A brief history of Cambridge
Cambridge was founded in 875 when the Danes conquered Eastern England. They created a fortified town called a burgh, from which the word borough derives. Cambridge was surrounded by a ditch and an earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top. However in 1010 Cambridge was burned by the Danes. That was an easy task when all the buildings were of wood
By the 10th century Cambridge was also the administrative centre for the area and so it was a town of some importance, although it would seem tiny to us. By 1086 Cambridge probably had a population of about 2,000. By the standards of the time it was a medium sized town.
Later in the Middle Ages the population of Cambridge probably rose to about 3,000. In 1068 William the Conqueror visited Cambridge and ordered that a castle be built there. At first it was of wood but in the 12th century, it was rebuilt in stone. The town of Cambridge was severely damaged by a fire in 1174. Fire was a constant hazard when most buildings were of wood with thatched roofs. Another fire raged in Cambridge in 1385.
In the Middle Ages Cambridge had a weekly market and by the early 13th century it also had a fair. In those days fairs were like markets but they were held only once a year for a period of a few days. People came from all over Eastern England at a Cambridge fair. Cambridge prospered because it was located on the river Cam.
In Cambridge there was a leather industry. By the 15th century there was also a wool industry.
In 1728 it was estimated that the population of Cambridge was more then 6,000, 1,600 of whom were inhabitants of the university. By the standards of that time Cambridge was a big town. The first newspaper in Cambridge appeared in 1744. The first bank in Cambridge was opened in 1780.
The railway reached Cambridge in 1845. It stimulated the growth of industry in Cambridge by connecting the town to a huge market in London. From the late 19th century a new industry of making scientific instruments grew up in Cambridge. Cambridge gained gas light in 1823.
From 1880 horse drawn trams ran in the streets of Cambridge. The first electricity was generated in Cambridge in 1893.
In the 20th century the university, while still important, did not dominate Cambridge. New industries of electronics grew up. Making surgical and scientific instruments was also important.
Cambridge was made a city in 1951. The first cinema in Cambridge opened in 1910.
Today Cambridge has a population of 109,000 people.
Переведите в письменной форме первый абзац.
9. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту:
1) When was Cambridge founded?
2) What population had Cambridge by 1086?
3) When did the wool industry appear in Cambridge?
4) When did Cambridge become a city?
5) How many people live in Cambridge nowadays?
10. Переведите на английский язык следующее предложение пользуясь текстом:
1) Кембридж был окружен канавой и земляным валом с деревянным палисадником на вершине.
2) По стандартам того времени это был город среднего размера.
3) Кембридж процветал потому что был расположен на реке Кем.
4) С конца 19-го столетия в Кембридже развивалась новая промышленность по производству научных инструментов.
5) Первый кинотеатр в Кембридже в 1910 году.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 1
Вариант 5
1. Вставьте вместо точек правильный артикль, там, где это необходимо:
1) Would you like to go to … Bahamas?
a) a b) an c) the d) -
2) … girl by the window is my sister.
a) a b) an c) the d) -
3) My brother is … doctor.
a) a b) an c) the d) -
4) Pass me … salt, please.
a) a b) an c) the d) -
5) Would you like … cup of coffee?
a) a b) an c) the d) -
6) … Browns are in the garden.
a) a b) an c) the d) -
7) What is … best place in Tokyo?
a) a b) an c) the d) -
8) We go to … beach in summer.
a) a b) an c) the d) -
9) It’s … most interesting museum in our town.
a) a b) an c) the d) -
10) This is … old pair trousers.
a) a b) an c) the d) -
2. Образуйте форму множеств числа существительных:
| Единственное число | Множественное число |
| tooth | |
| fox | |
| dress | |
| goose | |
| deer | |
| hand | |
| watch | |
| knife | |
| lady | |
| leaf |
3. Вставьте вместо точек прилагательное или наречие:
1) I suppose you expect me to smile … at the camera.
a) pretty b) prettily
2) With a job and the salary, you’re sitting … .
a) pretty b) prettily
3) You did … in refusing payment for giving them advice.
a) right b) rightly
4) He did what he was asked to do, but he’ll never know if he acted … .
a) right b) rightly
5) He was sent off the rugby field for playing … .
a) rough b) roughly
6) I only caught a glimpse of her so I can only describe her … .
a) rough b) roughly
7) She was so exhausted, she could only lie … on her back.
a) flat b) flatly
8) She … denies she has anything to do with this business.
a) flat b) flatly
4. Вставьте вместо точек правильную форму местоимения:
1) Where are the tickets? I can’t find … .
2) We want the photographs. Please give … to … .
3) Put on … coat when you go out. It’s very cold.
4) I gave the money to my wife and put it in … bag.
5) Is this camera your/yours?
6) I gave her … address and she gave me … .
7) He fell off the ladder but he didn’t hurt … .
5. Вставьте вместо точек нужное неопределенное местоимение:
1) There are … biscuits in the cupboard. Can you give me one?
a) some ; b) any; c) no.
2) Have we got … apples in the fridge?
a) some ; b) any; c) no.
3) Can I have … ice-cream?
a) some ; b) any; c) no.
4) We’ve got … bananas. Can you go and by some?
a) some ; b) any; c) no.
5) We need … salt.
a) some ; b) any; c) no.
6. Вставьте вместо точек нужное производное от неопределенных местоимений:
1) It’s a nice house but there’s … garden.
2) How much time have you got? … .
3) What did you say? … .
4) What did you have to it? - … I wasn’t hungry.
5) … has broken the window.
7. Прочитайте и переведите текст устно:
American University
Higher education in the United States includes educational programmes which usually require for admission 12 years of elementary and secondary schooling. It is carried on under a number of forms.
The most common type of higher education is the college. It requires for admission graduation from a standard secondary school; it’s four-year curriculum leads to the bachelor’s degree in arts and sciences.
The American college is know by various titles such as the college of liberal arts, the college of arts and sciences, the college of literature, science and arts. The college may be the central unit around which the university is organized, or it may be a separate corporate entity, independent from the University.
The university in the United States is an educational institution comprising a college of liberal arts and sciences, a professional school leading to a professional degree and a graduate college. A graduate college provides programmes for study and research beyond the levels of the bachelor’s and first professional degree.
The word “university”, however, is also used in a broader sense, for almost any type of educational institution offering instruction beyond the level of the secondary school.
Thus in the United States there is some confusion in the use of the terms “college” and “university”. Some institutions that are in fact colleges of liberal arts have been incorporated in the universities. Some institutions incorporated in colleges are in fact universities with graduate and professional schools.
The colleges in the United States differ greatly in size - they may include from 100 to 5 000 students and more. Most of the larger institutions fall into the category of universities, the largest being University of California, State University of New York, New York University, Columbia University and other.