IV. Retell the information of the text.

UNIT VII

TYPES OF CRANES AND

OTHER KIND OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT

TEXT I

Crane

I. Read and translate the text using the words given below:

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

The first construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.

For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.

Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sometimes sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. For a while, mini - cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.

There are three major considerations in the design of cranes. First, the crane must be able to lift the weight of the load; second, the crane must not topple; third, the crane must not rupture.

II. Learn the vocabulary to the text:

Crane- кран

Harbor cranes- портовые краны

Industrial Revolution- промышленная революция

Stone towers – каменные башни

Watermills and windmills could- водяные и ветряные мельницы

Steam engines- паровые двигатели

Steam crane-паровой кран

Internal combustion engines-двигатель внутреннего сгорания

Electric motors-электродвигатели

Hydraulic systems- гидравлические системы

Jib cranes-стреловой кран

Overhead crane-мостовой кран

Hoist-лебёдка

Steel industry-сталелитейная промышленность

III. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations, paying attention to the usage of the Infinitive:

equipped with, physical exertion of men or animals, permitting the lifting of heavier weights, human treadwheels, internal combustion engines, oil rigs, capability, Hoist, Harbor cranes, are still utilized, lifting capability, the harnessed natural power, unloading.

IV. Define the functions of the Participle I and translate the sentences:

1. Leaving a transmitting antenna, a radio wave travels in all directions. 2. Part of signal travelling along the ground is called the .ground wave. 3. The ionosphere has tile property of bending radio waves and returning them to the ground. 4. Bending radio waves changes the direction of the wave. 5. Obtaining new data on the waves travelling was necessary for future investigations. 6. Without using superconducting materials it was impossible to perfect this system operation. 7. Building a network of transmitting stations in that region was of prime importance. 8. The transmitter operating on the low frequencies was constructed by these students. 9. The scientist’s main task was studying ionospheric conditions.

V. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Participle II:

1. The operation of the receiving station influenced by a number of factors was discussed by engineers. 2. The generation of electricity from magnetism dealt with by-Faraday was a very important scientific discovery. 3. The work of Rutherford followed by great help for understanding many natural phenomena. 4. Gagarin's first space flight followed by many others was very important for the development astronautics. 5. Molecules of even a good insulator acted upon by: electric field produce a motion of electrons due to the field. 6. Some drawbacks of the reactor referred to in this article will be eliminated. 7. The dimensions of the body referred to in that textbook will be used in our experiment.

VI. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Вы ожидаете, работа будет сделана скоро? 2. Вы хотите, чтобы мы встретились сегодня? 3. Вы хотите, чтобы дети играли здесь? 4. Мы ожидаем, что они хорошо проведут у нас время. 5. Я хочу, чтобы он закончил эту работу. 6. Мы слышали, что она знает, когда мы сдаем экзамен. 7. Вы хотите, чтобы мы обсудили этот вопрос сегодня? 8. Мы ожидаем, что на этом месте будет построен новый дом. 9. Вы хотели бы, чтобы работа была сделана сегодня?

VII. While translating the following sentences point out the Complex Object and the Complex Subject constructions:

1. For the pressure to be reduced to safe limits the foundations may be widened. 2. Such method of making drawings requires every size of the object to be divided by the proportion of the scale. 3. It is usually not required that a first year student should ink and colour his drawings when they are done to this scale. 4. If it is assumed to be tension and proves to be compression, this will be indicated by a negative value in the result. 5. We assume these charts to give accurate results for such sections, which are reinforced in tension or compression. 6. The point at which a body ceases to be elastic is termed the yield point, the body is then said to have undergone plastic deformation or flow. 7. Concrete piles are less likely to be injured in driving than wooden piles. 8. Tapered piles appear to have a bearing capacity in soft material considerably greater than a straight pile.