From the following sentences write out cases of synonymic condensation. Look up the words - components of synonymic condensation in a dictionary and comment on their semantics

a) "There!" And Mrs. Pearson stood before her, breathless, flushed and happy, and whipped off the lid of a silver dish.

b) "Don't think of it, my dear", said Mrs. Pearson happily, for her own life, after months of the dull routine of time killing had suddenly become crimson, rich and glorious. c)...Major Trape looked very stiff and uncompromising, as if he had just sentenced a couple of surveyors to be shot.

d)…and Mrs.Dersinngham looked uneasy, anxious, exasperated.

e)…and so they had argued, shouted, quarrelled….(J.B.Priestly).

2. Show that the following sequences demonstrate a certain semantic affinity:

"a very gloomy, ponderous, rumbling sort of chap", "went on gloomily rumbling and grumbling", "some muffled and doleful sounds", "they twanged and plucked", "there was muddle and gloom", "and settled abruptly, fiercely". (J.B. Priestly).

3. Analyse the following ideographic synonyms. Consult a dictionary Give examples of your own:

Evident, obvious, apparent, clear. Admit, acknowledge. Adapt, adjust, accomodate, conform. Estimate, calculate, compute. Lasting, permanent, durable, stable. Law, bill, statute, act. Govern, manage, administer.

4. Explain how paronymic attraction is manifested in the following sentences:

"So he scraped and scratched and scrabbed and scrooged….working busily with his little paws". (K.Grahame). "Little Becky's soul swelled with pride and delight at these honours; she saw fortune, fame, fashion, before her." (W.Thackeray). "Our purpose here is to suggest the complexity and completeness of the theory".(K.Pike).

Recommended Literature

1. Arnold, I. The English word. M.,1986.

2. Minajeva, L. A Manual of English Lexicology M.,1989.

3. Minajeva, L. Word in Speech and Writing. M.,1982.

4. Минаева Л.В., Тыналиева В.К., Лексикология современного английского языка. Фрунзе. 1989

PHRASEOLOGY

Lecture

1. Definition of phraseology. Word-combination in terms of the dialectical unity of collocation and colligation. Productivity and the concept of freedom of word-combination. Linguistic and extralinguistic constraints imposed on collocability of words.

2. Free word-combinations. Collocations. Phraseological units. Idioms proper. Proverbs and sayings.

3. Phrasal verbs. Structure and meaning of phrasal verbs. Nominalized forms.

Seminar

Topics for Presentations

1. Cultural differences between Russian and English idioms.

2.Cultural differences between Russian and English proverbs.

Test Questions

1. What is meant by free word-combinations and collocations? What is the difference between them? Give examples.

2. What is the structure of phrasal verbs?

3. What does the meaning of phrasal verbs depend on?

4. What is a nominalized form? Give examples.

5. What is an idiom proper? Give examples.

Written Tasks

1. Match the underlined verbs and phrases with the phrasal verbs on the right. Which of the phrasal verbs are more ‘natural’ than the verbs they replace?

1. She was wearing a beautiful new dress. a. blew up

2. I’m up this ladder and can’t descend. b. brought about

3. We’re eagerly expecting your arrival. c. brought up

4. I knocked and the voice said, ‘Enter!’ d. calm her down

5. How did you discover my address? e. come in

6. Now they are adults, they can decide for themselves. f. cut down on

7. The Wests have reared a large family on very little. g. find out

8. Select the one you want. h. get down

9. What time shall I collect you? i. grown up

10. John didn’t arrive until midnight. g. had on

11. Identify your mother in this photograph. k. held you up

12. Show me the spot on the map with your finger. l. looking forward to

13. Remove your jacket please. m. pick out

14. I’d like to participate in the wedding preparations. n. pick you up

15. It’s too late to return to the house now. o. point out

16. I don’t know how you can endure these conditions! p. point to/at

17. What delayed you? q. put off

18. The bomb exploded without warning. r. put off/out

19. You don’t have to make me look silly in public. s. put up with

20. Try to reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke. t. show me up

21. The baby got so upset we couldn’t pacify her. u. show up

22. We have assumed control of the company. v. take off

23. Shall I make it into a parcel for you? w. take part in

24. We’ve postponed the meeting till next week. x. taken over

25. Extinguish the lights before you go to bed. y. turn back

26. The earthquake caused the collapse of the building. z. wrap it up

2. Think of the Russian equivalents of the following proverbs (as many as possible):

1. All’s well that ends well.

All things are difficult before they are easy.

The apple never falls far from the tree.

A man is known by the company he keeps.

Attack is the best form of defence.

All that glitters is not gold.

Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth.

He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

2. Still waters run deep.

It is too late to lock the stable door when the horse is stolen.

Don’t cut off the bough you are standing on.

Fortune favours the brave.

A bird in hand is worth two in a bush.

3. If anything can go wrong- it will.

The apples on the far side of the wall are the sweetest.

Ask no questions and you will hear no lies.

Great minds think alike.

Recommended Literature

1. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М.,1998.

2. Alexandrova Olga, Ter-Minasova Svetlana. English Syntax (Collocation. Colligation. Discourse). Moscow University Press, Moscow, 1987.

3. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь. Москва, “Русский язык”, 2000.

4. Англо-русский словарь глагольных словосочетаний. Москва, “Русский язык”, 1990.

5. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms, 1995

6. The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English. John Benjamin’s Publishing Company, 1986.

6. TERMS AND TERMINOLOGY

Lecture

1. Lexical stratification of scientific texts. Words of general language . General scientific words. Terms.

2. The difference between terms and the words of general English. The criterion of definability. Definition as part of every term.

3. The sources of term formation. Different types of borrowing.

4. Terminology as a semiotic system. Systems of social terms.

5. Classification of terminological word-combinations.

Seminar

Topics for Presentations

1. G.O.Vinokur’s concept of nomenclature.

2. The division of scientific terms into terminology and nomenclature (A.A.Reformatsky).

3. Typical features of social science terminological systems.

4. Latin and Greek borrowings in terminology.

Test Questions

1. What is a term?

2.What part of vocabulary do terms belong to?

3.What is the basic criterion for distinguishing a term and a word of the general vocabulary?

4.Prove that definitions are inseparable from terms.

5.What is meant by terminology? Can we say that Public Administration has an independent terminological system?

6.Are social terms polysemantic?

7.What are the main types of terminological word-combinations?

Written Tasks

1. Consult a general purpose dictionary and a terminological one and compare the definitions of:

a. income (noun)

b. profit (noun)

c. benefit (noun)

d. insurance (noun)

e. demand (noun)

f. stock (noun)

2. Discuss the following metalinguistic expressions in terms of colligation and collocation:

a. production possibilities curve

b. voluntary export restrictions

c. intrinsic value of money

d. watchdog committee

e. public utility corporation

3. Make a list of terminological word-combinations from your course of “Business English”. Prove that they are terms.

Recommended Literature

1. Minaeva Ludmila .“A Manual of English Lexicology”. Moscow University Press, Moscow, 1982.

2. Akhmanova Olga, Agapova Galina (eds.). “Terminology:Theory and Method”. Moscow University Press; Moscow, 1976.

7. MONOLINGUAL LEARNER’S DICTIONARIES OF ENGLISH

Lecture

1. Learner’s lexicography in Great Britain. The difference between learner’s dictionaries and dictionaries for native speakers of English. The most popular learner’s monolingual dictionaries of English published in Great Britain.

2. Macrostructure of the dictionary. Guide to the dictionary. Word-list. Study pages. Index. Supplements.

3. Microstructure of the dictionary. Entry. Head-word. Transcription. Word class. Definition. Grammatical information in learners’ dictionaries. Stylistic labels. Phraseological units. Derivatives. Compounds. Usage notes. Cross references.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of authentic examples and examples made up by lexicographers.

Seminar

Topics for Presentations

1. Indication of pronunciations in learner’s dictionaries.

2. Grammatical information in learner’s dictionaries.

3. Encyclopaedic information on learner’s dictionaries.

4. CIDE – an innovation in the world of learner’s lexicography.

Test Questions

1. What are the postulates of learner’s lexicography?

2. What does the number of entries depend on?

3. Why do learner’s dictionaries attach so much attention to the description of grammar?

4. What is a “defining vocabulary”? According to what principles is it compiled?