Упр. 1. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов
(A) Прочитайте предложения и переведите их. Если возможно замените эквивалент подходящим по смыслу модальным глаголом.
1. This railway line is to be converted from diesel to electric traction next year.
2. If the train comes in time, I will be able to watch the football match.
3. I lost my train ticket so I had to buy another one.
4. For more than a hundred years, railways were able to maintain their dominant position in the field of transportation.
5. If the signal is red, the train isn't allowed to continue its running.
6. In Japan, passengers have to go through a gate to enter the platform area. Passengers have to show their tickets to a station clerk at the gate and they will also have to show their tickets at a ticket gate after they deboard a train and exit the platform area.
7. Trains can travel at very high speed but they are heavy, aren’t able to deviate from the track and require a great distance to stop.
8. Dry chemicals are to be transported in covered hoppers.
9. The suitcase was so heavy that Robert had to change it from hand to hand all the time.
10. A dome car is a passenger car that has a glass dome on the top of the car where passengers are able to ride and see in all directions around the train.
11. If passengers buy train tickets in advance, they have to pay some surcharge.
12. Following a winter storm, a mudslide covered the tracks. The driver of the 0649 TGV out of Brest, headed for Paris, saw the slide about 300 m ahead and was able to slow to 120 km/h before hitting the mud. A minor derailment of the power car ensued due to the emergency stop.
(B) Заполните пропуски соответствующими эквивалентами модальных глаголов.
| 1. Several passengers missed the train and ___ wait another two hours. 2. To get to New Orleans, he ___ change trains in Birmingham. 3. He ___ repair the engine himself. 4. In England, the speed of the first cars ___ surpass 4 miles per hour. 5. To get to Moscow from St. Petersburg, passengers ___ choose either the day- or night-time train. 6. Such long and heavy container train ___ be powered by several locos. | a) had to b) was able to c) will have to d) is to e) are able to f) wasn’t to |
Упр. 2. Герундий
Прочитайте предложения и переведите их.
1. Laying rails took much time before inventing a track-laying machine.
2. I don't see why the machine stopped working.
3. I can’t insist on your staying a little longer because you risk missing the last train.
4. Remote control is a system for controlling machinery from a distance by radio signals.
5. Crane is a mechanical device, which is used for lifting freight.
6. Using long-welded rails allows reducing wear and tear of vehicles.
7. They decided to reconstruct the new terminal instead of building a new one.
8. One of the very first railways in the U.S., which was 3 miles in length, used horses for pulling wagons.
9. After laying sleepers upon the roadbed, the workers began fastening the rails to them.
10. Containers can be divided into two categories, a large type capable of taking a load of up to 5-7 tons and a small type suitable for a load of approximately 1 tone in weight.
Упр. 3. Ing-Формы
Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ing.
1. The Rio de Janeiro Metro began operating in March of 1979. At the beginning, there were only five stations operating from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
2. The number of workers was minimized after installing the new equipment.
3. Russian trains run on 76 direct international lines linking Moscow with Paris, Berne, Copenhagen, Rome, Berlin and so on.
4. Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of hauling freight over long distances.
5. Moscow State University of Railway Engineering is the leading and largest transport institution of Russia with more than 17,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students.
6. Much attention is paid to planning the rail approaches to the station for the departing and arriving trains to interfere with each other as little as possible.
7. On many US railroads handling freight traffic, trains become longer and less frequent.
8. Mobile cranes having a great lifting capacity are used for laying down track units.
9. In Russia, many people had doubts about the possibility of using steam locomotives in winter.
10. Railroads grew quickly in the 19th century, becoming a driving force of the economic and social development of countries all over the world.
11. While running over the railway line between Moscow and St. Petersburg, the train reaches the speed of 180 km/h.
12. The motor has broken from overheating.