Petroleum products and their uses

Грамматика: 1. Пассивный залог.

2. Сложные формы герундия.

Текст: Petroleum products and their uses.

1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:

– hydrocarbon, light, device, volatile, binder, besides, refine

– number, rubber, industrial, some, product, combustion, thus

– call, order, automobile

– fuel, used, residual, produce, purify

– range, jet, engine, subject

– project, corrosion, carbon, fraction, contain, viscous, fabric, mechanism,

chemical, accordingly, viscosity

– vaseline, medicine, furnace, base, processing, principal, electricity

2. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:

petroleum [ ], hydrocarbon [ ], molecular [ ], separate [ ], yield [ ], naphtha [ ], kerosene [ ], viscous [ ], residual [ ], internal [ ], combustion [ ], engine [ ], solvent [ ], lubricant [ ], mechanism [ ], automobile [ ], industrial [ ], non-volatile [ ], furnace [ ], paraffin [ ], impregnate [ ], vaseline [ ], commercial [ ], protect [ ], ointment [ ].

3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

carbon – углерод

hydrocarbon – углеводород

molecular weight – молекулярный вес

boil – кипеть, кипятить

boiling point – точка кипения

yield – производить; давать (доход); приносить

naphtha – нафта, лигроин

light oil – легкий нефтепродукт

distill – очищать перегонкой; дистиллировать

residual oil – остаточная нефть

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

fuel – топливо; горючее

principal – главный, основной

grade – сорт, марка

petrol - бензин

respectively - соответственно

range – диапазон, пределы

solvent - растворитель

remove - удалять

greasy – жирный, сальный

stain – пятно

fabric – ткань, материя

jet aircraft – реактивные самолеты

lubricant – смазочный материал, смазка

for instance – например

viscosity - вязкость

accordingly – соответственно, поэтому, таким образом

non-volatile – нелетучий, неиспаряющийся

oil tar – гудрон

binder – связующее вещество

subject - подвергать

processing - переработка

furnace fuel – печное топливо

solid – твердый; твердое тело

wax - воск

impregnate - пропитывать

water-proof – влагоустойчивый, водонепроницаемый

commercial – торговый, промышленный, технический

goods – изделия, товары

purify - очищать

ointment – мазь

4. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:

1) mixture of hydrocarbons 2) molecular weight 3) boiling point ranging from … to … 4) viscous black liquid 5) internal combustion engine 6) to use as a solvent 7) to remove greasy stains 8) different viscosity 9) to divide into 10) non-volatile mass 11) to be subject to processing

1) двигатель внутреннего сгорания 2) подразделяться на 3) использовать в качестве растворителя 4) смесь углеводородов 5) различная вязкость 6) нелетучая масса 7) черная вязкая жидкость 8) подвергнуться переработке 9) удалять жирные пятна 10) молекулярный вес 11) точка кипения в пределах от … до …

5. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:

a mixture of hydrocarbons, boiling points, to yield petrol, carbon atoms, viscous black liquid, to boil within the 40-180 degrees C range, to use as a solvent, to serve as fuel, to distill from the residual oil, liquid furnace fuel, to make candles, to impregnate paper, in order to make smth, to grease metal goods.

6. Определите значение интернациональных слов:

different fractions, oil products, aviation petrol, motor fuel, kerosene is used as fuel for tractors and rockets, in the absence of electricity, diesel engines, distillation of residual oil, to lubricate different mechanisms, automobile oil, industrial lubricant, non-volatile dark mass, chemical processing, to produce petrol, paraffin wax, to use in medicine, that is known as vaseline, commercial vaseline, to protect from corrosion, as a base for smth.

7. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова:

boil – boiler – boiling; distill – distillation – distiller; contain – container; produce – production – producer; remove – remover; light – lightning – lighter; add – additional – addition; to differ – difference – different – differentiate – differently – differentiation; depend – dependable – dependency – dependent; refine – refined – refinement – refinery; protect – protection – protective – protector – protectionism.

8. Определите значение слова “process” в контексте.

1. Residual oil is subjected to chemical processing to produce petrol. 2. All cracking processes produce a certain amount of light gas much of which is reactive. 3. Due to the progress made in this branch, it has become possible to study the processes connected with fission and fusion of the atomic nuclei, and to carry out such processes artificially.

9. Запомните:

В английском языке страдательный залог – the Passive Voice – образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II смыслового глагола.

Глагол в страдательном залоге в английском языке может переводиться на русский язык:

1) формой глагола в страдательном залоге: The letter was written. – Письмо было написано.

2) неопределенно-личным предложением: I was asked. – Меня спросили.

3) формой возвратных глаголов на -ся, -сь: Petrol is also used as a solvent.
- Бензин также используется как растворитель.

Страдательный залог употребляется во всех временных формах Indefinite и Perfect (Present, Past, Future), но он имеет только две формы Continuous (Present и Past).

Indefinite Continuous Perfect

Present I am asked I am being asked I have been asked

Past I was asked I was being asked I had been asked

Future I shall be asked - I shall have been asked

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод страдательного залога:

1. When these oil products have been distilled off, there remains a viscous black liquid called residual oil. 2. Petrol is used as fuel for internal combustion engines; the principal two grades are aviation petrol and motor fuel, which are used for aircraft and motor cars respectively. 3. Petrol is also used as a solvent for oils and rubber. 4. Kerosene is used as fuel for tractors. 5. In the absence of electricity kerosene is used for lighting. 6. They are used to lubricate different engines.
7. Lubricants are thus divided into automobile oil, aircraft oil, etc. 8. After the lubricants have been distilled off from the residual oil there remains a non-volatile dark mass called oil tar, which is used as a road binder. 9. Residual oil is subjected to chemical processing to produce petrol and is used as a liquid furnace fuel. 10. From some grades of petroleum it is also possible to prepare a mixture of solid hydrocarbons, which is known as paraffin wax. 11. This is used to make candles.
12. There is also a mixture of liquid and solid hydrocarbons that is known as vaseline. 13. Commercial vaseline is used to grease metal goods. 14. Purified vaseline is used in medicine as a base for ointments.

10. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемых, выраженных глаголом в страдательном залоге:

1. Most of the physical quantities are related to length, time and mass, therefore all the systems of physical units are defined from these fundamental units. 2. It is planned to solve the world’s energy problem with the technological means at our disposal. 3. In the thirties some solar energy cycles were discovered. These cycles are based on nuclear fusion. 4. The technological process is so complicated that only the basic principle of its action will be outlined here. 5. Suitable fuels could be provided by heavy and superheavy hydrogen. 6. Another interesting effect was observed during the experiment. 7. The standard meter of the world was originally defined in terms of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. 8. Only small quantities of iron, copper and aluminum are used in the pure form. 9. A great majority of useful metallic materials is formed from combinations of the above metals, known as alloys (сплавы). 10. Metals are usually mixed in their liquid state to form an alloy.
11. Liquid fuels are largely used in industry and transport. 12. Plastics are a new material which is produced of chemicals. 13. Glass has some properties which have been recently discovered. 14. Since rubidium and cesium are easily ionized at rather low temperatures, they offer great potential. 15. Since ancient times, it has been known that silicous materials were suitable for glass-making. 16. The fats and oils are ethers (эфиры) of special class, as much as all are derived from glycerol.
17. Semiconductors (полупроводники) can be frozen, for all practical purposes, at room temperatures. 18. If the crystals are stored under pressure, they are forced into contact and may even be crushed. 19. Various items of crystallization equipment are divided into three main groups: cooling, evaporating and vacuum crystallizers.
20. Petroleum is usually associated with water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. 21. Liquid fuels are derived from petroleum. 22. In general natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels.