Read and translate the text. Dies are tools used for the shaping solid materials, especially those employed in the pressworking of cold metals

«DIES»

Dies are tools used for the shaping solid materials, especially those employed in the pressworking of cold metals.

In presswork, dies are used in pairs. The smaller die, orpunch, fits inside the larger die, called thematrix or, simply, the die. The metal to be formed, usually a sheet, is placed over the matrix on the press. The punch is mounted on the press and moves down by hydraulic or mechanical force.

A number of different forms of dies areemployed for different operations. The simplest arepiercing dies(пробивной штамп), used forpunching holes. Bending and folding diesare designed to make single or compound bends. A combination die is designed to perform more than one of the above operations in one stroke of the press. A progressive die permits successive forming op­erations with the same die.

In coining, metal is forced to flow into twomatchingdies, each of which bears a engraved design.

Wiredrawing Dies

In the manufacture ofwire, a drawplate (волочильная доска) is usuallyemployed. This tool is a metal plate con­taining a number of holes, successively less in diameter and known as wire dies. A piece of metal is pulled through the largest die to make acoarse wire. This wire is then drawn through the smaller hole, and then the next, un­til the wire is reduced to the desired measurement. Wiredrawing dies are made from extremely hard mate­rials, such as tungsten carbide or diamonds.

Thread-Cutting Dies

For cuttingthreads on bolts or on the outside of pipes, a thread-cutting die (резьбонарезная плашка) is used. It is usually made ofhardened steel in the form of a round plate with a hole in the centre. The hole has a thread. To cut anoutside thread, the die islubricated with oil and simplyscrewed onto an unthreaded bolt or piece of pipe, the same way anut is screwed onto a bolt. The correspond­ing tool for cutting aninside thread, such as that inside anut, is called atap (метчик).

Vocabulary:

chip— стружка

sharp — острый

friction — трение

content — содержание

range — диапазон

inexpensive — недорогой

to permit — позволять, разрешать

common — обычный

tungsten — вольфрам

ingredient — ингредиент

diamond — алмаз

tips — наконечники

ceramic — керамический

truing — правка, наводка, заточка

die — матрица, штамп

matrix — матрица

to employ — применять

to pierce — протыкать, прокалывать

to punch — пробивать отверстие

matching — сочетающийся, парный

coarse — грубый

wire — проволока

to draw — тащить, волочить

thread — резьба

hardened — закаленный

to lubricate — смазывать

to screw — привинчивать

nut — гайка

outside — наружный, внешний

inside — внутри, внутренний

Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. Все резцы и фрезы должны иметь острую режу­щую кромку.

2. Во время резания режущий инструмент и деталь имеют высокую температуру и должны охлаждаться.

3. Углеродистые стали часто используются для из­готовления резцов потому, что они недорогие.

4. Быстрорежущие стали содержат вольфрам, хром и ванадий.

5. Алмазы используются для резания абразивных материалов и чистовой обработки поверхности твер­дых материалов.

6. Для различных операций используют различные штампы.

7. Волочильные доски для проволоки делаются из очень твердых материалов.

8. Резьбонарезные плашки и метчики используют­ся для нарезки резьбы снаружи и внутри.

Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

l.They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation is headed by the Prime Minister. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9.1 was told to wait for him. 10.Your letter will have been answered by Monday. 11. The experiment was being carried out from ten till twelve o’clock. 12.Children under sixteen will not be admitted here.

Вариант 3.

Read and translate the text

«WELDING»

Welding is a process when metal parts arejoined to­gether by the application of heat, pressure, or a combi­nation of both. The processes of welding can be divided into two main groups:

• pressure welding, when the weld isachieved by pressure and

• heat welding, when the weld is achieved by heat. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.

Nowadays welding is usedinstead of bolting andriv­eting in the construction of many types of structures, including bridges, buildings, and ships. It is also abasicprocess in themanufacture of machinery and in the mo­tor and aircraft industries. It is necessary almost in all productions where metals are used.

The welding processdepends greatly on the proper­ties of the metals, thepurpose of their application and theavailable equipment. Welding processes are clas­sified according to thesources of heat and pressure used.

The welding processes widely employed today include gas welding, arc welding, and resistancewelding. Other joining processes arelaser welding, andelectron-beam welding.

Gas Welding

Gas welding is a non-pressure process using heat from a gasflame. The flame is applied directly to the metal edges to be joined andsimultaneously to a filler metalin the form ofwire or rod, called the welding rod, which ismelted to thejoint.Gas welding has theadvantage of using equipment that is portable and does notrequire an electric power source. Thesurfaces to be welded and the welding rod arecoated withflux, afusible material that shields the material from air, which would result in a defective weld.

Arc Welding

Arc-welding is the most important welding process for joining steels. It requires a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical current. This current is used tocreate an electric arc, which generates enough heat to melt metal and create a weld.

Arc welding has several advantages over other weld­ing methods. Arc welding is faster because the concen­tration of heat is high. Also, fluxes are not necessary in certain methods of arc welding. The most widely used arc-welding processes areshielded metal arc, gas-tung­sten arc, gas-metal arc, andsubmerged arc.

Shielded Metal Arc

In shielded metal-arc welding, a metallic electrode, which conducts electricity, is coated with flux and con­nected to a source of electric current. The metal to be welded is connected to the other end of the same source of current. An electric arc is formed bytouching thetipof the electrode to the metal and then drawing it away. The intense heat of the arc melts both parts to be welded and the point of the metal electrode, which suppliesfillermetal for the weld. This process is used mainly for weld­ing steels.

Vocabulary:

to join — соединять

pressure welding — сварка давлением

heat welding — сварка нагреванием

instead — вместо, взамен

bolting — скрепление болтами

riveting — клепка

basic — основной

to manufacture — изготовлять

to depend — зависеть от

purpose — цель

available — имеющийся в наличии

equipment — оборудование

source — источник

gas welding — газосварка

arc welding — электродуговая сварка

resistance welding — контактная сварка

laser welding — лазерная сварка

electron-beam welding — электронно-лучевая сварка

flame — пламя

edge— край

simultaneously — одновременно

filler — наполнитель

wire — проволока

rod — прут, стержень

to melt — плавить(ся)

joint — соединение, стык

advantage — преимущество

to require — требовать нуждаться

surface— поверхность

coated — покрытый

flux — флюс

fusible — плавкий

to shield — заслонять, защищать

touching — касание

tip — кончик

General understanding:

1. How can a process of welding be defined?

2. What are the two main groups of processes of welding?

3. How can we join metal parts together?

4. What is welding used for nowadays?

5. Where is welding necessary?

6. What do the welding processes of today include?

7. What are the principles of gas welding?

8. What kinds of welding can be used for joining steels?

9. What does arc welding require? 10. What is the difference between the arc welding and shielded-metal welding?

Translate into English:

1. Он сказал мне, что текст будет переведен к 10 часам завтра. 2. Все картины, которые вы здесь видите, написаны одним и тем же художником. 3. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 4. Работа будет закончена в срок. 5. За доктором послали? Сделайте это как можно скорее. У ребенка высокая температура. 6. Эта книга была написана до того, как автор стал знаменитым. 7. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года. 8. Эта история давно забыта всеми. 9. Мне предложили очень интересную работу. 10. Он серьезный человек. На него всегда можно положиться. 11. За старой женщиной ухаживает ее младшая дочь. 12. На вечере нам показали прекрасный фильм. 13. Его ударили мячом. 14. С ним необходимо немедленно поговорить по этому вопросу. 15. Вам зададут несколько вопросов на экзамене. 16. Ей был дан список участников собрания. 17. Речь была заслушана с большим вниманием. 18. Вам объяснят, как добраться до железнодорожного вокзала. 19. Об этой пьесе сейчас много говорят. 20. Делегацию нужно встретить завтра в 9 часов утра в аэропорту.

Вариант 4.