Keeping our environment clean

Many years ago people lived in harmony with the environment because industry was not much developed. Now the situation is quite different.

People all over the world cannot ignore the problem of the protection of the environment because of modem industry and the need for energy.

Newspapers and magazines write a lot about water pollution, air pollution and land pollution. There are some laws and decisions on this important question. There are state organisations and international conventions which pay much attention to this problem.

Many parts of the world are crowded now, much of our waste, especially waste from factories, electric power stations, the chemical industry and heavy industry are very dangerous. Fish dies in the lakes, rivers and seas, forest trees die too.

The problem of radiation has also become a very important problem because it is very dangerous for health of people.

There is a science, named ecology, which study the relation between people and their environment. But each of us also must do everything possible to keep our environment clean for ourselves and for the next generations.

The world environment

There are a lot of ecological problems. The most serious ecological problems are: noise from cars and buses; destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty; shortage of natural resources; the growth of population; pollution in its many forms.

Water is everywhere, but there is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can t live in them. People can't drink this water. So we have to clean the water environment.

Another problem is air pollution. Air pollution influents the health of people. For example: ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, but if there are holes in the ozone layer ultraviolet radiation can get to the earth. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air pollution.

Also we have problem with nuclear pollution. Nuclear pollution cannot be seen but its effect can be terrible.

To make air clear clean again we need good filters at nuclear power stations, at factories, in cars and buses.

Another problem is growth of population. They don't have enough places to live. They need more water, more food. So it is the reason of the shortage of the natural resources. It is very difficult to solve this problem.

Also one of the most serious problems is green house effect. It works like this: sunlight gives us heat. Some of the heat warms the atmosphere and some of the heat goes back into space. Nowadays the heat can't go into space. That's why winter and summer temperatures in many places have become higher. If the temperature continue growing up the snow on the mountains and ice will melt, so the most of the earth will be under water. So every person has to understand how important it is to solve this problems, that endanger people's life.

Краткий грамматический справочник

Неличные формы глагола.

Неличные формы глагола, к которым относятся причастие, инфинитив и герундий отличаются от личных тем, что не имеют категории лица, числа, времени и наклонения и не употребляются в предложении в функции сказуемого, хотя могут быть его частью.

To translate(инфинитив) the text I used a dictionary.Чтобы перевести текст, я воспользовался словарём.

Smoking(герундий) is not allowed here. Курить (курение) здесь не разрешается.

The stars shining(причастие I) in the dark sky seem blue. Звёзды, сияющие в тёмном небе, кажутся голубыми.

Инфинитив

Инфинитив (the Infinitive) – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие. Инфинитив является основной (или I) формой глагола и представляет глагол в словаре. Признаком инфинитива является частица to: to help– помогать, to read– читать. Инфинитив употребляется без частицы toв следующих случаях:

1) После глаголов shall, will. He will write to his parents tomorrow.

Завтра он напишет своим родителям.

2) После модальных глаголов (кроме глагола ought). She can ski and

skate.Она умеет кататься на коньках и на лыжах.

3) После глаголов чувственного восприятия feel, see, hear, watchи др.

We saw him enter. Мы видели, как он вышел.

4) После глаголов let(разрешать), have, make(заставлять). What makes you think so ?Что заставляет тебя так думать ? Let me take this book, please. Пожалуйста, разрешите мне взять эту книгу.

5) После выражений had better(лучше), would rather(лучше бы).

You had better go now.Лучше уйди / иди сейчас. I must see you at once.Мне

надо сейчас же встретиться с тобой.

В современном английском языке инфинитив имеет следующие формы.

Active Passive

Indefinite

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

to write

to be writing

to have written

to have been writing

to be written

to have been written

Инфинитив в форме действительного залога обозначает действие, произведённое лицом, выраженным в предложении подлежащим, а в страда-

тельном залоге – действие, направленное на это лицо. I like to help. Я люблю

помогать. I like to be helped.Я люблю, когда мне помогают. Инфинитив в Indefinite Activeобозначает действие, не уточняя характер его протекания. Инфинитив в Continuous Activeподчёркивает длительность действия. She likes to write letters. Она могла писать письмо. She must be still writing. Она, должно быть, всё ещё пишет.

Неперфектный инфинитив выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого (или следующее за ним).

Перфектный инфинитив выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. I am glad to study at the University.

Я рад, что учусь в университете. I am glad to have studied at the University. Я рад, что учился в университете.

Функции инфинитива.

В предложении инфинитив может быть:

а) Подлежащим. To walk in the garden was very pleasant.Гулять в саду было очень приятно. To read a lot is to know much.Много читать – много знать.

б) Обстоятельством цели. To read the book I went to the reading hall.

Чтобы прочитать эту книгу, я пошёл в читальный зал.

в) Определением. Инфинитив в функции определения переводится на русский язык тремя способами:

1. Придаточным определительным предложением с модальным сказуемым. He is going to take part in the conference to be held in Moscow. Он собирается принять участие в конференции, которая должна состояться в Москве.

2. Неопределённой формой глагола. I have nothing to sky.Мне нечего сказать.

3. Личной формой глагола, если определение относится к порядковому числительному. She was the first to come.Она пришла первой.

г) Дополнением. He was glad to have been given a new job. Он был рад, что ему дали новую работу. I decided to read this book.Я решил прочитать эту книгу.

д) Частью сказуемого (часто модального). You may come in.Вы можете войти. We ought to leave early in the morning. Мы должны уехать рано

утром. My wish is to read much.Моё желание – много читать.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Вставьте частицу to перед инфинитивом, где необходимо.

1. I'd like ... dance. 2. She made me ... repeat my words several times. 3.1 saw him ... enter the room. 4. She did not let her mother ... go away. 5. Do you like ... listen to good music? 6. Would you like ... listen to good music? 7. That funny scene made me ... laugh. 8. I like ... play the guitar. 9. My brother can ... speak French. 10. We had ... put on our overcoats because it was cold. 11. They wanted ... cross the river. 12. It is high time for you ... go to bed. 13. May I ... use your telephone? 14. They heard the girl ... cry out with joy. 15. I would rather ... stay at home today. 16. He did not want ... play in the yard any more. 17. Would you like ... go to England? 18. You look tired. You had better ... go home. 19.1 wanted ... speak to Nick, but could not ... find his telephone number. 20. It is time ... get up. 21. Let me ... help you with your homework. 22.1 was planning ... do a lot of things yesterday. 23. I'd like ... speak to you. 24. I think I shall be able ... solve this problem. 25. What makes you ... think you are right? 26. I shall do all I can ... help you. 27. I like ... dance.

Упражнение 2. Замените выделенные части предложений инфинитивными оборотами.

E.g. The boy had many toys which he could play with.

The boy had many toys to play with.

1. Here is something which will warm you up. 2. Here is a new brush which you will clean your teeth with. 3. Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct. 4. Here is something which you can rub on your hands. It will soften them. 5. Here are some screws with which you can fasten the shelves to the wall. 6. Here are some tablets which will relieve your headache. 7. Here are some articles which must be translated for tomorrow. 8. Who has a pen or a pencil to spare? I need something I could write with. 9. I have brought you a book which you can read now, but be sure and return it by Saturday. 10. Soon we found that there was another complicated problem that we were to consider. 11. The girl was quite young when both her parents died and she remained alone with two younger brothers whom she had to take care of. 12. I have no books which I can read. 13. Is there anybody who will help you with your spelling? 14. Don't forget that she has a baby which she must take care of. 15. Have you got nothing that you want to say on this subject? 16. There was nothing that he could do except go home. 17. I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you. 18. I have an exam which I must take soon, so I can't go to the theatre with you. 19. King Lear decided to have a hundred knights who would serve him after he had divided up his kingdom.

Упражнение 3. Замените придаточные предложения инфинитивными оборотами.

E.g. Не is so old that he cannot skate.

He is too old to skate.

1. She has got so fat that she cannot wear this dress now. 2. The accident was so terrible that I don't want to talk about it. 3. They were so empty-headed that they could not learn a single thing. 4. The window was so dirty that they could not see through it. 5. She was so foolish that she could not understand my explanation. 6. I have very little wool: it won't make a sweater. 7. The problem is so difficult that it is impossible to solve it. 8. The box is so heavy that nobody can carry it. 9. The baby is so little that it cannot walk. 10. He is so weak that he cannot lift this weight. 11. She is so busy that she cannot talk with you. 12. She was so inattentive that she did not notice the mistake. 13. The rule was so difficult that they did not understand it. 14. He was so stupid that he did not see the joke.

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания с инфинитивом:

to cut a long story short — короче говоря

to tell (you) the truth — сказать(вам) по правде

to say nothing of — не говоря уже о

to put it mildly — мягко выражаясь

to say the least of it — по меньшей мере

to begin with — начнем с того что

Запомните следующие предложения:

The book leaves much to be desired. — Книга оставляет желать лучшего.

Не is difficult to deal with. — С ним трудно иметь дело.

Не is hard to please. — Ему трудно угодить .

She is pleasant to look at. — На нее приятно смотреть.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя застывшие словосочетания с инфинитивом.

1. Для начала она открыла все окна. 2. С моим соседом трудно иметь дело. 3. По правде говоря, я очень устал. 4. Его поведение оставляет желать лучшего. 5. Мягко выражаясь, вы меня удивили. 6. На этих детей приятно посмотреть. 7. Короче говоря, они поженились. 8. Самая известная книга Джерома — "Трое в лодке, не считая собаки." 9. Вам трудно угодить. 10. По меньшей мере, мы были удивлены. 11. Мягко выражаясь, она была невежлива. 12. Ваша работа оставляет желать лучшего. 13. Сказать по правде, я не люблю бокс. 14. Вашей сестре трудно угодить. 15. Начнем с того, что я занят. 16. На него было приятно смотреть, 17. Короче говоря, он не сдал экзамен. 18. Мы все были рады, не говоря уже о маме: она сказала, что это самый счастливый день в ее жизни. 19. Твое сочинение оставляет желать лучшего. 20. Это очень странно, по меньшей мере.

Обратите внимание на отсутствие союза "чтобы" перед инфинитивом в роли обстоятельства цели:

То get this book, you must go to the library. Чтобы получить эту книгу, вы должны пойти в библиотеку.

Запомните следующие предложения:

I have nothing to read. Мне нечего читать.

She has nobody to speak with. Ей не с кем поговорить.

What is to be done? Что делать?

Who is to blame? Кто виноват?

I am not to blame. Я не виноват.

To see is to believe. Видеть значит верить.

He was the first (last) to come. Он пришел первым (последним).

It is out of the question to go there. He может быть и речи о том, чтобы идти туда.

Упражнение 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя застывшие словосочетания с инфинитивом.

1. Сказать по правде, мне это не нравится. 2. Им было нечего есть. 3. Кто виноват? 4. Короче говоря, он не сделал урок. 5. В нашей семье мама всегда встает первая. 6. На нее приятно смотреть. 7. Чтобы перевести эту статью, вы должны воспользоваться словарем. 8. Мне некуда ехать летом. 9. О том, чтобы купаться в этой реке, не могло быть и речи. 10. Ему было не с кем обсудить эту проблему. 11. Вчера Катя пришла в школу последней. 12. Чтобы получить хорошую оценку, вы должны упорно поработать. 13. С ней трудно иметь дело. 14. Что делать? 15. Начнем с того, что он болен. 16. Чтобы читать Диккенса в оригинале, вы должны хорошо знать язык. 17. Мягко выражаясь, он не прав. 18. Она была не виновата. 19. Ребенку не с кем играть. 20. Видеть значит верить. 21. Чтобы успеть на этот поезд, вы должны поторопиться. 22. Не может быть и речи о покупке машины в этом году. 23. Книга оставляет желать лучшего.

Сравните употребление Active Infinitive и Passive Infinitive

to write — to be written

I am glad to help you — рад помочь (рад, что я помогаю)

I am glad to be helped — рад, что мне помогают

Упражнение 6. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Active Infinitive и Passive Infinitive.

1. То play chess was his greatest pleasure. 2. The child did not like to be washed. 3. Isn't it natural that we like to be praised and don't like to be scolded? 4. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents? 5. Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet. 6. To improve your pronunciation you should record yourself and analyse your speech. 7. This is the book to be read during the summer holidays. 8. То be instructed by such a good specialist was a great advantage. 9. He is very forgetful, but he doesn't like to be reminded of his duties.

Сравните употребление Indefinite Infinitive и Perfect Infinitive

to write — to have written

I am glad to see you — рад видеть вас (рад, что вижу)

I am glad to have seen you — рад, что повидал

Упражнение 7. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Perfect Infinitive.

1. The child was happy to have been brought home. 2. Jane remembered to have been told a lot about Mr. Rochester. 3. The children were delighted to have been brought to the circus. 4. I am sorry to have spoilt your mood. 5. Maggie was very sorry to have forgotten to feed the rabbits. 6. I am awfully glad to have met you. 7. Sorry to have placed you in this disagreeable situation. 8. I am very happy to have had the pleasure of making your acquaintance. 9. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 10. Clyde was awfully glad to have renewed his acquaintance with Sondra. 11. Sorry not to have noticed you. 12. I am sorry to have added some more trouble by what I have told you. 13. When Clyde looked at the girl closely, he remembered to have seen her in Sondra's company. 14. I remembered to have been moved by the scene I witnessed.

Упражнение 8. Замените выделенные части предложений инфинитивными оборотами.

E.g. Не is sorry that he has said it.

He is sorry to have said it.

1. It is certain that it will rain if you don't take your umbrella. 2. Don't promise that you will do it, if you are not sure that you can. 3. He was happy that he was praised by everybody. 4. He was very proud that he had helped his elder brother. 5. She was sorry that she had missed the beginning of the concert. 6. I am glad that I see all my friends here. 7. I was afraid of going past that place alone. 8. My sister will be thrilled when she is wearing a dress as lovely as that. 9. We must wait till we hear the examination results. 10. She is happy that she has found such a nice place to live in. 11. I should be delighted if I could join you. 12. He hopes that he will know everything by tomorrow.

Упражнение 9. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.

1. Не seems (to read) a lot. 2. Не seems (to read) now. 3. He seems (to read) since morning. 4. He seems (to read) all the books in the library. 5. We expect (to be) back in two days. 6. He expected (to help) by the teacher. 7. The children seem (to play) since morning. 8. I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday. 9. She seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here. 10. I am sorry (to break) your pen. 11. I want (to take) you to the concert. 12. I want (to take) to the concert by my father. 13. She hoped (to help) her friends. 14. She hoped (to help) by her friends. 15. I hope (to see) you soon.

Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.

1. They seemed (to quarrel): I could hear angry voices from behind the door. 2. They are supposed (to work) at the problem for the last two months. 3. The only sound (to hear) was the snoring of grandfather in the bedroom. 4. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) it during the general cleaning. It turned out (to drop) between the sofa and the wall. 5. They seemed (to wait) for ages. 6. I hate (to bother) you, but the students are still waiting (to give) books for their work. 7. He seized every opportunity (to appear) in public: he was so anxious (to talk) about. 8. Is there anything else (to tell) her? I believe she deserves (to know) the state of her sick brother. 9. He began writing books not because he wanted (to earn) a living. He wanted (to read) and not (to forget). 10. I consider myself lucky (to be) to that famous exhibition and (to see) so many wonderful paintings. 11. He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in Paris. 12. The enemy army was reported (to overthrow) the defence lines and (to advance) towards the suburbs of the city. 13. The woman pretended (to read) and (not to hear) the bell. 14. You seem (to look) for trouble. 15. It seemed (to snow) heavily since early morning: the ground was covered with a deep layer of snow.

Упражнение 11. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.

1. Я рад, что рассказал вам эту историю. 2. Я рад, что мне рассказали эту историю. 3. Я хочу познакомить вас с этой артисткой. 4. Я хочу, чтобы меня познакомили с этой артисткой. 5. Я рад, что встретил ее на станции. 6. Я рад, что меня встретили на станции. 7. Мы очень счастливы, что пригласили его на вечер. 8. Мы очень счастливы, что нас пригласили на вечер. 9. Он будет счастлив посетить эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 10. Он был счастлив, что посетил эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 11. Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки. 12. Я не предполагал останавливаться на этой станции. 13. Я не ожидал, что меня остановят. 14. Я сожалею, что причинил вам столько беспокойства. 15. Он не выносит1, когда ему лгут. 16. Я вспомнил, что уже встречал это слово в какой-то книге. 17. Мне очень жаль, что я пропустил эту интересную лекцию. 18. Она счастлива, что слышала концерт известного итальянского дирижера. 19. Она рада, что присутствовала на лекции. 20. Он очень доволен, что закончил свою книгу. 21. Наши спортсмены гордятся тем, что выиграли кубок. 22. Я только хочу, чтобы мне позволили помочь вам. 23. Я был благодарен, что мне дали комнату с большим окном. 24. Он был счастлив, что вернулся домой. 25. Он был счастлив, что снова дома. 26. Я сожалею, что прервал Вас. 27. Я сожалею, что не застала вас дома. 28. Джейн была счастлива, что уезжает от миссис Рид. 29. Рочестер был рад познакомиться с Джейн. 30. Рочестер был рад, что познакомился с Джейн.

К каждому вопросу даны несколько вариантов ответа. Выберите тот, который считаете правильным. Если Вы затрудняетесь с ответом, просто пропустите вопрос.

Тесты

1. I am glad ..... to stay with them in their country-house.

to invite

to be invited

to have invited

to have been invited

2. That woman is still sitting. She seems ..... over an hour.

to wait

to be waiting

to have been waiting

to have waited

3. Good-bye! I am so pleased ..... you. – The pleasure is mine.

to meet

to be meeting

to have been meeting

to have met

4. It was nice of you ..... me your Grammar book. Without it I would have been lost.

to lend

to be lending

to have lent

to be lent

5. Tom had an accident because he had exceeded speed limit. He shouldn’t ..... so fast.

drive

be driving

have driven

have been driving

6. This dress looks so old and worn out. It seems ..... ages ago.

to make

to be made

to have been made

to have made

7. A great mistake that you can make in life is ..... you are always right.

to have thought

to think

to be thinking

to have been thinking

8. No words can describe the fascination of the place. It must ..... .

see

be seen

have seen

have been seen

9. Greg’s wife gave him a long list of things ..... at the supermarket.

to buy

to be bought

to have been bought

to have bought

10. They must have taught him a lesson. It ought to ..... long ago.

be done

have been done

do

have done

11. I was very upset and I didn’t know whom ..... to for advice.

to turn

to be turning

to have turned

to have been turned

12. Modern art is when you buy a picture ..... a hole in the wall – and decide that the hole looks better.

to cover

to be covering

to have covered

to have been covering

13. Jenny seemed ..... no attention to what was going on around her.

to pay

to be paying

to have paid

to have been paying

14. Everything comes to him who knows how ..... .

to have waited

to be waiting

to have been waiting

to wait

15. We intended ..... a new house. But we couldn't afford it; houses are very expensive nowadays.

to buy

to have bought

to be buying

to have been buying

Причастие I

Причастие I (Participle I) – неличная форма глагола, обладающая свойствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия. Соответствует формам причастия и деепричастия в русском языке.

Формы причастия.

active passive

Indefinite

Perfect

asking

having asked

being asked

having been asked

Participle I Indefinite обозначает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого. While translating difficult texts we use a dictionary. Переводя трудные тексты, мы пользуемся словарём.

Participle I Perfect обозначает действие, предшествующее действию, вы-

раженному глаголом-сказуемым. Having read the book I returned it to the library.

Прочитав книгу, я вернул её в библиотеку.

Функции причастия I.

В предложении причастие I (Participle I) может быть:

1. Определением. В этой функции употребляется только Participle I Indefinite,

которое соответствует русскому причастию настоящего времени в той же функции. A smiling girl. Улыбающаяся девочка. A swimming man. Плывущий человек. The men building our house with me are my friends. Люди, - строящие наш дом вместе со мной, -- мои друзья. The house being built in our street is a new building of school. Дом, строящийся на нашей улице -- это новое здание школы.

2. Обстоятельством. В этой функции Participle I Indefinite Active чаще

всего стоит в начале предложения и переводится на русский язык деепричастием несовершенного вида. Translating the article he consulted the dictionary.Переводя статью, он пользовался словарём. Перед таким причастием в функции обстоятельства часто стоят союзы when или while. Такие словосочетания переводятся либо деепричастным оборотом (или деепричастием) с опущением союза, либо придаточным предложением, которое начинается с союзов "когда", "в то время как". While translating

the article the student consulted the dictionary. Переводя статью, студент пользовался словарём. / Когда студент переводил статью, он пользовался словарём.

Participle I Indefinite Passive переводится на русский язык обстоятельственным придаточным предложением. Being built of wood the bridge could not carry heavy loads. Так как мост был построен из дерева, он не мог выдержать больших нагрузок.

Participle I Perfect Active переводится деепричастием совершенного вида.

Having built a house he began building a greenhouse. Построив дом, он начал

строить парник.

Participle I Indefinite Passive в функции обстоятельства (времени, причи-

ны) переводится обстоятельственным придаточным предложением. При этом в качестве подлежащего русского придаточного предложения употребляется

подлежащее английского предложения. Having been built of concrete, the house was cold in winter. Так как дом был построен из бетона, зимой в нём было холодно.

3. Частью сказуемого. Participle I Indefinite Active может быть частью

сказуемого. They are playing chess. Они играют в шахматы.

Причастие II

Причастие II (Participle II) – неличная форма глагола (III основная форма

глагола), имеет одну неизменяемую форму со страдательным значением и обозначает действие, которое испытывает на себе лицо или предмет. Оно соответствует в русском языке причастию страдательного залога.

Причастие II правильных глаголов имеет ту же форму, что и Past Indefinite,

и образуется при помощи прибавления суффикса –ed к основе глагола to

ask – asked, to help – helped.

Подобно причастию I, причастие II обладает свойствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия. Как и глагол, оно обозначает действие. Время действия, обозначаемое причастием II, определяется временем действия глагола сказуемого или контекстом. The book discussed yesterday was interesting. Книга, обсуждавшаяся вчера, была интересной. The books discussed at the lessons are always interesting. Книги, обсуждаемые на уроках, всегда интересны.

Функции причастия II.

В предложении причастие II может быть:

а) Определением. Last time is never found again. Потерянное время никогда не вернёшь (дословно – не найти). A written letter lay on the table. Написанное письмо лежало на столе. They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century. Они реставрируют здание, построенное в 18 веке.

б) Обстоятельством. Перед причастием II в функции обстоятельства могут

стоять союзы if, unless, when. В таком случае английское причастие переводится обстоятельственным придаточным предложением, в котором подлежащее то же, что и в главном предложении. If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years. Если построить дорогу (Если дорога построена) из местного камня, она будет служить долгие годы.

Упр.1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.

1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at

the window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate's uncle. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking8. She went into the room, leaving the door open.

Упр. 2. Замените придаточные определительные предложения причастными оборотами.

1. All the people who live in this house are students. 2. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary. 3. The apparatus that stands on the table in thecorner of the laboratory is quite new. 4. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school for laboratory workers. 5. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 6. There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of extra-curricular activities.

Упр. 3. Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными

оборотами.

1. As he now felt more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice. 2. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him. 3. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it.

4. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch in the darkness at any moment,

they felt their way about very carefully. 5. Since he needed a shelter for the night, Peter decided to go to the neighbours' house.

Упр. 4. Замените придаточные предложения времени причастными

оборотами (не опускайте союз when).

1. When you speak English, pay attention to the order of words. 2. Be careful

when you are crossing a street. 3. When you are leaving the room, don't forget to

switch off the light. 4. When you begin to work with the dictionary, don't forget my instructions. 5. When they were travelling in Central Africa, the explorers met many wild animals. 6. When you are copying English texts, pay attention to the articles. 7. You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign language.

Упр. 5. Переведите следующие русские причастия и деепричастия на английский язык.

Приносящий, принесенный, принося, принеся, переводящий, переведенный, переводя, переведя, давая, написав, читающий, берущий, данный, прочитав, сделанный, пьющий, сказанный, будучи потерянным, нарисовав, написавший, делая, взятый, взяв, рисуя, выпитый, сделав, идя, пишущий, прочитанный, дав, рисующий, делающий, нарисованный, выпив, говорящий, беря, написанный, читая, идущий, дающий, сказав, сидевший, посмотрев, будучи забыт, строящий, строящийся, играя, поиграв, рассказанный, рассказавший, видя, принесший, будучи принесенным, построенный, продав.

Упр. 6. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Past Participle.

1. My sister likes boiled eggs. 2. We stopped before a shut door. 3. Tied to the

tree, the goat could not run away. 4. They saw overturned tables and chairs and

pieces of broken glass all over the room. 5. This is a church built many years ago. 6. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England. 7. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 8. The coat bought last year is too small for me now. 9. Nobody saw the things kept in that box.

Упр.7 . Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle 1 и Participle II.

1. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live.

b) A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful.

c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.

2. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double.

b) A teacher seeing a mistake in a student's dictation always corrects it.

c) Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: «Fire! Fire!»

3. a) The word said by the student was not correct.

b) The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his

friends is a well-known musician.

c) Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.

4. a) A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.

b) He saw some people in the post-office sending

telegrams. When sending the telegram she forgot to write her name.

5. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.

b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.

c) While putting the eggs into the basket she broke one of them.

6. a) A word spoken in time may have very important results.

b) The students speaking good English must help their classmates.

c) The speaking doll interested the child very much.

d) While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his sister.

Упр. 8. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия.

1. a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.

b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.

2. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.

b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.

3. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?

b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.

4. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.

b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.

5. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.

b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.

6. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the garden?

7. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.

8. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard.

9. We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds.

10. The (losing, lost) book was found at last.

11 (Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.

12. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more.

13. Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last year.

14.1 picked up the pencil (lying, lain) on the floor.

15. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.

16. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the pupils of

the 10th form.

17. (Taking, taken) the girl by the hand, she led her across the street.

18. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.

19.1 shall show you a picture (painting, painted)by Hogarth.

20. Here is the letter (receiving, received) by me yesterday.

21. Look at the beautiful flowers (gathering, gathered) by the children.

22. His hat (blowing, blown) off by the wind was lying m the middle of the

street.

23. How do you like the film?" he asked, (turning, turned) towards me.

24. When we came nearer, we saw two boys (coming, come) towards us.

25.1 think that the boy (standing, stood) there is his brother.

Тест

Выберите правильный вариант ответа. Choose the correct variant:

1. That night, ______ up to his room he thought of his unpleasant duty.

a) went

b) going

c) having go

2. She smiled ______ the joke.

a) remembered

b) to remember

c) remembering

3. ______ so little in the country, I am afraid I cannot answer all your questions.

a) Seeing

b) Having seen

c) To see

4. A new road ______ the plant with the railway station will soon be built.

a) connecting

b) having connected

c) connected

5. ______ two days before the conference he had a lot of time to see Edinburgh.

a) To arrive

b) Arriving

c) Having arrived

6. I felt very tired ______ the whole day in the sun.

a) being worked

b) having worked

c) work

7. He speaks like a man ______ his opinion of everything.

a) taking

b) takes

8. ______ that she could trust them she didn’t know what to do.

a) Not having known

b) Knowing not

c) Didn’t know

d) Not knowing

9. ______ a pair of gloves we moved to the shoe department.

a) Boughting

b) Having bought

c) Buying

10. She left ______ us all she had found out.

a) told

b) telling

c) having told

11. And ______ this he threw himself back in the armchair.

a) said

b) have said

c) was saying

d) saying

12 ______ what he wanted he took his hat and left.

a) Having got

b) Getting

13. By this time ______ to the atmosphere of the big city, he no longer felt a

a) stranger.

b) getting used

c) having got used

d) got used

14) I spent about ten minutes ______ over the sixteen pages of The Guardian before I found the main news and articles.

a) turn

b) having turned

c) turning

15. I felt refreshed and rested ______ for eight hours.

a) sleeping

b) having slept

c) slept

16. ______ so far away he still feels part of the community.

a) was

b) be

c) being

17. The boy came out of the water ______ from top to toe.

a) was shaking

b) having shaken

c) shaking

18. ______ all our preparations we hired a taxi and hurried off.

a) Having completed

b) Completing

c) Having complete

d) Completed

19. ______ her by the arm he helped her out of the taxi.

a) Supported

b) Supporting

20. ______ such difficulties she was at a loss.

a) Never experienced

b) Having experienced never

c) Never have experienced

d) Having never experienced

Герундий. The Gerund.

Герундий имеет свойства как глагола, так и существительного. Подобной неличной формы в русском языке нет. Как существительное он может выполнять в предложении функции подлежащего, дополнения, определения и обстоятельства с предлогом. Как глагол может иметь после себя прямое дополнение и определяться наречием, иметь перфектную форму, категорию залога, а также выражать действие как процесс.

Герундий образуется от основы глагола с помощью суффикса –ing. To translate – translating, to read – reading.

active passive

Indefinite

Perfect

writing

having written

being written

having been written

Формы герундия совпадают с формами Participle I и Perfect Participle.

Однако, это разные формы глагола, отличающиеся и по значению и по синтаксическим функциям. Формы Indefinite Gerundобозначают действия, одновременные с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым.

He likes inviting friends to his place.Он любит приглашать друзей к себе.

He likes being invited to his friends. Он любит, когда его приглашают к себе его друзья.

Перфектные формы герундия (Perfect Gerund) обозначают действия, предшествующие действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.

He is proud of having invited this man to his place. Он гордится тем, что пригласил этого человека к себе.

He was proud of having been invited to the party. Он гордился тем, что его

пригласили на вечер.

Функции герундия.

В предложении герундий может быть:

а) Подлежащим. Smoking is not allowed here. Курить (Курение ) здесь не

разрешается.

б) Определением. There are different ways of obtaining this substance.

Существуют различные способы получения этого вещества.

в) Именной частью сказуемого. His hobby is driving a car. Его хобби – вождение (водить) машину (ы).

г) Прямым дополнением. The car needs repairing. Машина нуждается в ремонте (Машину нужно ремонтировать). В вышеприведённых функциях герундий переводится существительным или инфинитивом.

д) Предложным дополнением. They spoke about their travelling. Они говорили о своём путешествии (том, как они путешествовали). В данной функции герундий переводится существительным или придаточным предложением.

е) Обстоятельством. Learning rules without examples is of little use. Изучение правил (изучать правила) без примеров приносит мало пользы.

I like reading. Я люблю чтение (читать).

Think before answering. Подумай прежде чем ответить.

By doing that you'll save a lot of time. Делая это, ты сэкономишь много времени.

I am tired of waiting. Я устал от ожидания (устал ждать).

The floor of the room needs painting. Пол этой комнаты нуждается в покраске (нужно покрасить).

Everybody laughed on hearing his answer. Все рассмеялись, услышав (когда услышали) его ответ.

Thank you for coming. Спасибо за то, что вы пришли.

He is proud of having won in the tournament. Он гордится тем, что победил в турнире.

She is sorry for being late. Она сожалеет, что опоздала.

He ran without stopping. Он бежал, не останавливаясь.

Before going to bed, she locked the door. Прежде чем лечь спать, она заперла дверь.

В данной функции герундий переводится существительным с предлогом,

деепричастием, придаточным предложением.

Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1. Have you finished writing? 2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very

useful. 3. I like skiing, but my sister prefers skating. 4. She likes sitting in the sun. 5. It looks like raining. 6. My watch wants repairing. 7. Thank you for coming. 8. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month. 9.1 had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 10. Let's go boating. 11. He talked without stopping. 12. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 13. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air. 14. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 15. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugarcane. 16. Jane Eyre was fond of reading. 17. Miss Trotwood was in the habit of asking Mr. Dick his opinion.

Упр. 2. В следующих предложениях замените придаточные дополнительные герундием с предлогом of.

E.g. She thought she would go to the country for the week-end.

She thought of going to the country for the week-end

1. I thought I would come and see you tomorrow. 2. I am thinking that I shall go

out to the country tomorrow to see my mother. 3. What do you think you will do tomorrow? 4.1 don't know now; I thought l would go to the zoo, but the weather is so bad that probably I shan't go. 5. I hear there are some English books at our institute book-stall now. - So you are thinking that you will buy some, aren't you? 6.I thought I would work in the library this evening, but as you have come, I won't go to the library.

Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные формы герундия.

1. Watching football matches may be exciting enough, but of course it is more

exciting playing football. 2. She stopped coming to see us, and I wondered what had happened to her. 3. Can you remember having seen the man before? 4. She was terrified of having to speak to anybody, and even more, of being spoken to. 5. He was on the point of leaving the club, as the porter stopped him. 6. After being corrected by the teacher, the students' papers were returned to them. 7. I wondered at my mother's having allowed the journey. 8.1 understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 9. Everybody will discuss the event, there is no preventing it. 10. At last he broke the silence by inviting everybody to walk into the dining-room. 11. On being told the news she turned pale. 12. The place is worth visiting.

Запомните следующие глаголы и выражения, требующие после себя герундия

to avoid to burst out cannot help to deny to enjoy

to excuse to finish to forgive to give up to go on

to keep (on) to mind1 to postpone to put off to stop

Упр. 4. В следующих предложениях замените придаточные времени герундием с предлогом after.

E.g. When she had bought everything she needed, she went home. After buying everything she needed, she went home

1. After I had hesitated some minutes whether to buy the hat or not, I finally decided that I might find one I liked better in another shop. 2. When she had graduated from the university, she left St. Petersburg and went to teach in her home town. 3. When he had proved that his theory was correct, he started studying ways and means of improving the conditions of work in very deep coalmines.

4. After she took the child to the kindergarten, she went to the library to study

for her examination. 5. When he had made a thorough study of the subject, he found that it was a great deal more important than he had thought at first.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя герундий.

1. Наконец они перестали смеяться. 2. Она отрицала, что украла деньги. 3. Давайте отложим поездку на дачу до следующей субботы. 4. Простите, что я

потерял вашу ручку. 5. Когда она кончит писать сочинение? 6. Я не возражаю против того, чтобы остаться дома и поработать над моим переводом. 7. Перестаньте дрожать. Избегайте показывать этим людям, что вы их боитесь. 8. Я не могу не беспокоиться о них: они перестали писать. 9. Я не отрицаю, что видел их в тот вечер. 10. Он не возражал против того, чтобы его осмотрели: он перестал притворяться, что здоров. 11. Он не может меня простить за то, что я порвал его сумку. 12. Перестаньте разговаривать. 13. Мы закончили работу над этой проблемой. 14. Продолжайте петь. 15. Вы не против того, чтобы открыть окно? 16. Он отрицал свое участие в преступлении. 17. Я очень люблю рисовать. 18. Мы получили удовольствие от плавания. 19. Я не могла не согласиться с ним. 20. Он рассмеялся. 21. Она бросила курить. 22. Она избегала встречи с ним. 23. Мы отложим обсуждение доклада.

Упр. 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя герундий в активной или пассивной форме.

1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The

doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital. 4. The child insisted on (to send) home at once. 5. Do you mind ;him (to examine) by a heart specialist? 6. He showed • no sign of (to recognize) me. 7. She showed no sign of (to surprise). 8. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people's business. 9. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 10. He was always ready for (to help) people. 11. He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty. 12. On (to allow) to leave the room the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (to play). 13. In(to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena. 14. The results of the experiment must be checked and re-checked before (to publish). 15. David was tired of (to scold) all the time. 16. The watch requires (to repair).1 17. The problem is not worth (to discuss).118. Jane Eyre remembered (to lock) up in the red room for (to contradict) Mrs. Reed.__

Сложное подлежащее.