Section 3: Word Combinations
§ Exercises
aConsult the dictionary you have got and write down a few other word combinations with the above basic words:
law........................................................................................................
right......................................................................................................
court.....................................................................................................
bWrite down a few short sentences with the following word combinations:
legal adviser(юрисконсульт).............My friend is a legal adviser in a new company……………………
common law rule(норма общего права)...........................................……………………………………...
labour dispute(трудовой спор).........................................................……………………………………...
contributory negligence(встречная вина)......................................…………………….…………………
notarial attestation(нотариальное засвидетельствование).............…………………………………….
supervision by the public prosecutor(прокурорский надзор).......……………………………………..
contending parties(спорящие стороны)...........................................……………………………………..
advisory committee(совещательный комитет)................................…………………………………….
advisory opinion(консультация, заключение)..................................……………………………………
Section 4: Grammar Rules and Exercises
Articles
The use of Articles
1 The Indefinite Article
§ с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда дается общая характеристика:
I am a student.
It is a very important fact.
He made am interesting remark.
2 The Definite Article
§ с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном или множественном числе, когда ясно, о чем идет речь:
The teacher asked us to read the text.
The students of our group will take part in the conference.
§ с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда раскрывается их понятийное содержание:
The defendant is a person against whom a legal action is brought.
§ с неисчисляемыми существительными, когда речь идет о каких-либо веществах, предметах или явлениях, ограниченных местом, временем или обстоятельствами:
The silence in the hall was oppressive.
§ с названиями океанов , морей, рек, озер:
the Volga River, the Black Sea
3 The Zero Article
§ с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе, когда им дается общая характеристика:
We are__students.
We discussed __ various problems.
§ с исчисляемыми существительными, обозначающими пост или титул и употребляющимися в роли именной части сказуемого или приложения:
Bill Clinton is__President of the USA.
__Tony Blair,__ Prime Minister of the UK, declared that Britain did not support the proposal.
NB. Если эти же существительные являются другими членами предложения, то они употребляются с неопределенными или определенными артиклями:
The Prime Minister visited France last week.
They applied to the President asking him to interfere.
§ с исчисляемыми существительными, если они даются с указанием номера:
Turn to __ page 23. __Contract A-455 has been fulfilled.
__ Clause 5 is now under consideration.
§ с исчисляемыми существительными, употребляющимися с какими-либо предлогами в роли обстоятельств и образующими с этими предлогами неразрывные сочетания:
Не is away on __ business. Let us go by _ taxi.
§ с неисчисляемыми существительными, когда называются какие-либо вещества, явления и т.д.:
Не studies__law. The witness spoke with __confidence.
§ с названиями большинства стран, материков, городов, улиц, площадей, с именами и фамилиями людей:
__ Russia ,__Moscow,__London
__Peter Brown
§ Exercises
a Insert the correct article wherever necessary:
1 Last month ... President of... USA visited ... Thailand and signed ... very important agreement.
2 ... Chamber of Horrors is ... part of Madame Tussaud's exhibition.
3 It is one of... most important questions we discussed.
bUnderline the articles and explain their use:
1 The Convention of the Council of Europe was drawn up in 1950.
2 He is a United Kingdom citizen.
3 The United Kingdom Parliament has full power to pass such laws.
4 They signed the contract only yesterday.
5 The plaintiff is a person who brings an action in civil law.
с Explain the use of the Zero Article in the following sentences:
1 He mentioned Article 4.
2 Judicial corporal punishment was abolished in England in 1948.
3 It did not have serious consequences.
4 They took the group by force.
5 New Zealand and France were involved in this case.
6 You shouldn't jump to conclusions.
| dMake a few sentences of the following elements: | ||||
| Sherlock Holmes | outstanding | detective | ||
| Conan Doyle | famous | detective story writer | ||
| Agatha Christie | is | a | well-known | author of spy novels |
| Poirot | an | English | lawyer | |
| Megre | French | |||
| Jan Flemming | Russian | |||
| Anatoly Conie |
e Complete the following sentences with articles (if necessary):
1 It is ... serious statement. I cannot support it. ... statement contradicts ... facts.
2 He is ... criminal. He was sentenced to 5 years of... imprisonment. Did you see ... criminal when ... sentence was pronounced?
3 Last week they at last approved... bill. I hope it will become ... law in May.
4 I'm afraid ... Clause 3 of... Contract is not quite clear to me.
5 ... hijacker was arrested soon after... attack started.
6 One of... problems they discussed concerned ... arrest of... soldier.
§ The Construction there is / there are
Конструкция there is / there areупотребляется, когда определяется предмет/лицо и одновременно дается дополнительная информация:
There is a person who wishes to see you.
There are a few clauses to discuss today.
§ Exercises
aComplete the following sentences with attributive clauses and translate the sentences into Russian:
1 There is a lot of evidence that ....proves this fact. Существует много доказательств, которые подтверждают этот факт.....................................................................................................................…
2 There is no evidence that....................................…........................................................................................
3 There is no threat that.....................................................................................................................................
4 There are a few witnesses who.......................................................................................................................
5 There are a lot of people who..........................................................................................................................
bComplete the following sentences with adverbial modifiers of place and translate the sentences into Russian:
1 There are no people ..in the garage. В гараже (на бензоколонке) никого нет.................................
2 There is no trace........................................................................................................................................
3 There was a gun........................................................................................................................................
4 There are a lot of counterfeit banknotes in circulation.............................................................................
5 There are no guards
с
Read and retell the following passage:
There are 52 police forces, or police authorities, in Britain, each employed and paid by their local councils. They are completely independent of one another, and have their own policies, but they are always ready to go to each other's help. Each force has its Criminal Investigation Department (CID).
dWrite down answers to the following questions:
§ Exercise
aTranslate the following sentences into English: