works as a team, drills ensure that all members are familiar with their tasks and can perform their best during a real emergency.

All crew members are trained in specialized Fire Fighting Appliances like CO2 release system, SCBA, Fireman Outfit Donning etc by Senior Officers.

The crew members are trained to use emergency escape routes when the need arises and also made aware of the company policies regarding such emergencies. A mock drill using all essential fire fighting apparatus is performed so that the effectiveness of the entire team can be gauged and improved systematically.

Man overboard drill.Drills ensure if such emergencies are encountered, it is possible to safely recover the overboard crew member (or passenger). Crew members are trained to keep a lookout for spotting the overboard crew member or passenger and are to shout ‘Man overboard!’ loudly upon spotting. Make sure that the watchkeeping officer gets your message about the man overboard. The watchkeeping officer will inform the Capitan and will take an immediate action. He will turn or stop the ship to rescue the person as soon as possible. If necessary he will send a distress message to other ships in the area and Rescue Center, so that they can help in the rescue operation. Then the officer will give the command to prepare a rescue boat to bring the person onboard back again. Or the man overboard marker is thrown towards the victim from the bridge wing. After this the rescued man should be taken to the sick-bay immediately.

If you get overboard get clear of the ship and continue shouting and splashing water as long as there is a chance that you will be heard or seen. Then swim on your back to keep your body warm. Do not panic!

Oil \ chemical spills.Under stringent legal frameworks of modern times, it becomes very important to be trained to control ship board pollution. Most oil and pollution due to noxious substances occur by oil and chemical spills. It is very important to train the crew members to react fast and ensure the pollution is contained. Modern ships contain all apparatus required for such operations.

Strategic planning is necessary to minimize the effects of such spills, like positioning of booms and using rubber antistatic boots and other equipments. Such equipments reduce the risk of a fire hazard. Some companies require preparedness to control oil / chemical spills before commencing STS Operations.

Enclosed space entry procedures.One of the leading causes of accidents while entering such places is ignorance. Use of portable oxygen analysers, tankscopes and explosimeters should be demonstrated to the crew members.

Rotation of personnel is of prime importance, an entrance attendant is required to ensure logging of entry and exit times of personnel. Oxygen deficient atmospheres can lead to asphyxiation and eventual long term irrevocable damage to brain cells, even if personnel are rescued and resuscitated. Communication is the key. All companies nowadays have an enclosed entry check list, all precautions should be discussed with all crew members and all doubts cleared.

Flooding, collision, grounding drills.Flooding can affect the watertight integrity of ship. Flooding can happen due to leaking valves of shipboard machinery and equipment leaks. Grounding can also lead to cracks or failure of ship’s hull in areas such as welded joints which may lead to flooding.

Collision may lead to damage to ship structure and affect the stability and watertight integrity of the ship. In all cases, drills ensure that crew members are trained to respond immediately to such situations.

Although every crew member is assigned a task which is explicitly mentioned in the Muster List, it is of utmost importance to ensure they are trained in specific tasks.

If the engine room is flooded, water must not be allowed to ingress the ship board machinery generating power required for running the ships like shaft generators and alternators. Operating the emergency bilge ejector valve may help in pumping out the water to control the situation. But it is not to be operated without the consent of the Chief Engineer and an entry in the ORB is required with the date, time and position of the vessel. Crew members should be trained during drills to ensure the function of bilge ejector valve is clear.

Vocabulary.

To abandon – покидать

To verse – изучать что-л

Auditory signal – звуковой сигнал

Blast – гудок

Assigned Muster Station – предназначенное место сбора

To tackle – (энергично) взяться за дело

CO2 release system – система выпуска углекислотного газа

SCBA - self-contained breathing apparatus – автономный дыхательный аппарат

Fireman outfit donning – одевание пожарного снаряжения

Escape routes – пути выхода

Mock drill – обучение на тренажере

To be gauged – быть выверенным

To keep a lookout – вести наблюдение

Spotting – установка точного местоположения

Rescue Center – центр по спасательным работам

Bridge wing – крыло ходового мостика

Stringent legal frameworks – строгие правовые рамки

Spill – разлив

Boom – быстрый подъем (деловой активности)

Rubber antistatic boots – резиновая антистатическая обувь

STS (ship-to-shore) – судно-берег

Enclosed space – замкнутое пространство

Entry procedures – порядок входа

Ignorance – невежество, безграмотность

Rotation – чередование, перемещение

Oxygen analyser – анализатор (определитель) кислорода

4. Tell briefly (in one sentence) about the aims of each drill. Begin your sentences with words:Upon … drills one should be able to…

Translate into English.

1. Соответствующее обучение необходимо, чтобы все члены экипажа смогли безопасно покинуть судно в любых аварийных условиях. 2. Слыша звуковой сигнал – семь коротких годков и один длинный – все члены экипажа должны направиться к их обозначенному месту встречи при авариях. 3. Эффективные и регулярные учения гарантируют членам экипажа необходимое обучение, чтобы справиться с аварийной ситуацией. 4. При строгих современных правовых постановлениях становится очень важным учиться контролировать загрязнение с судов. 5. Современные суда оснащены всем необходимым оборудованием для проведения подобных операций. 6. В настоящее время все компании имеют памятки (инструкции) по входу в замкнутые пространства; все меры предосторожности должны быть обсуждены с членами экипажа, и все недоразумения должны быть выяснены. 7. Если подтоплено машинное отделение, то нельзя позволить воде проникнуть в судовые механизмы, обеспечивающие производство энергии для работы судна, такие как генераторы постоянного и переменного тока.

Lesson 3.

Types of alarms on a ship.

Translate into Russian.

In the right way, at least, particular warning, ringing of bell, continuous sounding, to make aware, navigation lights, control room control panel, to go out of hands.

Make up word combinations.

1. alarm a) industry

2. on board b) bell

3. visual c) alarm

4. maritime d) system

5. audio e) bridge

6. ship’s f) room

7. navigation g) warning

8. engine h) ship

Vocabulary.

To arise on – возникнуть на

The commonness – общая черта, общность

Blast – гудок, сирена

Ship’s horn – судовой сигнал

Whistle – свисток

In nearby vicinity – в непосредственной близости

To malfunction – работать неисправно, отказывать в работе (о механизмах)

Security alert alarm system – сигнал тревоги системы охранного оповещения

Bell – рында (колокол)

Translate into English.

Сигнал тревоги, справиться с аварийной ситуацией, система аварийной сигнализации, звуковой сигнал, зрительный (визуальный) сигнал тревоги, сигнал общесудовой тревоги, пожарная сигнализация, тревога «Человек за бортом», сигнал навигационной тревоги, сигнал тревоги машинного отделения, сигнал тревоги утечки углекислого газа в машинном отделении, сигнал тревоги утечки углекислого газа в грузовых помещениях, сигнал тревоги по оставлению судна, сигнал тревоги системы охранного оповещения, подать голосовой приказ, подать сигнал свистком или рындой.

Define the type of alarm.

1.General Alarm 2.Fire Alarm 3.Man Overboard Alarm 4.Navigational Alarm 5.Machinery space Alarm 6.Machinery Space CO2 Alarm 7.Cargo Space CO2 Alarm 8.Abandon Ship Alarm 9.Ship Security Alarm System

a) the problem can be seen in the engine control room control panel which will display the alarm. b) the ship internal alarm bell sounds 3 long rings and ship whistle will blow 3 long blasts c) it is the general alarm and a verbal order, but this alarm is never given in ship’s bell or whistle. d) it is an alarm system sounded in a pirate attack emergency e) an alarm will be sounded in an navigational alarm panel. f) it is recognized by 7 short ringing of bell followed by a long ring or 7 short blasts on the ship’s horn followed by one long blast. g) it is a fire extinguishing system alarm h) it is sounded as continuous ringing of ship’s electrical bell or continuous sounding of ship’s horn. i) it is also a fire fighting system alarm

Answer the questions.

1. What is the purpose of any alarm on board ships?

2. What kinds of alarms do you know?

3. What types of ship’s alarms can you enumerate?

4. Why alarm signals for particular warnings are similar in all ships?

5. When is the General Alarm sounded?

6. Where is the Navigational Alarm sounded?

7. How can you understand the problem if the Machinery Space Alarm is operated?

8. Why are Machinery and Cargo spaces Alarms different from other types of alarms?

9. In what situation is an Abandon ship Alarm given?

10. Why is Ship Security Alarm System connected with different coastal authorities all over the world?

Translate into English.

Судовые тревоги представляют собой условные сигналы для предупреждения об опасности и сбора экипажа.

Общесудовая тревога объявляется вахтенным помощником капитана в случае происшествий, угрожающих судну, грузу и экипажу, таких как обнаружение поступления забортной воды внутрь корпуса судна, признаков пожара и т.п., а также при необходимости заблаговременно подготовить судно к предотвращению грозящей ему опасности. При объявлении тревоги все члены экипажа обязаны немедленно занять свои места по расписанию, иметь при себе спасательные жилеты (нагрудники) и надеть их по приказанию капитана или вахтенного помощника капитана. Сигналом общесудовой тревоги согласно SOLAS(гл.III пр. 37 п.1; LSA Code пункт 7.2) является семь или более коротких звуковых сигналов и следующего за ними одного продолжительного звукового сигнала, подаваемых судовым свистком или сиреной и, дополнительно – электрическим звонком или ревуном или другим равноценным звукосигнальным устройством, работающим от основного и аварийного источников электроэнергии. Сигнал повторяется 3-4 раза. Сигнал сопровождается объявлением по громкоговорящей связи о виде тревоги и месте локализации опасности с возможными пояснениями относительно действий судового экипажа в конкретной ситуации.

Тревога «Человек за бортом» объявляется вахтенным помощником капитана при падении человека за борт или при обнаружении человека или людей за бортом. Она подается трѐмя продолжительными корабельными гудками с объявлением по громкоговорящей связи- человек за бортом.

Тревога по оставлению судна объявляется только капитаном или по его указанию. Она представляет собой семь коротких и один продолжительный (5 – 6 с) сигнал звонком громкого боя, повторяемые 3 – 4 раза.
Учебные тревоги объявляются по указанию капитана судна; их объявление голосом предваряется словом «Учебная» («Учебная общесудовая тревога» и т.п.).
Отбой тревог объявляется голосом по трансляции.

Lesson 4.

Shipssurvivability.

Vocabulary

Survivability – живучесть, выживаемость

To denote – вызывать, указывать на что-то

Hostile environment – агрессивная внешняя среда, неблагоприятная обстановка

Definition – определение

Susceptibility – восприимчивость, подверженность

Vulnerability – уязвимость, низкая степень защищенности

Recoverability – восстанавливаемость, возможность восстановления

To subsume – относиться к какой-либо категории

Armouring – бронирование, покрытие защитной оболочкой, армирование

Hardening features – усиление защитных свойств

Dewatering – удаление (откачка) воды, осушение

Answer the questions.

1. What ability of a ship does survivability denote?

2. Why is survivability a vital feature for vessels?

3. What aspects does the classical definition of ships survivability include?

4. What does susceptibility consist of?

5. What does vulnerability refer to?

6. What does recoverability refer to?

7. What aspects play a vital role in recoverability?

SAFE OPERATION OF SHIPS

The International Convention for the Safety of life at sea is concerned with safety and health on ships. It had been adopted in 1948 in London. The Regulation include all aspects such аs: safe conditions of workplaces, keeping ladders and companionways clear of obstructions, provision and maintenance of non-slip walking surfaces, adequate lighting, heating and ventilation, appropriate instructions.

The master of the ship shall be supplied with data necessary to maintain sufficient intact stability under service conditions to enable the ship to withstand the critical damage.

There shall be permanently exhibited, for the guidance of the officer in charge of the ship, the plan showing clearly the boundaries of for each deck, hold and the watertight compartments, the openings therein with the means of closure and position of any controls thereof, andthe arrangements for the correction of any list due to a casualty whether the ship is upright or listed.

All sidescuttles the sills of which are below the margin line, other than those required to be of a non opening type shall be of such construction as will effectively prevent any person opening them without the consent of the Master of the ship.

Ships shall be provided with an efficient bilge pumping plant capable of pumping draining from any watertight compartment which is neither a permanent oil compartment nor a permanent water compartment.

The main steering gear shall be of adequate strength and sufficient to steer the ship at maximum service speed. The main steering gear and rudder stock shall be so designed that they are not damaged at maximum astern speed.

Vocabulary

Sides cuttles - иллюминаторы

sills - нижние кромки

consent - разрешение

Intact stability - остойчивость

Upright - прямее положение

margin line - предельная линия

rudder stock - баллер руля

companionway - сходный трап

keeping … clear of obstructions - содержать …. свободными от помех

Answer the questions.

1. What do the regulations include?

2. Where and when was the convention adopted?

3. What shall the master of the ship be supplied with?

4. Does the master need instructions?

5. Where must any subdivision load line mark be placed?

Unit 5.

Fire fighting.

Lesson 1.

Fire on board.

Most accidents happen because of negligence and irresponsibility. Authorized personnel aboard the ship should initiate making rounds to inspect all the sections of the ship. Everybody on board should not ignore the importance of constantly being alert to ensure everybody else's safety, as well as the safety of the entire vessel afloat.

Very special care is taken to prevent fire on ships at sea, where cargo may burn together and escape for people on the board may be impossible. The authorities make rules about building materials may be used for building, how to prevent fire.

How to extinguish the fire? It depends on the situation. An oil fire must be extinguished with CO2 or chemical extinguisher of foam type if available. Small fire may be smoothed with sand. Never throw water on an oil fire, or on the burning electric equipment.

All the extinguishers should be tested in a proper time. Every member of the crew must be ready to use the extinguisher.

Fire extinguishers are divided into four categories, based on different types of fires. Each fire extinguisher also has a numerical rating that serves as a guide for the amount of fire the extinguisher can handle. The higher the number, the more fire-fighting power. The following is a quick guide to help choose the right type of extinguisher.

Class A extinguishers are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cardboard, and most plastics. The numerical rating on these types of extinguishers indicates the amount of water it holds and the amount of fire it can extinguish.

Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil. The numerical rating for class B extinguishers indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can extinguish.

Class C fires involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and outlets. Never use water to extinguish class C fires - the risk of electrical shock is far too great! Class C extinguishers do not have a numerical rating. The C classification means the extinguishing agent is non-conductive.

Class D fire extinguishers are commonly found in a chemical laboratory. They are for fires that involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium. These types of extinguishers also have no numerical rating, nor are they given a multi-purpose rating - they are designed for class D fires only.

On board personnel can put out minor fire accident using portable and installed equipment. However, immediate measures such as calling for external help and assistance and informing nearby ships.

Fire fighting operations on a ship are tough. A team will have to run up and down narrow stairways and corridors. In some cases, when fire originates from the lower interior of the ship, the fire brigade will have to deal with spreading heat and stifling smoke while going down. Hence, wearing of self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is important to avoid suffocation and imminent death from inhalation of toxic fumes and gases.

Medical help should be at hand, and transportation of everyone on board, injured or not, should be considered if fire impends to spread uncontrollably. Severe cases of fire disaster should prompt immediate evacuation of all crew and passengers. Only trained and professional firefighters should remain on board. This is gravely important. Some people may want to get back to their cabins in the hope of going back for important belongings. They must not be allowed to enter the hazardous zone.

Furthermore, fire fighting is tough and should only be done by trained personnel with the appropriate fire fighting equipment.

Vocabulary.

Negligence – небрежность, халатность

make rounds – делать обходы

numerical rating – нумерологический показатель

tough – неистовый, яростный

originate - брать начало, происходить, возникать

the lower interior – более низкая внутренняя часть

stifling smoke – удушающий дым

suffocation – удушение, удушье

imminent death – неминуемая смерть

inhalation - вдыхание

fire impend – угроза, опасность огня

belongings – имущество, собственность

hazardous zone – опасная, рискованная зона

Answer the questions.

1. Why do most accidents happen?

2. What should authorized personnel aboard the ship do to inspect all the sections of the ship?

3. Why is very special care taken to prevent fire on ships at sea?

4. What methods of fire extinguishing can you name?

5. How are fire extinguishers classified?

6. What do they differ by?

7. What is the aim of numerical rating of a fire extinguisher?

8. Describe extinguishers of different classes.

9. What types of fire can they extinguish?

10. What equipment can ship’s personnel use to extinguish the minor fire accident?

11. Why is fire on ships is so tough?

Translate into English.

1. Часто пожар на борту судна происходит из-за небрежности и безответственности членов экипажа.

2. На борту судна находятся тоны горючего материала, разнообразное электрическое оборудование, установки конденционирования воздуха и т.д., что повышает риск пожара.

3. Особое внимание следует уделять предупреждению пожара.

4. Методы тушения пожаров отрабатываются на учениях согласно расписанию по тревогам.

5. Тушение пожара рекомендуется осуществлять, в следующем порядке:

-прекратить доступ горючих веществ в очаг пожара;

-изолировать очаг пожара от доступа воздуха;

-охладить горючие вещества до температуры, которая ниже температуры воспламенения их газов;

6. При тушении пожара необходимо учитывать:

-возникновение угрозы отравления людей; особенно при тушении горящих химикатов;

-возможность проникновения ядовитых и отравляющих газов в соседние помещения;

-отсутствие примеси пара в дыму при тушении пожара водой (вода не достигает очага пожара).

Lesson 2.

Class “C” Fires

Electrical equipment involved in fire, or in the vicinity of a fire, may cause electric shock or burns to firefighters. This Subsection discusses some electrical installations found aboard a vessel, their hazards and the extinguishment of fires involving electrical equipment.

Types of Equipment

• Generators. Generators are machines that produce electrical power. These machines are usually driven by internal combustion engines, or in older vessels, steam produced in an oil-fired boiler. The electrical wiring in the generator may be insulated with a combustible material. Any fire involving the generator or its prime mover will involve a high risk of electrical shock to personnel.

• Panel boards. A panel board has fuses and automatic devices for the control and protection of

lighting and power circuits. The switches, fuses, circuit breakers and terminals within a panel

board all have electrical contacts. These contacts may develop considerable heat, causing

dangerously high temperatures and unnecessary operation of overcurrent devices, unless they are

maintained in good condition. Overcurrent devices are provided for the protection of conductors

and electrical equipment and open the circuit if the current in that circuit produces an excessively

high temperature.

• Switches. Switches are required for the control of lights and appliances and for disconnecting

motors and their controllers. They are also used to isolate high voltage circuit breakers for

maintenance operations. Switches may be of either the air-break or the oil-break type. In the

oil-break type, the device that interrupts the circuit is immersed in oil.

The chief hazard is the arcing produced when the switch is opened. In this regard, oil-break

switches are the more hazardous of the two types. The hazard increases when a switch is operated much beyond its rated capacity, when its oil is in poor condition or when the oil level is low. Then the arc may vaporize the remaining oil, rupture the case and cause a fire. However, if properly used and maintained, these switches present no hazard.

• Electric Motors. Many fires are caused by electric motors. Sparks or arc, from short circuiting motor windings or improperly operating brushes, may ignite the motor insulation or nearby combustible material. Other causes of fires in motors include overheating of bearings due to poor lubrication and grimy insulation on conductors preventing the normal dissipation of heat.

Vocabulary.

The burns – ожоги

Oil-fired - использующий нефтепродукты в качестве горючего

Air-break type switch – воздушный тип (выключателя) (с разрывом дуги в воздухе)

Oil-break type switch – масляный выключатель

To interrupt - обрывать, прерывать, внезапно прекращать

To immerse - опускать, погружать, окунать

The arcing - электрическая дуга

Beyond – за пределами

To vaporize – испарять (ся)

To rupture – рвать, разрывать, прорывать

To ignite - воспламенять, зажигать; раскалять

Grimy insulation – грязная изоляция

Unduly - чрезмерно; неуместно; неоправданно

Intentionally - нарочно, умышленно, намеренно

Translate into English.

1.Одной из распространенных причин пожара на борту судов является неисправности и нарушение правил эксплуатации электрооборудования.

2.В электроустановках некоторых производств существует опасность пожара или взрыва по причинам искрения или недопустимого перегрева токоведущих частей.

3.Причины пожаров в электроустановках следующие:

- короткие замыкания. При коротких замыканиях по проводникам протекают большие токи, в следствие чего происходит нагрев проводников, загорается изоляция и окружающие предметы.

- перегрузки. Возникают при протекании токов, больших номинальных. Происходит при неправильном выполнении монтажных работ и при подключении к сети нагрузки, на которую она не рассчитана.

- большие переходные сопротивления. Возникают из-за сужения путей протекания тока, что вызывает местный нагрев. Неразъемные соединения необходимо выполнять не на скрутках, а сварные или паяные, разъемные - большого сечения и массы, или с отводными радиаторами;

- электрические искры и дуги.

Hazards of Electrical Fires

• Electric Shock. Electric shock may result from contact with live electrical circuits. It is not

necessary to touch one of the conductors of a circuit to receive a shock. Any conducting material that is electrified through contact with a live circuit will suffice. Thus, firefighters are endangered in two ways: First, they may touch a live conductor or some other electrified object while groping about in the dark or in smoke. Second, a stream of water or foam can conduct electricity to firefighters from live electrical equipment. Moreover, when firefighters are standing in water, both the chances of electric shock and the severity of shocks are greatly increased.

• Burns. Many of the injuries suffered during electrical fires are due to burns alone. Burns may

result from direct contact with hot conductors or equipment, or from sparks thrown off by these

devices. Electric arcs can also cause burns. Even persons at a distance from the arc may receive

eye burns.

Vocabulary.

To grope about – искать, нащупывать

Live – под напряжением

Engine room console – пульт управления машинного отделение

Backup – резерв, запас

Answer the questions.

1. What conditions may result the hazard of electric shock?

2. What are burns resulted from?

3. Where are the places of electrical equipment location on board?

4. What electrical equipment located in the Engine Room?

5. What must you do if a fire breaks out near the generator switches or the main switchboard?

6. Where is emergency generator placed and what is its function?

7. What electrical equipment is situated along passageway bulkheads?

8. What other places of electrical equipment location on board do you know?

9. How can one extinguish the class “C” fires?

Lesson 3.

Translate into Russian.

Principle weapons, well lighted, oil leakage, oil arises, to rectify the faults, internal combustion engine, routine maintenance work, observance of precautions.

Fire prevention.

Cleanliness, vigilance and common sense are the principal weapons with which one can prevent fire. Tank tops should be kept clean and well lighted, it is recommended that tank tops be painted white so that any oil leakages from drip trays, pipes, joints, filters and valves may be easily spotted and the leakage dealt with promptly before any dangerous accumulation of oil arises. Bilges must be kept clean and the pumps and strainers for the bilges maintained in good working order.

All fire fighting appliances must be kept in good working order and tested regularly. Emergency pump and fan stops, collapsible bridge oil valves, watertight doors, etc., should all be tested frequently and kept in good operative order. All fire detection devices should be regularly tested and any faults rectified.

All engine room personnel should be fully conversant with the recognized procedure for dealing with a fire aboard ship and should know the whereabouts and method of operating of allfire fighting equipment.

When coal is carried, as cargo, the compartment or compartments where it is situated should be well ventilated and the coal should, as far as possible, be stacked in such a way so that it presents as large a surface area as possible to the atmosphere. This will reduce risk of an outbreak of fire due to spontaneous combustion of the coal. Personnel should be thoroughly familiar with the problems associated with any special cargo the vessel may be carrying, e.g. LPG, LNG and chemical carriers.

Answer the questions.

1. What are the principal weapons to prevent fire?

2. Why is it recommended that tank tops be painted white?

3. What appliances must be properly kept and tested?

4. What should all engine room personnel be conversant with?

5. What way should coal cargo be stacked? Why?

6. What must the arrangement of machinery spaces be?

7. Why special precautions must be observed in places where leakage of flammable liquids may occur?

8. What properties should materials used in different spaces of a ship usually have?

9. What must the insulation of all parts with surface temperatures above 220°C be?

10. What is the boilers’ insulation?

Translate into English.

1. В зависимости от типа судна и его конструктивных особенностей, осуществляются профилактические мероприятия по предотвращению возможности возникновения пожаров.

2. Кроме профилактических мероприятий, обязательно наличие огнегасительных средств в таком количестве и состоянии, чтобы любой пожар можно было быстро ликвидировать.

3. Основным условием недопущения пожара на судне является постоянная бдительность со стороны судовой администрации, особенно при наличии на судне огнеопасных грузов, и строгое выполнение противопожарных правил.

4. Строго соблюдать правила погрузки, укладки и перевозки огнеопасных грузов и грузов, подверженных самовозгоранию.

5. Необходимо держать всегда в полном порядке и исправности все противопожарные средства.

6. Особое внимание должно уделять исправности трубопровода пожарной магистрали.

7. Иметь на судне достаточный запас углекислого газа и патронов для огнетушителей.

8. Никогда не допускать курения в трюмах и на палубе возле грузовых люков.

9. Внимательно следить за всякими подозрительными лицами, появляющимися на судне под тем или иным видом, особенно в заграничных портах.

10. Постоянное наблюдение и забота об исправном состоянии и действии всех противопожарных средств и систем на судне должны быть возложены на старшего помощника капитана, который вместе с тем должен немедленно устранять все обнаруженные недостатки и докладывать капитану судна о состоянии противопожарных средств и систем не реже раза в пятидневку, если не понадобится делать это чаще.

Lesson 4.

Fire detection methods.

Fire Patrols

These are not normally carried out on a regular basis upon most vessels but they should be conducted (1) immediately prior to, or upon sailing. A thorough inspection of the vessel being made especially in hold compartments, stores, engine and boiler rooms, etc. (2) when the vessel has been vacated by shipyard personnel whilst the vessel is in port undergoing repair. Someone may have been using oxy-acetylene burning or welding equipment on one side of a bulkhead totally unaware that the beginnings of a fire were being created on the other side of the bulkhead.

The patrol should, in addition to looking for fire, assess and correct any possible dangerous situation, e.g. loose oil or paint drums, incorrectly stored chemicals, etc.

Fire Alarm Circuits

These consist of an alarm panel, situated outside of the machinery spaces, which gives indication of the fire zone. Zone circuits, audible alarms and auxiliary power supply.

Circuits

When the contacts in a detector head close (open under normal conditions) they short the circuit and cause operation of the audible fire alarm. The lines in the circuit are continuously

monitored through 1 to 2 and 3 to 4, hence any fault which develops, e.g. damaged insulation, break in the cable, causes the system failure alarm to sound.

Power failure

In the event of failure of mains supply power, automatic auxiliary power is supplied from fully charged stand-by batteries for up to 6 hours.. Most systems operate on 24V. dc, however, for those operating at mains supply of 220V. ac an inverter converts the 24V. dc to 220V. ac.

Audible Alarms

The fire alarm is usually an intermittent audible signal whereas fault and manual test are normally a continuous audible signal.

Fire Detector Heads

Various types are available for fitting into an alarm circuit, choice is dependent upon fire risk, position, area to be covered, volume and height of compartment, atmosphere in the space, etc. To economize and simplify, standard bases are generality used in the circuit into which different types of detectors can be fitted.

Heat Sensors

These may be fixed temperature detectors, rate of rise detectors or a combination. Rate of rise detectors do not respond and give alarm if the temperature gradually increases, e.g. moving into tropical regions or heating switched on.

Increase in temperature increases the air pressure inside the hemi-spherical bulb, if the bleed of air through the two way bleed valve from the inside of the bulb is sufficient the diaphragm will not move up and close the contacts. If however the rate of rise of temperature causes sufficient pressure inside the bulb to close the contacts, alarm will be given. In either case a bi-metal unit will at a pre-determined temperature close the contacts on to> the fixed temperature adjustment screw, giving alarm. Quartzoid bulbs of the type fitted into a sprinkler system are fixed temperature detectors used for spaces other than engine and boiler rooms.

Relevant Points

Sensitivity:The greater the heat release rate from there the poorer the ventilation and the more confined the space, the quicker will be the response of the detector and the sooner an alarm sounds.

Fixed temperature setting depends upon whether the detector is in accommodation or machinery spaces and can vary from 55°C to 70°C.

The detector is useful for dusty atmospheres as it is completely sealed but it does not give as early a warning of fire as other types of detectors. It can be tested by a portable electric hot air blower or muff.

Infra Red Flame Detector

Flame has a characteristic flicker frequency of about 25 Hz and use is made of this fact to trigger an alarm. Flickering radiation from flames reaches the detector lens/filter unit, which only allows infra-red rays to pass and be focused upon the cell. The signal from the cell goes into the selective amplifier, which is tuned to 25 Hz, then into a time delay unit (to minimize incidence of false alarms, fire has to be present for a predetermined period), trigger and alarm circuits.

Relevant Points

Very early warning of fire is possible, suitable for areas where fire risk is high, i.e. machinery spaces— but not in boiler rooms where naked flame torches are to be used for igniting oil. Reflected radiation can be a problem in boiler rooms and from running machinery. Obscuration by smoke renders it inoperative. It can be tested by means of a naked flame.

Pneumatic Type:

Increase in temperature increases the air pressure inside the hemi-spherical bulb, if the bleed of air through the two way bleed valve from the inside of the bulb is sufficient the diaphragm will not move up and close the contacts. If however the rate of rise of temperature causes sufficient pressure build up inside the bulb to close the contacts, alarm will be given. In either ease a bi-metal unit will at a pre-determined temperature close the contacts on to the fixed temperature adjustment screw, giving alarm.

Bi-metal Coil Type:

Two bi-metal coils attached to a vertical support bracket are encased in a protective metal cap. When the temperature increases A will move to close the gap С at a faster rate than В moves to maintain the gap, this is due to В being better insulated from the heat than A. If the rate of rise of temperature is sufficient, gap С will be closed and alarm given. At a fixed temperature gap D, then gap С will be closed, giving alarm.

Quartzoid bulbs of the type fitted into a sprinkler system are fixed temperature detectors used for spaces other than engine and boiler rooms.

Combustion Gas Detector

Two ionization chambers connected in series contain some radioactive material which emits a continuous supply of ionizing particles.

The detecting chamber is open, the reference chamber closed and operating at a constant current since it contains air which is being ionized and the applied potential ensures that saturation point is passed. Current strength is dependent upon the applied potential, since if the potential is low not all the ionized particles reach the electrodes, some will combine with electrons and thus be neutralized.

Vocabulary.

Whilst – пока

Unaware – незнающий, неосторожный

A detector head – детекторная головка

The system failure alarm – система аварийного оповещения

Audible alarm – звуковой аварийный сигнал

The bleed of air – продувка воздуха

Bleed valve – выпускной клапан

A bi-metal unit – биметаллический агрегат

To be encased in – быть упакованным, облицованным

Quartzoic bulb – кварцевая, лампа

Flicker frequency – частота мельканий