Text B: Keeping A Record Of Transactions

Text A

What Bookkeeping is All About

The word “business” is very popular. What is business? We may say that business consist of sellinggoods and services at a profit. In other words,any enterprise in which we purchase and sell goods, spend, borrow, save and lend money is a business. It may be a drugstore, a TV repair shop, a manufacturing plant or something else. Business is a game with many players, and bookkeepers keep the score[1] in this game.

In the past, bookkeepers kept business records in big volumes: “the books”. Today, the people who keep the records are still called bookkeepers, even though they don’t use quill pens[2] and “the books” may be computer disks. But the principle remains the same. Bookkeepers tell the owners, how much money comes into the business, how much goes out, how much money the business owns and owes. Is the business gaining or losing in value?

Essentially, bookkeepers use the same methods when they are working for a sole proprietorship (which has only one owner) a partnership, or a corporation.

Text B

Keeping A Record Of Transactions

A transaction is any business operation that involves money. It may be a sale, a purchase, a loan, a lease payment, or any other activity in which money is transferred[3] from one account to another. The money can be in the form of cash (currency), cheque or money order.

The first responsibility of a bookkeeper is to keep a record of every transaction of the business he/she works for.

Bookkeepers record transactions in the journal. In the journal the bookkeeper enters transactions in chronological order (making a journal entries). Later the bookkeepers transfer entries to the accounts and use them to prepare many kinds of financial reports.

The journal page has two columns. A bookkeeping entry is either a debit or a credit. A debit is usually in the left-hand column. A credit is usually in the right-hand column. Debits and credits must be always balance (must be equal to each other). Every transaction involves both a credit and a debit.

WORDLIST

	bookkeeping [`buk,ki:piŋ]	бухгалтерия
	business [`biznis]	1.дело, занятие, коммерческая деятельность 2. коммерческое предприятие, фирма
	bookkeeper [`buk,ki:pǝ]	бухгалтер
	accountant [ǝ`kauntǝnt]	бухгалтер (более высокой квалификации)
	to consist of smth [kǝn`sist]	состоять из чего-л.
	to sell (sold, sold)	продавать
	profit [`prᴐfit] at a profit	выгода с выгодой
	in other words	другими словами
	enterprise [`entǝpraiz]	предприятие
	to purchase	покупать
	to spend (spent, spent)	тратить (время, деньги)
	to borrow	занимать, брать взаймы
	to save	1.экономика 2.сохранять
	to lend (lent, lent)	давать взаймы, одалживать, ссужать
	records [`rekᴐ:dz]	записи, документация, учётные документы
	to record [ri`kᴐ:d]	записывать, регистрировать
	volume [`vᴐlju:m]	том, книга
	still	всё ещё
	to use [ju:z]	использовать, пользоваться
	to remain [ri`mein]	оставаться
	owner [``ǝunǝ]	владелец
	to own [ǝun]	владеть, иметь в собственности
	to owe to smb [ǝu]	1.быть должным кому-л. 2. быть обязанным кому-л.
	to gain [gein]	получать, приобретать, извлекать выгоду
	to lose [lu:z] (lost, lost)	терять
	value [`vælju:]	стоимость
	essentially [i`senʃ(ǝ)li]	по существу
	sole proprietorship [sǝul prǝ`praiǝtǝʃip]	индивидуальное частное предприятие
	partnership [`pa:tnǝʃip]	товарищество
	corporation	корпорация
	transaction [træn`zækʃǝn]	сделка
	to involve [in`vᴐlv] e.g. It involves great expenses.	включать в себя, вызывать Это влечёт за собой большие расходы
	sale [seil]	продажа
	purchase [`pǝ:tʃǝs]	покупка
	loan [lǝun]	заём, ссуда
	lease payment	платёж за аренду, лизинговый платёж
	to transfer	переводить, переносить, перемещать
	account [ǝ`kaunt]	счёт
	cash	наличные
	cheque [tʃek] am. check	чек
	money order	платёжное поручение
	promise [`prᴐmis]	обещание
	responsibility for smth [ris,pᴐnsǝ`biliti]	ответственность за что-л.
	to be responsible for smth	быть ответственным за что-л.
	journal [ʤǝ:nǝl]	журнал
	to enter smth	вносить, записывать, регистрировать
	entry [`entri] journal entries	1.запись 2.проводка запись в учётном журнале
	to make an entry	вносить запись; делать проводку
	financial reports [fai`nænʃǝl ripo:ts]	финансовая отчётность
	either … or	или … или
	debit [`debut]	дебет
	credit [`kedit]	кредит
	left-hand column	левая колонка
	right-hand column	правая колонка
	to balance	сводить баланс, выравнивать дебет и кредит счёта
	Equal [`i:kwǝl]	Равный
	item [`aitǝm]	1.позиция, пункт, единица 2. бухгалтерская запись, позиция в балансе
	both [bǝuθ]	Оба, обе
	both … and	Как … так и, и … и

WORK ON THE TEXTS

Text A

Ex.1. Найдите в тексте соответствие русским фразам.

1. Мы можем сказать, что бизнес заключается в продаже товаров и услуг с целью извлечения выгоды.

2. Другими словами…

3. … любое предпринимательство, когда мы покупаем и продаём товары, тратим, берём взаймы, экономим и ссужаем деньги, является бизнесом.

4. … и бухгалтеры ведут счёт.

5. В прошлом бухгалтеры хранили деловую документацию в больших томах «книгах».

6. Сейчас бухгалтеры всё ещё ведут записи…

7. … хотя они не пользуются гусиными перьями, а «книги» могут быть компьютерными дисками.

8. Но принцип остается тем же самым.

9. Бухгалтеры говорят владельцам, сколько денег приходит в бизнес, сколько денег уходит…

10. Бухгалтеры говорят, сколько денег находится в распоряжении, какова задолженность…

11. Увеличивается ли рыночная стоимость предприятия или уменьшается?

12. По существу, бухгалтеры используют те же самые методы, когда они работают на индивидуальное частное предприятие (которое находится во владении одного лица), товарищества или корпорацию.

Ex.2. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых говорится, что

1. The main idea of business is selling and buying.

2. Businesses differ in the form of organization.

3. In the old days bookkeeps used big books.

4. The principle of bookkeeping does not change with time.

5. Bookkeepers provide important information to the owners of the business.

6. The form of ownership does not play any role in accounting methods.

Ex. 3. Выразите согласие или несогласие.

1. Business does not involve selling goods and services at a profit.

2. Bookkeepers keep records of transactions.

3. In the past bookkeepers kept their records in big volumes.

4. Thanks to bookkeepers the owners of the business know how much money they own and how much they owe.

5. In different companies bookkeepers use different methods of accounting.

Ex. 4. Проверьте, как вы поняли текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is business?

2. What is a business?

3. What are bookkeepers responsible for?

4. How did bookkeepers work in the past?

5. What role do bookkeepers play in any time?

6. What methods do bookkeepers use in their work?

TEXT B

Ex.5. Найдите в тексте соответствие русским фразам.

1. Сделка – это любая деловая деятельность, которая связана с деньгами.

2. Это может быть продажа, покупка, заём, арендный платёж…

3. Это может быть любая другая активность, при которой деньги переводятся с одного счёта на другой.

4. Деньги могут быть в форме наличности (валюты), чека или платёжного поручения.

5. Первой обязанностью бухгалтера является ведение учёта каждой операции…

6. Бухгалтеры регистрируют сделки в журнале.

7. … бухгалтер записывает сделки в хронологическом порядке, делая запись в учётном журнале.

8. Бухгалтеры переносят записи в учётном журнале на различные счета…

9. Бухгалтеры используют записи для подготовки различных видов отчётности.

10. Бухгалтерская запись – это кредит или дебет.

11. Дебет обычно в левой колонке.

12. Кредит обычно в правой колонке.

13. Каждая сделка проходит как по кредиту, так и по дебету.

Ex. 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых говорится, что

1. Transactions may take different forms.

2. The major responsibility of a bookkeeper is to register every transaction of the business.

3. Bookkeepers enter transactions in chronological order.

4. Bookkeepers post entries to various accounts.

5. Financial reports are based on the journal entries.

6. Bookkeeping entries are either debit or credit.

Ex. 7. Выразите согласие или несогласие.

1. A transaction does not involve money transfers from one account to another.

2. The money which is transferred may be in different forms.

3. The bookkeeper doesn’t record every transaction of the business.

4. In the journal the bookkeeper can enter transactions in any order he/she likes.

5. Bookkeepers transfer journal entries to various accounts.

6. Bookkeeping entries are either debit or credit.

7. Debits are usually on the left.

8. Credits are usually on the right.

Ex. 8. Проверьте, как вы поняли текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What characterizes a transaction?

2. What forms do transactions take?

3. What is the major responsibility of a bookkeeper?

4. Where do bookkeepers register transactions?

5. Where do bookkeepers transfer journal entries to?

6. Where are debits?

7. Where are credits?

Ex. 9. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами из рамки.

in the right-hand column, accounts, in the left-hand column, chronological order, spent, financial reports, received, be equal

Bookkeepers record transactions every day. They enter debits and credits in the journal in ___. Then they transfer journal entries to various ___. A debit is usually ___. A credit is usually ___. Debits and credits must ___ to each other. Bookkeepers use accounting entries for many ___.

The owners of the business know how much money the business ___ and how much it ___.

REVISION EXERCISES

Ex. 10. Дайте развёрнутые ответы на вопросы.

1. What activities does business involve?

2. What forms do businesses take?

3. What is the origin of the word “bookkeeper”?

4. What information do bookkeepers record in their books?

5. What methods do different businesses use?

6. What does a transaction involve?

7. How do bookkeepers prepare financial reports?

8. What two columns are essential in bookkeeping?

9. Where do bookkeepers usually place credits?

10. Where do bookkeepers usually place debits?

11. What is the basic principle of double-entry bookkeeping?

Ex. 11. a) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Remember: a lawyer[`lᴐ:jǝ] 1. юрист 2. адвокат

an auditor[`ᴐ:dite]аудитор

to mean (meant, meant)[mi:n, ment] значить, иметь значение

meaningзначение

terms[tǝ:mz]термины

Accounting is a language of business. Business people of the world use it to describe different transactions of all kinds of organizations. Managers, owners, investors, bankers, lawyers, auditors and accountants use accounting terms and ideas. As it is a language of business, there are words and expressions that mean one thing in accounting, but whose meaning is different in ordinary language. For example, the word “credit” in accounting means an amount of money that you add to an account. Besides, word “credit” means a loan in business, and in ordinary language the expressions “to be a credit of smb” or “to do smb credit” mean that these people are proud of you. “her children do her credit” means that she is proud of her children. fluency[4] in accounting terms comes with practice.

The first phase of accounting is bookkeeping. However, accounting is much more than actual making of records. Accountants are interested in the financial results. They study the various alternatives which are open to the business and try to help the owners and managers to choose the best plan of action for the business.

б) Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What role does accounting play in business?

2. What people use accounting terms and ideas?

3. What financial meanings of the word “credit” do you know?

4. What expressions with word “credit” in the ordinary language do you know?

5. What is a first phase of accounting?

6. What are accountants interested in?

7. Why is it necessary to study the financial results?

Ex.12. Заполните пропуски словами из рамки.

a decision, owners, at a profit managers, accountant, financial reports

The ___ and ___ of the business need some accounting knowledge to understand what the ___ tells them. Investors and others will need accounting knowledge too to read and understand the ___. Then the investors and the general public will be able to make ___ about future investments. There are two main questions that the managers, owners and investors want to know: fist, is the business operating ___? Second, will the business operate in the future or close down?

Ex.13. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где необходимо.

1. Bookkeeping consist ___ keeping records of transactions.

2. In the past bookkeepers kept business records ___ big books.

3. The business lost ___ value last year.

4. What company are you working ___?

5. We want to know how much money has come ___ the business?

6. Businesses sell or buy goods and services ___ a profit.

7. The money can be ___ the form ___ cash, check or money order.

8. Bookkeepers are responsible ___ keeping records of transactions.

9. Transactions are recorded ___ chronological order.

10. Journal entries are transferred ___ various accounts.

11. A debit is usually ___ the left-hand column.

12. A credit is usually ___ the right-hand column.

13. Every transaction involves ___ both a credit and a debit.

Ex.14. Заполните пропуски артиклями, где необходимо.

1. ___ business consists of selling and buying at ___ profit.

2. Many things have changed but ___ principle remains the same.

3. Now the bookkeepers use ___ same methods when they work for different companies.

4. ___ sole proprietorship, ___ partnership ___ or ___ corporation are various ownership forms.

5. Business is ___ game with many players and bookkeepers keep ___ score.

6. Any transaction involves ___ money.

7. ___ money which you transferred to this account is for bonuses.

8. ___ first responsibility of ___ bookkeeper is to record all the transactions.

9. In ___ journal ___ bookkeeper registers transactions in chronological order.

10. ___ bookkeeping entry is either ___ debit or ___ credit.

Ex.15. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple, Present Simple или Future Simple.

1. Bookkeepers (to enter) transactions in chronological order.

2. The bookkeeper (to enter) this transaction yesterday.

3. The bank (to lend) a big sum of money to the business a month ago.

4. They (not to own) this factory. They (to sell) it some time ago.

5. The business (to gain) in value last year.

6. We hope that our business (to gain) in value next year.

7. This business (to spend) much money on lease payment every year.

8. His work (to consist) of preparing financial statements. He is responsible for the annual report.

9. She (to transfer) this sum to the bank tomorrow.

10. They usually (to save) money for summer holidays.

Lesson 2