Construction Equipment and Track Maintenance Machines
Путей сообщения
О.А. Палагина
Construction Equipment and Track Maintenance Machines
Дорожные, строительные и путевые машины
Практикум для самостоятельной работы
(спецкурс английского языка)
Новосибирск
УДК 802:625.7.08.002.5 – 625.144.5/.7 (076.5)
П а л а г и н а О.А. Construction Equipment and Track Maintenance Machines = Дорожные, строительные и путевые машины: Практикум для самостоятельной работы (спецкурс английского языка). – Новосибирск: Изд-во СГУПСа, 2017. – с.
Практикум направлен на формирование и развитие у студентов навыков коммуникации на английском языке в области будущей профессиональной деятельности.
Предназначен для студентов 3 курса факультета «Управление транспортно-технологическими комплексами» по направлению 23.05.01 Наземные транспортно-технологические средства.
Практикум рассмотрен и рекомендован к изданию на заседании кафедры «Иностранные языки».
О т в е т с т в е н н ы й р е д а к т о р
канд. филол. наук, доц. кафедры «Иностранные языки» СГУПСа
Д.В. Володина
Р е ц е н з е н т
канд. пед. наук, доц. кафедры «Иностранные языки» НГТУ Е.Т. Китова
© Сибирский государственный
университет путей сообщения, 2017
© Палагина О.А., 2017
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Данный практикум предназначен для студентов 3 курса факультета «Управление транспортно-технологическими комплексами» по направлению 23.05.01 Наземные транспортно-технологические средства. Практикум направлен на формирование и развитие у студентов навыков коммуникации на английском языке в области будущей профессиональной деятельности.
Структура и логика предъявления учебного материала обусловлены комплексным подходом. В каждом тематическом разделе имеется лексический блок, где вводится профессиональная терминология; даются упражнения для совершенствования навыков аудирования, устной речи, чтения и письма.
Практикум состоит из двух частей: первая часть включает материалы по дорожным и строительным машинам, а вторая часть посвящена железнодорожному пути и путевым машинам. Каждая часть включает разделы, содержащие тексты, которые сопровождаются заданиями, направленными на формирование и совершенствование лексических навыков и навыков устной речи. Также предлагаются видеоматериалы с упражнениями. В конце каждого раздела представлен список основных технических терминов и блок самоконтроля. Каждая часть завершается творческим заданием, предполагающим использование Интернет-ресурсов.
Part 1 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Unit 1 CONSTRUCTION PLANT
Start up
Exercise 1. Discuss the following questions.
1) What is mechanization?
2) What are the advantages of using machinery and equipment in construction?
3) Why do people use various types of construction machinery and equipment?
Reading
Read the text and complete the table.
Text A
CONSTRUCTION PLANT
In countries where labour is inexpensive and less skilled, manual methods of road construction are still commonplace. However, the developed world relies on construction plant. Construction plant refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks. They are also known as construction equipment, heavy equipment, heavy machines, or heavy vehicles.
For clearing vegetation and undesirable materials from the roadway, the bulldozer is often employed. The construction of rock cuts is commonly done with power shovels, draglines, and mobile drills. Shaping the formation and moving earth from cuttings to embankments is accomplished with bulldozers, graders, scrapers, loaders, and large dump trucks. The material is placed in layers and compacted to the required density. Compaction is accomplished with rollers. Backhoes and trenchers are used for drainage work. The excavation process is the same as for rock cuts, although rippers may be used for loosening densely compacted materials. Crushers, screens, and washers produce stone of the right size, shape, and cleanliness. The placement of paving material increasingly involves a paving machine for distributing the aggregate (sand, gravel, crushed stone, or slag), asphalt, or concrete uniformly and to the required thickness, shape, and width. As a paving machine moves forward down the road, it applies some preliminary compaction and also screeds and finishes the pavement surface.
| Operation | Construction plant |
| 1) clearing | |
| 2) constructing rock cuts | |
| 3) shaping | |
| 4) earthmoving | |
| 5) compacting | |
| 6) draining | |
| 7) excavating | |
| 8) producing the road-making aggregate | |
| 9) placing and compacting the pavement layers |
Vocabulary
Language Practice
Listening
Video 1
Study the words.
paver – асфальтоукладчик
binder ['baɪndə] – связывающее вещество
container – резервуар
feeder – загрузочное устройство
hopper – бункер
continuous – непрерывный
wearing course ['weərɪŋ kɔːs] – слой износа (асфальтового дорожного покрытия)
screed – шаблон, разравнивающий брус
smooth roller – гладкий каток
vibratory roller ['vaɪbrətərɪ]– вибрационный каток
Speaking
Make up a dialogue about construction plant. Use information in your table (see Reading).
Word list
| 1. | aggregate ['ægrɪgət] | заполнитель |
| 2. | backhoe | экскаватор «обратная лопата» |
| 3. | clearing vegetation | расчистка (территории) от растительности |
| 4. | compact [ˌkəm'pækt] compaction | уплотнять уплотнение |
| 5. | concrete ['kɔŋkriːt] | бетон |
| 6. | construction [kən'strʌkʃn] | строительство |
| 7. | сrushed stone | щебень |
| 8. | crusher ['krʌʃə] | дробилка |
| 9. | cutting | выемка |
| 10. | density ['densətɪ] | плотность |
| 11. | distribute [dɪ'strɪbjuːt] | распределять |
| 12. | drainage ['dreɪnɪʤ] | дренирование |
| 13. | drill | бурильный молоток |
| 14. | dump truck [dʌmp trʌk] | самосвал |
| 15. | earth [ɜːθ] | грунт |
| 16. | embankment | насыпь |
| 17. | formation | поверхность грунта |
| 18. | gravel ['grævəl] | гравий |
| 19. | heavy-duty [ˌhevɪ'djuːtɪ] | мощный; предназначенный для тяжёлого режима работы |
| 20. | layer | слой |
| 21. | loader | погрузчик |
| 22. | move [muːv] | перемещать; двигаться |
| 23. | pave paving material paving machine / paver pavement surface | укладывать дорожное покрытие материал для покрытия дороги машина для устройства дорожного покрытия (асфальтоукладчик, бетоноукладчик) дорожная одежда, дорожное покрытие |
| 24. | place | помещать |
| 25. | power shovel ['ʃʌv(ə)l] | (одноковшовый) экскаватор |
| 26. | preliminary [prɪ'lɪmɪnərɪ] | предварительный |
| 27. | required [rɪ'kwaɪəd] | требуемый, нужный |
| 28. | ripper | рыхлитель |
| 29. | road | дорога |
| 30. | rock cut | выемка в скальном грунте |
| 31. | roller | дорожный каток |
| 32. | sand | песок |
| 33. | screed | разравнивать |
| 34. | screen | грохот |
| 35. | shape | форма |
| 36. | shaping | профилирование, планировка |
| 37. | slag | шлак |
| 38. | surface ['sɜːfɪs] | поверхность |
| 39. | trencher | траншейный экскаватор |
| 40. | truck | грузовой автомобиль |
| 41. | vehicle ['vɪəkl] | транспортное средство |
| 42. | washer | промывочное устройство |
| 43. | width | ширина |
TRACTORS
Start up
Reading
Text B
TRACTORS
A tractor is a high-power, low-speed traction vehicle designed to provide a large amount of traction force at slow speeds, for hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Tractors can be fitted with implements such as bulldozer blades, buckets, hoes, rippers, etc. Implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor provides a source of power for them.
Tractors are used in agriculture, construction, road building, etc. in the form of bulldozers, scrapers, and diggers. A notable feature of tractors in many applications is the power-takeoff shaft, used to operate stationary or drawn machinery and implements.
The two main types of a tractor are wheeled and continuous track. Tractors are powered by diesel engines. Most wheel tractors have two-wheel drive, with the large rear wheels driven from the engine and the small front wheels used for steering.
Crawler, caterpillar, or track tractors run on two continuous tracks consisting of a number of plates pivoted together and joined to form two endless chains, driven by two or more wheels. These tractors provide better adhesion and lower ground pressure than the wheeled tractors do.
Vocabulary
Rendering
Render the text in English.
Трактор – самодвижущаяся машина, применяемая для с.-х., дорожно-строительных, землеройных, транспортных и других работ. Трактор может быть оснащен прицепными, навесными или стационарными машинами (орудиями). Он характеризуется низкой скоростью и большой силой тяги. Тракторы разделяют на колёсные и гусеничные. Оба типа имеют преимущества и недостатки.
Writing
Compare a wheel tractor and a track type tractor. Write about:
a) adhesion, b) ground pressure, c) tractive force, d) ground contact area, e) movement over rough or muddy ground f) movement on paved surfaces, g) speed, h) maneuverability and i) durability. Use comparative adjectives.
Begin with:
Both types have advantages and disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of a track-type tractor is that tracks are a more complex mechanism than a wheel.
Reading and writing
Speaking
Word list
| 1. | stationary ['steɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] | стационарный, несъёмный |
| 2. | wheel(ed) tractor | трактор на колесном ходу |
| 3. | track [træk] | гусеница |
| 4. | crawler ['krɔːlə] | гусеница |
| 5. | track / crawler / caterpillar tractor | трактор на гусеничном ходу |
| 6. | dig digger | копать землеройная машина; экскаватор |
| 7. | blade | отвал (бульдозера) |
| 8. | hoe [həu] | ковш экскаватора |
| 9. | mounted ['mauntɪd] | навесной |
| 10. | towed [təud] | прицепной |
| 11. | drawn [drɔːn] | прицепной |
| 12. | driving wheel ['draɪvıŋ wiːl] | ведущее колесо |
| 13. | front wheel [frʌnt] | переднее колесо |
| 14. | rear wheel [rɪə] | заднее колесо |
| 15. | adhesion [əd'hiːʒən] | сцепление (с грунтом) |
| 16. | tractive force | сила тяги |
| 17. | ground pressure ['preʃə] | давлением на грунт |
| 18. | ground contact area ['eərɪə] | площадь контакта с грунтом |
| 19. | track plate | основание звена гусеницы; основание трака |
| 20. | track chain | гусеничная цепь; траковая цепь; гусеничная лента |
| 21. | implement ['ɪmplɪmənt] | орудие, оборудование |
Checklist
Start up
Reading
Text A
EXCAVATING MACHINES
Excavating machines are used for digging and earth moving and include different types like shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells, etc. They are versatile in the mining, forestry, construction and pipeline industries.
A front shovel (also known as a face shovel) is very efficient in digging above ground. It consists of a revolving deck (a turntable) with a power plant, driving and controlling mechanisms, and a front attachment, such as a boom, supporting a handle also called a dipper or dipper stick with a bucket at the end. The bucket itself is equipped with a number of teeth that allow it to dig into the ground. The whole mechanism is mounted on a base platform with tracks or wheels.
A backhoe is designed for excavation below ground; it pulls the bucket toward the machine. The boom can be raised or lowered and navigated from left to right. All these motions of the boom are controlled from the cab. A pivot is provided between the dipper stick and the bucket to facilitate the movement of the bucket.
A dragline excavator has a long boom of lattice design and a complicated system of cables.
A clamshell is a bucket with two hinged jaws.
A bucket wheel excavator and a ladder-type trenching machine differ from excavators in that the soil is removed in one continuous movement.
A bucket wheel excavator has a large wheel consisting of a continuous pattern of buckets used to scoop material as the wheel turns. The excavated material is removed by conveyor belt. A bucket wheel excavator is used in large-scale open pit mining operations. It is the largest vehicle ever constructed.
A ladder-type trenching machine cuts with a digging chain that is driven around a rounded metal frame. This machine is used to dig trenches, especially for laying pipes or cables.
Vocabulary
Match A and B.
Rendering
Render the text in English.
Экскаватор предназначен для разработки (копания) горных пород (грунта), а также для погрузки их в транспортные средства или укладки в отвал. Экскаваторы выполняют около 35% объёмов земляных работ в строительстве и свыше 80% объёмов на открытых горных работах.
Различают две основные группы: одноковшовые (цикличного действия – cyclical) и многоковшовые экскаваторы (непрерывного действия). Рабочий цикл одноковшовых экскаваторов включает операции резания (копания) грунта (с одновременным заполнением ковша), перемещения заполненного ковша к месту разгрузки, выгрузки грунта из ковша и возвращения ковша.
Listening
Video 2
Video 3
Speaking
Word list
| 1. | boom | стрела |
| 2. | bucket ['bʌkɪt] | ковш |
| 3. | bucket wheel excavator | роторный экскаватор |
| 4. | cable ['keɪbl] | канат, трос |
| 5. | capacity [kə'pæsətɪ] | вместимость, объем (ковша экскаватора) |
| 6. | chain | цепь |
| 7. | clamshell | грейфер |
| 8. | digging | копание, выемка грунта |
| 9. | dipper stick | рукоять |
| 10. | handle | рукоять |
| 11. | height [haɪt] | высота |
| 12. | ladder-type trenching machine | многоковшовый цепной экскаватор |
| 13. | lattice ['lætɪs] | решетка |
| 14. | length | длина |
| 15. | mining ['maɪnɪŋ] | 1) разработка месторождения; 2) добыча, выемка |
| 16. | move [muːv] moving | перемещать перемещение |
| 17. | open pit mining | разработка открытым способом |
| 18. | pipe | труба |
| 19. | pivot ['pɪvət] | шарнир |
| 20. | removing | удаление |
| 21. | revolving deck / turntable ['tɜːnˌteɪbl] | поворотная платформа |
| 22. | scoop scooping | 1) вычерпывать, выкапывать; 2) ковш черпание |
| 23. | stick cylinder ['sɪlɪndə] | гидроцилиндр рукояти |
| 24. | teeth | зубья |
| 25. | trench | траншея |
| 26. | versatile ['vɜːsətaɪl] | универсальный |
| 27. | weight [weɪt] | вес |
Reading
Text B
BACKHOE LOADERS
A backhoe loader is an earth-moving machine that consists of a wheel tractor fitted with a bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back. A backhoe has a two-limbed arm with a digging bucket on its end. The limbs are called the boom and the dipper; the dipper holds the bucket. The two stabilizer legs are just behind the rear wheels. They are crucial to backhoe operation because they take the brunt of the weight when a backhoe is digging.
Backhoe-loaders can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging holes, levelling earth, loading trucks, breaking asphalt and paving roads. Due to its relatively small size and versatility, backhoe-loaders are very common in urban constructions projects.
Exercise 3. Match A and B.
ZL50H Wheel Loader Specifications
| 1) Model | a) 3050mm |
| 2) Engine model | b) 1240mm |
| 3) Engine rated power | c) 5000 kg |
| 4) Engine rated revolution | d) 34km/h |
| 5) Bucket capacity | e) 3m3 |
| 6) Load weight | f) 6680mm |
| 7) Maximum discharge height | g) 2200r/min |
| 8) Discharge distance at max. discharge height | h) 30° |
| 9) Maximum running speed | i) 160kw |
| 10) Turning radius | j) 16500kg |
| 11) Maximum climbing ability | k) 6CTA8.3-C215 |
| 12) Total weight | l) 8200 mm×3060 mm×3530 mm |
| 13) Overall dimensions | m) ZL50H |
Listening
Video 4
Watch the video. Then in small groups discuss the advantages of this backhoe loader: comfortable conditions for an operator in a cab, convenient operation, maneuverability, productivity, ground surface contact, the design, hydrauliс performance, durability, reliability, the engine efficiency, a wide range of attachments, safety of daily maintenance, an access to the systems, and a track telematics system.
WebProject
Work in groups of three. You need a piece of construction equipment (a backhoe loader, a motorgrader, etc.) for your company. Discuss different models. One of you has a role of a sales support manager who helps you choose a suitable model for your company.
These sites may help.
http://os1.ru/article/5566-innovatsii-v-konstruktsiyah-ekskavatorov-pogruzchikov-noveyshego-pokoleniya-osnashchennyh-dvigatelyami-ekologicheskogo-klassa-tier-4i-noveyshee-pokolenie/
http://spez-tech.com/tehnika/kommunalnyie-mashinyi/uborochnyie/greyderyi/dz/98-obzor.html
Reading
Text С
DRAGLINES
A dragline excavator is used in construction and mining. A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom with metal ropes. The bucket is controlled by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by large diesel or electric motors, supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The drag rope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally.
In a typical cycle of excavation, the bucket is positioned above the material to be excavated. The bucket is then lowered and the drag rope is then drawn so that the bucket is dragged along the surface of the material. The bucket is then lifted by using the hoist rope. A swing operation is then performed to move the bucket to the place where the material is to be dumped. The drag rope is then released causing the bucket to tilt and empty.
On soft and watery land, particularly in building power dams, the long reach of a dragline is more effective than bulldozers and backhoes.
Comprehension
Rendering
Render the text in English.
Драглайн используется для разработки (копания) грунта ниже уровня стоянки машины. Драглайн может копать только в направлении машины. Легкая решётчатая стрела драглайна обеспечивает бóльшую глубину копания, бóльшую высоту выгрузки ковша и бóльший радиус копания, чем стрелы прямой и обратной лопат. Поэтому драглайн используют для рытья больших котлованов и траншей, при разработке карьеров, для создания насыпей при строительстве каналов, автомобильных и железных дорог.
Ковш опускают на дно котлована или траншеи, а затем подтаскивают его к экскаватору тяговым канатом, при этом ковш наполняется грунтом. Затем загруженный ковш поднимают подъемным канатом и одновременно поворачивают к месту разгрузки. Тяговый канат ослабляют, при этом ослабляется и разгрузочный канат. В результате ковш опрокидывается и грунт высыпается. После этого ковш поворачивают к котловану и одновременно опускают. Драглайн непригоден для загрузки транспортных средств, поэтому грунт выгружают в отвал, а затем перегружают в транспортные средства экскаваторами типа механическая лопата или погрузчиками. Для разработки твердых грунтов драглайнами необходимо предварительное рыхление.
Speaking
Listening
Video 5
Word list
| 1. | by means of | с помощью |
| 2. | chain | цепь |
| 3. | drag | тянуть |
| 4. | drag rope | тяговый канат |
| 5. | draw (drew, drawn) [drɔː] ([druː] [drɔːn]) | тянуть |
| 6. | dump | выгружать, разгружать |
| 7. | empty | опустошать |
| 8. | hoist rope | подъемный канат |
| 9. | lift | поднимать |
| 10. | lower | опускать |
| 11. | perform | выполнять |
| 12. | spoil pile | отвал (грунта) |
| 13. | power dam | плотина ГЭС |
| 14. | release [rɪ'liːs] | ослаблять |
| 15. | rope | канат |
| 16. | swing (swung, swung) | поворачивать |
| 17. | tilt | опрокидывать |
Checklist
Start up
Reading
Text A
BULLDOZERS
A bulldozer, also called a dozer, is a powerful machine for pushing earth or rocks, used in road building, farming, construction, mining, forestry and wrecking; it consists of a heavy, broad steel blade mounted on the front of a tractor.
Sometimes a bulldozer uses a four-wheel-drive tractor, but usually a track or crawler type is employed. The tracks give bulldozers excellent ground holding capability and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer’s weight over a large area, thus preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground.
The bulldozer blade is curved, and it is also very wide and tall so that it can carry a lot of material. The blade may be raised and lowered by hydraulic cylinders. For digging, the blade is held below surface level; for transporting, it is held at the surface level; and for spreading, it is held above the surface level, as the tractor moves forward.
Bulldozers are used for shallow digging and ditching; short-range transportation of material; spreading soil dumped from trucks; rough grading; removing trees, stumps, and boulders; and cleaning and leveling around loading equipment. A bulldozer is often equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials. A bulldozer alone can do many types of excavation, and it is useful in combination with other machinery in most excavation work.
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Rendering
Render the text in English.
Бульдозер – самоходная землеройная машина, представляющая собой гусеничный или колёсный трактор с навесным рабочим органом – криволинейным в сечении отвалом. Бульдозер служит для послойного копания, планировки и перемещения (на расстояние 60–150 м) грунтов, полезных ископаемых, строительных и других материалов при строительстве и ремонте дорог, каналов и других сооружений.
Отвалы всех типов Б. оснащаются механизмами с гидравлическим, канатным или электромеханическим приводом для подъёма – опускания, поворотов, наклона (tilting) вперёд – назад. Бульдозеры снабжаются сменным оборудованием (например, рыхлительными зубьями), расширяющим область их применения и повышающим эффективность на отдельных работах.
Listening
Video 6
Speaking
Specifications
The Komatsu D575A is a 1,150 horsepower (860 kW) crawler bulldozer. Equipped with a standard blade, it is capable of moving 90 cubic yards (69 m3) of material per pass.
A 12-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled, 1,150 horsepower (860 kW) Komatsu SA12V170E diesel engine powers the 152.6 t (168 short tons) D575A.
The D575A features a standard blade that measures 11 feet 11 inches (3.63 m) high and 24 feet 3 inches (7.39 m) wide, enabling the D575A to move 90 cubic yards (69 m3) of material per pass. The D575A measures 16 feet 0 inches (4.88 m) tall and 38 feet 5 inches (11.71 m) long. The D575A weighs 131,350 kilograms (289,580 lb).
The D575A has a ground contact area of 101.55 square feet (9.434 m2) and exerts an average ground pressure of 23 pounds per square inch (160 kPa).
Komatsu D575A bulldozer
| A | B |
| Type | Komatsu D575A |
| Manufacturer | |
| Production | 1989-present |
| Propulsion | |
| Power | |
| Engine | |
| Contact area | |
| Ground pressure | |
| Length | |
| Width | |
| Height | |
| Weight | |
| Blade capacity |
Speaking
Word list
| 1. | at the rear [rɪə] | сзади |
| 2. | below [bɪ'ləu] | ниже |
| 3. | blade | отвал |
| 4. | boulder ['bəuldə] | большой камень |
| 5. | broad [brɔːd] | широкий |
| 6. | crawler ['krɔːlə] | гусеница |
| 7. | ditching | рытье канав |
| 8. | dump | выгружать, разгружать, сваливать |
| 9. | earth [ɜːθ] | земля, грунт |
| 10. | farming | сельское хозяйство |
| 11. | forward ['fɔːwəd] | вперед |
| 12. | four-wheel drive | полный привод |
| 13. | front [frʌnt], on the front | спереди |
| 14. | grading | планировка (грунта) |
| 15. | hydraulic cylinder [haɪ'drɔːlɪk ˈsɪlɪndə] | гидравлический цилиндр |
| 16. | level | уровень; выравнивать |
| 17. | lift | поднимать |
| 18. | mount [maunt] | устанавливать |
| 19. | push [puʃ] | толкать |
| 20. | raise [reɪz] | поднимать |
| 21. | rock | камень |
| 22. | rough terrain [rʌf tə'reɪn] | неровная местность |
| 23. | shallow | мелкий |
| 24. | short range | небольшое расстояние |
| 25. | soil | грунт |
| 26. | spreading [ʹspredıŋ] | распределение |
| 27. | stump | пень |
| 28. | surface ['sɜːfɪs] | поверхность |
| 29. | track | гусеница |
| 30. | transport гл. [træn'spɔːt] transporting | перемещать перемещение |
| 31. | truck | грузовой автомобиль |
| 32. | wrecking ['rekɪŋ] | снос (домов) |
Reading
Text B
Vocabulary
Speaking
Language Practice
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the correct form of participles (-ing or -ed).
1) A bucket wheel excavator has a large wheel ……… (consist) of a continuous pattern of buckets ……… (use) to scoop material as the wheel turns.
2) The ……… (excavate) material is removed by conveyor belt.
3) Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer’s weight over a large area, thus ……… (prevent) it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground.
4) Bulldozers can be used for spreading soil ……… (dump) from trucks.
Speaking
Describe the pie chart.
Russia’s import of telescopic loaders (2016, in %)
Listening
Video 7
Video 8
Checklist
Unit 4 CRANES
Start up
Reading
Text A
CRANES
A crane is a machine that lifts heavy objects and shifts them horizontally. Cranes are of varied types and sizes. A jib crane has a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable hoist. A jib crane can be fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted column. Tower cranes rise hundreds of feet into the air. A mobile crane consists of a truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform – be it on road, rail or water. These are crawler cranes, rubber-tire cranes, truck cranes, and railway cranes. Today’s cranes combine long reach and high lifting capacities to work on large bridge jobs, prefabricated building erection, etc.
Bridge cranes comprise another important class of cranes. An overhead crane, a type of bridge crane is a crane with a hoist travelling along a horizontal beam called a bridge that itself runs along two parallel rails on wheels; an overhead crane is often used in a factory building. A gantry crane, another type of bridge crane, has a bridge supported by vertical structures that move along tracks.
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
a) a truck-mounted crane, b) a railway crane, c) a crawler crane, d) a gantry crane, e) a tower crane, f) a rubber-tire crane, g) an overhead crane
Rendering
Render the text in English.
Грузоподъемный кран – машина циклического действия, предназначенная для подъёма и перемещения груза на небольшое расстояние. Несущая конструкция крана (supporting structure) – башня, ферма, мост или стрела; главные подъёмные механизмы – лебёдка (winch) или таль (pulley block). Сегодня на погрузочно-разгрузочных и монтажных работах широко используются самоходные стреловые краны. Они разделяются на следующие типы: пневмоколесные, гусеничные, автомобильные и железнодорожные.
Наиболее популярным подъемно-транспортным оборудованием для заводских цехов являются современные мостовые краны. Мостовой кран – это металлическое сооружение, которое состоит из двух основных частей: моста и тележки. Мост используется для перемещения груза вместе с тележкой вдоль цеха по подкрановым путям.
Listening
Video 9
Speaking
Word list
| 1. | hoist | подъёмный механизм |
| 2. | jib [ʤɪb] | стрела |
| 3. | jib crane | стреловой кран |
| 4. | mobile crane ['məubaɪl] | самоходный кран |
| 5. | truss | ферма |
| 6. | telescopic boom | телескопическая стрела |
| 7. | rubber-tire crane | пневмоколёсный кран |
| 8. | railway crane | железнодорожный кран |
| 9. | bridge crane | кран мостового типа |
| 10. | overhead crane ['əuvehed] | мостовой кран |
| 11. | beam | балка |
| 12. | rail | зд. балка |
| 13. | gantry crane ['gæntrɪ] | козловой кран |
| 14. | counterweight ['kauntəweɪt] | противовес |
| 15. | lifting capacity [kə'pæsətɪ] | грузоподъёмность (подъёмного оборудования) |
| 16. | reach [riːʧ] | вылет стрелы |
TOWER CRANES
Start up
Reading
Read the text and give the names of the tower crane elements.
Text B
TOWER CRANES
The jib extends horizontally at various lengths depending on the model and configuration of the crane. A trolley moves loads in and out from the cranes center. Rotation of the jib is achieved by employing the slewing action. A hook is attached to the hook block which provides free rotation and positioning of a load.
Counterweights are found on the counter jib platform. Located behind the operator cab, the counter jib provides a balancing force to the load on the horizontal jib. Counterweights are fabricated from concrete. The number of counterweights depends on the maximum load capacity, jib length and tower height.
A crane’s mast (or tower) is constructed of a series of tower crane sections. Sections are bolted together as the tower crane is erected. Access ladders are incorporated in the interior of the sections to enable workers to move up and down the crane.
Vocabulary
Complete the sentences.
1) ……… are installed when construction begins and dismantled when the building is completed.
2) The most prominent component of tower cranes is the ……… .
3) The tower mast is made of steel trussed ……… that are connected together during installation.
4) The ……… enables the crane to rotate.
5) The ……… contains the operating controls.
6) The ……… is used to connect the material to the crane.
7) Large concrete ……… are mounted toward the rear of the mast, to compensate for the weight of the material lifted.
8) Tower cranes are used in ……… to lift and move materials.
9) A primary function of the ……… is balancing the forces on the crane caused by the load.
10)А ……… is a vehicle running along and under the jib; the hoisting rope is suspended from it.
Rendering
Listening
Video 10
Word list
| 1. | bogie | тележка ходового устройства |
| 2. | counter jib | противовесная консоль |
| 3. | counterweight ['kauntəweɪt] | противовес |
| 4. | erect eraction | возводить возведение |
| 5. | hook | крюк |
| 6. | hook block | крюковая подвеска |
| 7. | mast | башня |
| 8. | slewing ring [sluːıŋ] | опорно-поворотный круг |
| 9. | tower ['tauə] | башня |
| 10. | tower crane ['tauə] | башенный кран |
| 11. | trolley | тележка |
| 12. | undercarriage | ходовое устройство |
Checklist
WebProject
Find information about Bauma (2016, 2019), the World’s Leading Trade Fair for Construction, Building Material and Mining Machines and Construction Vehicles and Equipment. Get ready to present information about this fair, participating companies, and some products that they demonstrate there.
Unit 1 RAILROAD TRACK
Start up
Text A
RAILS AND FITTINGS
The most common type of railroad track consists of two steel rails, fastened to wooden or concrete crossties placed in ballast bed, which in turn is supported by the formation. The formation comprises the subgrade and a layer of sand. The primary function of the track structure is to distribute the loads from train traffic over the subgrade.
Rail is the most expensive material in the track. It consists of a head, a web and a base (or foot). The functions of the rail are to transfer a train’s weight to ties, provide a smooth running surface and guide wheels of vehicles.
The spike is the most common way of fastening the rails to wooden ties. It is standard practice to seat the rail in a tie plate that distributes the load over a wider area of the tie.
A bolt, screw or clip fitting must be used to attach rails to concrete ties. A pad of rubber or other resilient material is always used between the rail and a concrete tie. The rail anchor keeps the rails from creeping as the train passes over.
Rails are joined to each other by joint bars also called fishplates. The joint is the weakest part of the track structure.
Today, all main lines use continuous welded rail as it is much easier to maintain than the jointed rail that required being bolted together. Сontinuous welded rails have a longer life than the short rails, they give to the railroad track a smoother riding quality, and since there is less danger of rail failures, they permit the operation of trains at higher speeds.
Insulated joints are used in tracks having track circuits. They prevent the electrical current from flowing between the ends of two adjoining rails.
Gauge is the width between the inside faces of running rails. About three-fifths of the rail trackage in the world is the so-called standard gauge of 4 feet 8.5 inches (1,452 millimetres). Russia’s gauge is 5-feet (1,520 millimetres).
On curves the outer rail may be at a higher level than the inner rail.
a) joint bar / fishplate, b) nut, c) rail, d) ballast, e) spike, f) joint, g) chair / tie plate, h) bolt,
i) tie / sleeper
Vocabulary
Did you know?
| British English | American English | ||
| 1. | railway | railroad | железная дорога |
| 2. | sleeper | crosstie / tie | шпала |
| 3. | fastenings | fittings | скрепления |
| 4. | fishplate | joint bar | cтыковая накладка |
| 5. | chair | tie plate | подкладка |
| 6. | foot | base | подошва (рельса) |
| 7. | point | switch | стрелка |
| 8. | crossing | frog | крестовина |
| 9. | point blades | switch rails | остряки |
Speaking
Rendering
Render the text in English.
ЗЕМЛЯНОЕ ПОЛОТНО
При сооружении насыпейи выемок для прокладки одного километра пути выкапывается и перемещается более 10 тысяч кубометров грунта.
На основную площадку земляного полотна (top of the subgrade) насыпают балласт, укладывают шпалы и рельсы. Водоотводные сооружения необходимы, чтобы земляное полотно было устойчивым и прочным.
В сооружении земляного полотна участвует много людей различных специальностей. Раньше земляное полотно возводили вручную. В наше время строители используют мощные экскаваторы. Они насыпают грунт в кузов самосвала, который отвозит его из будущей выемки в насыпь. Скрепер черпает землю огромным ковшом и сам отвозит ее к месту сооружения насыпи. Затем катки и автогрейдеры выравнивают и уплотняют грунт.
Listening
Video 11
Video 12
Speaking
Work in small groups. Think of questions you would like to ask a person who works as a principal track engineer like Brian Whitney from videos 9 and 10. Brian Whitney who works for Network Rail tells viewers about his job, types of degradation, a piece of equipment known as a Sperry Roller Search Unit or “a Walking Stick” and preventive maintenance of rails.
Video 13
Word list
| 1. | anchor ['æŋkə] | противоугон |
| 2. | ballast bed ['bæləst] | балластный слой |
| 3. | bolt | соединять, стягивать болтами |
| 4. | buckle ['bʌkl] | прогибаться |
| 5. | clip | клемма |
| 6. | concrete ['kɔŋkriːt] | зд. железобетонный |
| 7. | continuous welded rail | бесстыковой путь |
| 8. | creeping | угон (пути) |
| 9. | crosstie / tie (USA) [ʹkrɔstaı] / [taɪ] | шпала |
| 10. | current ['kʌrənt] | ток |
| 11. | curve [kɜːv] | кривая |
| 12. | fasten ['fɑːsn] | крепить |
| 13. | fishplate (ан.) | стыковая накладка |
| 14. | fittings | скрепления |
| 15. | gauge [geɪʤ] | колея, ширина колеи |
| 16. | guide [gaɪd] | направлять |
| 17. | join [ʤɔɪn] | соединять |
| 18. | joint | стык |
| 19. | layer | слой |
| 20. | main line [meın laɪn] | магистраль, главная линия |
| 21. | maintain [meɪn'teɪn] | содержать |
| 22. | pad [pæd] | подкладка |
| 23. | passing train | проходящий поезд |
| 24. | permanent way (UK) ['pɜːmənənt] | верхнее строение пути |
| 25. | prevent [prɪ'vent] | предотвращать |
| 26. | require [rɪ'kwaɪə] | требовать |
| 27. | sand | песок |
| 28. | screw [skruː] | шуруп |
| 29. | sleeper (UK) | шпала |
| 30. | smooth [smuːð] | плавный |
| 31. | spike [spaɪk] | костыль |
| 32. | subgrade [ʹsʌbgreıd] | земляное полотно |
| 33. | support [sə'pɔːt] | опора; поддерживать; служить опорой |
| 34. | track | путь |
| 35. | track circuit ['sɜːkɪt] | рельсовая цепь |
| 36. | traffic | движение |
| 37. | transfer | передавать |
| 38. | vehicles ['vɪəklz] | зд. подвижной состав |
| 39. | welded welding | сварной, бесстыковой сварка |
| 40. | wooden | деревянный |
Reading
Text B
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Functions of the track
| Rails | Fittings | Ties | Ballast | Turnout |
1) to provide level and hard bed for sleepers
2) to hold rails to correct gauge
3) to provide continuous and leveled surface of the track
4) to fix rails with sleepers
5) to provide longitudinal and lateral stability to the track
6) to provide drainage
7) to provide guidance to wheels
8) to enable the movement of trains from one track to another track
9) to transfer and distribute load from ties to wide area
10) to fasten rail to rail
11) to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track structure
12) to transfer load to ballast
13) to hold ties in position
14) to provide firm and even support for rails
15) to provide elasticity for track
Speaking
Listeni