Translate the sentences paying attention to but for.

But for Interpol's assistance the police wouldn't have caught the criminal. Если бы не помощь Интерпола, полиция не поймала бы преступника.

He wishes he could give evidence. Он сожалеет, что не может дать показаний.

They wish they had apprehended the suspect at the scene of crime. Они сожалеют, что не арестовали подозреваемого на месте преступления.

1. But for overspeeding he wouldn't have had an accident.

2. But for the alibi the police would suspect Mr. White.

3. But for the police arrival the criminal would have killed the witness.

4. Ted wished he had not robbed a bank.

5. But for the taxi-driver's evidence the police would suspect Jane.

6. John wishes he were (was) a detective.

7. The suspect wishes he could afford to hire a good lawyer.

8. But for the skilled and experienced detective the crime wouldn't have been solved.

9. The prisoner wished he had never committed a crime.

10. The old man wished he had not been mugged.

11. Jack wishes he could give up taking drugs.

12. But for the dropped cigarette there wouldn't have been a fire.

13. People wish there were (was) less crime in the society.

14. Jane wished her bag hadn't been stolen.

15. But for the survey camera police wouldn't have identify the suspect.

UNIT 19

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Grammar: Modal Verbs

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN THE USA

In a nation with 70 million people under 18, there are 2,4 million arrests of juveniles each year 99,000 (4 percent) of which are for violet crime. After rising from 1988 to 1994, the juvenile violent crime rate has now returned to 1985 levels. Yet when Americans are asked to identify the two or three most serious problems facing children, they cite drugs and crime.

Most juvenile crimes are committed by young males, only 28 percent of arrests under 18 years of age are females. Some researchers have estimated that one boy in three will be arrested by the police at some point before his 18^th birthday.

The "epidemic" of violent youth crime of the early 1990s coincided with an increase in drug arrests, particularly in nonwhite urban areas.

Youth gangs have become another dangerous presence in most American cities. There are now more than 31.000 gangs with 846,000 members. To deal with the problem of youth gangs and guns, Boston has developed Operational Cease-fire program. The program uses two strategies. First, they identify individuals and gangs at risk for committing violence.

A second strategy is aimed at increasing deterrence through swift and certain sanctions. When a violent crime is committed, the various agencies not only arrest suspects but also shut down drug markets, strictly enforce probation restrictions, make disorder arrests, deal more strictly with cases in adjudication and soon.

When gang members seek rehabilitative services, the program assists them. But when they persist in violent activity, the coordinated agencies hit them with undesirable sanctions until the violence stops.

The Boston program has had unexpected success.

Vocabulary

aim (at) v	стремиться, иметь в виду
cease-fire n	прекращение огня
certain a	определенный
coincide v	совпадать, соответствовать
deterrence n	удерживание от совершения действий устрашением
enforce v	принудительно применять
estimate v	оценивать
face v	встречать(ся)
female n	женщина
gang n	банда
increase n, v	увеличение, увеличивать(ся)
male n	мужчина
particularly adv	особенно
persist v	упорно продолжать
rate n	размер, степень
rehabilitative a	реабилитирующий
restriction n	ограничение
seek v	искать, стараться
shut (down) v	закрывать, прекратить работу
strictly adv	строго
swift a	быстрый
undesirable a	нежелательный
unexpected a	неожиданный

Exercises

Match the English and Russian equivalents.

1. percent	a) встречать(ся)
2. violent	b) оценивать
3. rise	c) процент
4. rate	d) удерживание
5. return	e) опасный
6. level	f) насильственный
7. age	g) повышение
8. females	h) уровень
9. face	i) степень
10. researcher	j) возвращаться
11. gang	k) женщины
12. dangerous	l) возраст
13. estimate	m) стремиться
14. aim at	n) исследователь
15. deterrence	o) банда

Combine the words from the two columns.

1. undesirable	a) arrests
2. commit	b) agencies
3. arrest	c) justice
4. shut down	d) presence
5. make	e) deterrence
6. coordinated	f) crime
7. juvenile	g) suspects
8. violent	h) markets
9. youth	i) violence
10. dangerous	j) sanctions
11. reduce
12. increase
13. drug
14. disorder

Match the synonyms.

1. swift	a) rise
2. rate	b) decrease
3. female	c) especially
4. increase	d) close
5. particularly	e) limitation
6. nonwhite	f) level
7. reduce	g) woman
8. restriction	h) look for
9. shut	i) black
10. seek	j) quick

Match the antonyms.

1. rise	a) decrease
2. male	b) late
3. presence	c) lower
4. desirable	d) disorder
5. expected	e) weak
6. increase	f) unexpected
7. order	g) fall
8. strong	h) undesirable
9. higher	i) absence
10. early	j) females