When do you think this article was written?

2 Where was it published, to your mind?

3 Of what was the general accused?

4 How was the general arrested?

5 What is the general's fate?

b Complete the following questions using the text:

1 Did the British government first ignore............................................................................................................

2 What was the dicision of England's Lord Chief...............................................................................................

3 Who overruled..................................................................................................................................................

4 Did Britain's home secretary...........................................................................................................................

5 Did the High Court ..........................................................................................................................................

с Mark the correct statements with a tick:

1 Many treaties have been signed ruling out immunity for any officials. 

2 Many international treaties of this kind have been applied by varfious countries. 

3 No other countries started proceedings against the general. 

4 A permanent international criminal court is being planned. 

5 Mounting an international prosecution is very easy. 

6 Extraditions remain as much a political as a legal proceeding. 

d Summarise what the article said about:

• General Pinochet

• extradition and international law

Part H. Human Rights

Section 1: The Tyrer Case

Section 2: The 50^th Anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights

Section 1: The Tyrer Case

Text 1

The European Court of Human Rights was established by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and was set up in Strasbourg in 1959. The Convention, which was drawn up by the Council of Europe in 1950, was inspired by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and protects many essential rights as the right to life, freedom from torture and slavery, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the right to marry and found a family, freedom of peaceable assembly and association, and the right to a fair trial. Only states which are parties to the Convention and the European Commission of Human Rights have the right to bring a case before the Court. Some states have incorporated the Convention into domestic law, but Britain has not, so that it is not directly inforceable as British law.

A few texts that follow describe a case referred by Mr. Tyrer, a British citizen, to the European Commission of Human Rights in 1978.

The applicant claimed before the Commission that the facts of his case constituted a breach of Article 3 of the Convention which provides: «No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment».

He alleged that there had been torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or any combination thereof.

In its report, the Commission expressed the opinion that judicial corporal punishment, being degrading, constituted a breach of Article 3 and that, consequently, its infliction on the applicant was in violation of that provision.

The case was then referred to the European Court of Human Rights.

Vocabularly notes

to establish	[Is't{blIS]	1) основать, создать, учредить; 2) доказать
fundamental		основной, коренной
the fundamental rules		основные правила
fundamental truth		аксиома
Strasbourg	['str{zb@:g]
torture	['tO:tS@]	пытка (и)
to put smb to torture		подвергать кого-либо пыткам
slavery	['sleIv@rI]	рабство
conscience	['konS@ns]	совесть
good conscience		чистая совесть
bad/ evil conscience		нечистая совесть
to have smth on one's		иметь что-либо на своей совести
conscience
to incorporate	[In'kO:p@reIt]	1) принимать, включать в состав; 2) регистрировать
enforceable	[In'fO:sIbl]	1) осуществимый; 2) обеспечиваемый применением силы или угрозой
		применить силу
breach	[brI:tS]	нарушение
breach of law		нарушение закона
breach of trust		злоупотребление доверием
breach of contract		нарушение контракта
breach of peace		нарушение мира
to be subjected to smth		подвергаться, быть подверженным чему-либо
treatment		обращение, обработка, лечение, уход
infliction		наложение, применение, наказание
provision		положение, условие (постановления, договора)
syn. condition
term
requirement
stipulation
to agree on the following provisions		прийти к соглашению по следующим пунктам

§ See how well you remember the text

a Complete the table using the text:

b Write down the definite articles wherever necessary:

1 ... European Commission of... Rights

2 ... European Convention for... Protection of... Human Rights and... Fundamental Freedoms

3 ... Convention which was drawn up by... Council of... Europe

4 ... Article 3 of... Convention

5 ... right to... life

6 ... freedom from... torture

с Write down the answers to the following questions:

1 Who established the European Court of Human Rights?................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2 When and where was the Court founded?........................................................................................................

3 When and where was the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights made?.........................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

d Complete the following questions:

1 What does Article 3 of the Convention...............................................?

2 What did Mr. Tyrer,.............................................................................?

3 To whom did the Commission refer ...................................................?

e Translate into Russian:

The applicant alleged that there had been torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or any combination thereof.

f Summarise the information on:

• the European Court of Human Rights

• the European Convention and its Article 3

• Mr. Tyrer and his claim

§ Word study

g Match the synonyms:

to establish to draw up to have the right to protect to claim

to set up to make to prepare to found to be entitled to be allowed to defend to allege

h Mark the meaning in which the following words are used in the text with a tick:

i Write down the word families of the following words:

to enforce to establish to inspire

to think to inflict to direct

j Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian:

to convene – convention – conventional – conventional weapon to incorporate – incorporation – certificate of incorporation to apply – application – application form