The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
| Правила согласования времен действуют для дополнительных придаточных предложений: если в главном предложении глагол употребляется в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном глагол ставится в одном из прошедших времен: 1. Past Indefinite Tense – действие в придаточном предложении совпадает по времени с главным предложением: I said I didn’t know who the robber was. 2. Past Perfect Tense - действие в придаточном предложении предшествует действию в главном предложении: They explained how they had planned the robbery. 3. Future In The Past Tense - действие в придаточном предложении следует за действием главного предложения. They were sure how they would find the robber. В придаточных предложениях, начинающихся с вопросительных слов, используется прямой порядок слов: He asked the secretary why the mail had not been sent. |
Exercises
A Underline the verbs in the object clauses, write down the Tenses in which they are used and translate the sentences into Russian:
Past. Ind.
1. He said he was a real estate agent. ……………………………..
2. We were sure he had legated his house. ………………………..
3. The man thought they would evade the law. ……………………
4. He asked how many clauses there were in the Contract. …… ….
5. The officer inquired when the arson started. …………………….
6. He wondered if the agreement had been signed. ………………..
7. They wanted to know if the lawyers would take part in the negotiations. ………………………………
BTranslate the following sentences into Russian using the Past Tenses:
1. Директор сказал, что контракт будет подписан через несколько дней.
2. Стороны решили, что внесут эти изменения позднее.
3. Он заверил, что уже установил причины преступления.
4. Я поинтересовался, подготовили ли они описания преступления.
5. Он спросил, будет ли изменена процедура наказания.
6. Он официально заявил, что обе программы направлены на более конструктивное исправление осужденных.
7. Я спросил, кто мне выдаст медицинское заключение.
СRead this interview of a journalist with a local police authority and write it down in indirect speech.
- I have given money to a telemarketer and have not received anything, what do I do?
- Contact your local police agency and they can direct you to the correct reporting agency.
- Do the police work every case referred to them?
- In an ideal world probably. In a realistic world, it depends. Due to governmental cutbacks, cases have to be prioritized. Cases which are of a high priority will more-than-likely be worked first. Some agencies have placed thresholds on the amount of loss incurred by the victim as to whether they work the case. In many cases, involving loss of money, civil action can be take in small claims court to seek redress.
Unit 5
Task1: read and translate the text:
Criminology
(1) Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions;
the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.
(2) The science of criminology has two basic objectives:todetermine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.
(3) Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There, arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime, because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasised case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the 'social defence' movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.
(4) Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.
(5) Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.
Task 2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
1. криминология рассматривает природу и причины преступлений
2. изучение обстоятельств правонарушения по материалам дела
3. криминология опирается на открытия других наук
4. проблемы задержания преступников
5. проблемы предотвращения преступлений
6. применение на практике
7. исправительные учреждения
8. установить причины преступности
9. выработать действующие принципы
Task 3. Find proper definitions form the following words:
| 1) | deterrence | a) guidance and instruction given to offenders, their beneficial treatment aimed at restitution of positive skills and attitudes |
| 2) | case study | b) measures taken to prevent hostile action |
| 3) | legislator | c) a person serving a prison sentence |
| 4) | retribution | d) a detailed analysis of a criminal person or group |
| 5) | Convict | e) a member of a body which gives or makes laws |
| 6) | rehabilitation | f) something given or demanded in repayment, especially punishment |
Task 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What steps can society take to cope with crime?
2. What trends can be observed in development of criminology?
3. What methods and techniques are applied in criminology?
4. In what other spheres of life can criminology find a useful application?
Task 5. Read the text and write down the Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:
Unit 6
Task 1 Read and translate the text:
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)
Professor Lombroso is a criminologist whose views, though not altogether correct, caused a lot of interest and made other peoplelook into the problem of crime in a more scientific way. Heis regarded as the father of thescientific study of criminals, or criminology.
Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and later he became a professor of psychiatry andforensic medicine, a directorof a mental asylum.
In an enormous book called “The Criminal”, he set out the idea that there is a definitecriminal type, who canbe recognized by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left - handed personshave a criminal instinct. Among the things he head and if the econsidered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the chin and forears stick out.
Lombroso's theories were widely influential in Europe for a time, buthis emphasis mon hereditary causes of crime was later strongly rejectedin favour of environmental factors. Lombroso triedto reform the Italianpenal system, and heencouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts through the use of work programs intended to make themmore productive members of society.
Task 2 Fill in the following words in the text:
Criminal types; capital punishment; inmates; case studies; upbringing; investigations;