Ex. 6. Use the following words to complete the sentences below

efforts, intuition, material resources, major, subjective judgment, skill, goals, art and science, occur, shops, a business, choices, executive, management

1. A ________part of the manager’s job is to predict what the environment needs and what

changes will ___________in the future.

2. The Industrial Revolution brought workers from small ____________into large factories.

3. Organizations exist to combine human ____________ in order to achieve certain __________.

4. ___________________is a group of people in charge of running _____________________.

5. Management is the process by which these human efforts are combined with each other and

with __________________________.

6. The business _____________draws on the science of mathematics, psychology and sociology.

7. In managing organizations it is necessary to draw on ______________ and _______________

___________________.

8. Knowledge without _____________is useless, or dangerous.

9. Managementis the ________________________of making appropriate ______________.

Ex. 7. What prepositions should be used below?

1. _______ one degree or another

2. brought workers_______ small shops_________ large factories

3.we are all involved __________ managing

4. behavioral sciences also can contribute_______ management

5. _______ the other hand

6. inability to pass ______ learning

7. to combine human efforts ___________ to achieve certain goals

8. people ______charge ______ running a business

9. the doctor draws ______ basic sciences

10. a set of modern methods ______achieving efficiency

Ex. 8. Translate the text into Russian in written form.

When we talk about making decisions in business we tend to think of the major decisions which are made from time to time, such as the decision to get ahead with the Eurotunnel Project, or decide to appoint a new chairman for the company. The fact is that a multitude of decisions are being made in business every day. Certainly there are major decisions in process as the boards of directors and chief executives in large public companies decide to enter new markets, spend millions on new plant and machinery or advertising campaigns, and buy new buildings or make take-over bids against their most threatening competitors. Yet, for every one of these monumental decisions there are a hundred thousand decisions made by more ordinary mortals.

In fact, man is a decision-making animal. He is continuously making decisions every moment in his life. Many of us wake up in the morning to the sound of an alarm clock. Here is our first decision of the day. Should we turn off an alarm clock and go back to sleep? Or should we turn off the alarm and get up? There is even a possible compromise. We can turn off the alarm and stay half awake for another few minutes.

We are confronted with a problem. We then look for the alternative solutions to the problem, weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of each and select the one which gives us most pleasure and least pain. In business terms we are looking for the options which allow us either to achieve our objectives at the lowest possible cost, or allow us to emerge with the greatest profit.

COMPREHENSION

Ex. 9. Complete the ideas.

1. The function of management is becoming more complex. . . .

2. Like the physician, the manager is a practitioner . . .

3. Organizations exist to combine human efforts in order to achieve certain goals . . .

4. Management encompassesboth science and art . . .

Ex. 10. Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1. Management has never been required.

2. Organizations exist to combine human efforts in order to make profit.

3. We are constantly making decisions concerning how to spend or use our resources.

4. Knowledge (science) without skill (art) is useful.

5. Modern management must posses the ability to interact in an ever-more- complex

environment.

6. Employees are people in charge of running a business.

7. The science portion of management is the same as it was hundred of years ago.

8. Management is a new institution in human history.

DISCUSSION

Mothers and fathers often have different ways of managing their families. How would you describe the management style of your parents? Teachers?

Text 2

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

clear goals – четкие цели

regardless of the specific job – не взирая на специфику работы

to set objectives – устанавливать цели

subordinates –подчиненные

to develop objectives – совершенствовать цели

to put the plan into action –ввести план в действие

to attain overall objectives – достигать общих целей

units – зд. отделы

day-to-day direction – повседневное руководство

supervision of employers – контроль за служащими

promotion – продвижение по службе

to measure the performance of their staff – оценить действия (работу) своего персонала

to consider the needs of the future – учитывать будущие потребности

public authorities – органы государственное (местной) власти

to have a say in – участвовать в обсуждении какого-либо вопроса

to assess the individual’s performance –оценивать индивидуальное исполнение работ

prejudices – предвзятое мнение

Management is composed of a team of managers who are in charge of the organization at all levels. Their duty is to make sure that company objectives are met and to see that the business operates efficiently.

Management by objectives (MBO) is a system which was first described by Peter Drucker in 1954. Since then, MBO has attracted enormous interest from the business world, and its principles have been applied in many of the world’s largest companies.

P.Druker emphasized that an organization and its staff must have clear goals. Each individual must understand the goals of the enterprise he/she works for, and must make contribution to them. It is also vital that the individual knows what his/her manager expects of her. An individual must know what sort of results he/she is expected of.

Various kinds of MBO are used in organizations. But regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. These management functions are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

Planning involves setting objectives and deciding how the organization can achieve them. This, in its turn, involves developing strategies, plans and precise tactics. If an organization uses MBO approach, it must pay careful attention to planning. A special feature of MBO is that the subordinates participate with the manager in developing objectives. Planning is listed as the first management function because the others depend on it.

Organizing,the second management function, is the process of putting the plan into action. Managers analyze and classify the activities of the organization and the relations among them. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. Managers divide the work into manageable activities and then into individual jobs. They select people to manage these units and perform the jobs.

Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employers. Managers have to communicate objectives to the people responsible for attaining them. In directing, managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they can reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. In this phase they make decisions about pay and promotion.

In the last management function, controlling, managers have to measure the performance of their staff, to see whether the objectives set for the organization as a whole and for each individual member of it are being achieved. If major problems are still exist and goals are not being achieved, then it is necessary to make changes in the company’s organizational or managerial structure.

Obviously, objectives occasionally have to be modified or changed. It is generally the job of a company's top managers to consider the needs of the future, and to take responsibility for innovation, without which any organization can only expect a limited life. Top managers also have to manage a business's relations with customers, suppliers, distributors, bankers, investors, public authorities, and so on, as well as deal with any major crises which arise.

There are many benefits of MBO. The system helps the subordinates to see clearly their role in the organization. They have a say in how their job is performed, and what goals should be. Workers feel more responsible and motivated. MBO is a good technique for assessing the individual’s performance. People are judged on results, rather than on the personal feelings and prejudices of the managers.

WORD STUDY