Предтекстовые упражнения

1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

Ultraviolet, alternative, depletion, alteration, assimilation, chromatography, excess, desorption, matrix, survey, prior, adequately, interpretation, oxidation, reagents.

2. Выпишите интернационализмы:

а) полностью совпадающие графически,

б) частично совпадающие,

в) полностью несовпадающие.

Ultraviolet, structure, vertical, material, function, control, standard, reagents, reservoir, temperature, gas, metal, method, problems, reaction.

3.Переведите в однокоренные слова и найдите в них суффиксы и префиксы:act,action, activity, react, reaction, reactive; significance, significant, insignificant; to tire, tired, tiredness; inhibit, inhibition, inhabitant; quiet, quietly, quietness.

4.Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги: to provide with, to provide for, to fall for, to drop into, for some purpose, to react to something, to spread over/to something, to be for some significance.

5.Переведите следующие интернациональные слова. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова, которые называются «ложными друзьями переводчика»:

Visit, surprise,model, transport, distance, passage,tradition, family,sport, start, universal, production, list, momentum.

Самостоятельная работа

Пояснения к тексту

Due to - благодаря

Inorganic - неорганические соли

Depletion - истощение запасов

ископаемого

Ambient temperature - температура окружающего

воздуха

Detection methods - обнаруженные методы

Alkaline solvent - щелочной растворитель

The hydrocarbon analysis by ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy offers an alternative to the capture and analysis of soil gas. A similar outcome to the analysis of soil gas hydrocarbons is obtained by measuring the amount of light absorbed by soluble hydrocarbons found in altered soil organic matter (SOM).

This article discusses the nongas-phase hydrocarbon sampling method and gives an example of its use at Big Red oil field, Rice County, Kan.

Additional methods

Additional hydrocarbon detection methods have been developed that use just visible light. These measure the hydrocarbons extracted by an alkaline solvent and detect color changes related to the chemical reactions between analytical reagents and reactive hydrocarbon functional groups.

Advantages to these techniques are numerous. Variables that can affect soil gas methods are depth, moisture, temperature, and physical and chemical changes in the samples after acquisition. These variables are eliminated when using nongas-phase hydrocarbon techniques.

For instance, it is often suggested that samples be taken at depth to avoid hydrocarbons that have been degraded by oxidation. This requires special sampling equipment. Also, changes in the soil profile are not observed, and the sometimes extreme physical and chemical variations that can occur between sample locations may not be adequately addressed in the interpretation.

Taking the sample from the very near surface eliminates the need for auguring or special tools and allows for greater sample consistency.

Sechman and Dzieniewicz cite the problems associated with soil moisture when sampling soil gas in dry and wet sediments and discuss the necessity of leveling such data. Drying and sieving soil samples prior to analysis alleviates the need for data leveling due to changes in moisture content and yields more consistent survey to survey comparisons.

Temperature changes can enhance or degrade the hydrocarbon gas signature. Putting the samples under stress while auguring can increase the hydrocarbon concentration by frictional heat, yielding an artificially high background.

Many methods require elevated temperature to separate the gas phase from the soil matrix which can alter the character of the analyzed hydrocarbons. Methods using the soluble hydrocarbon fraction of the soil organic material can be run at ambient temperature and without the need for thermal desorption. The salting out of gas phase headspace hydrocarbons due to excess inorganic salts in the soil sample is also avoided using nongas-phase hydrocarbon techniques.

Sufficient long-term data on the use of the nongas-phase hydrocarbon methods is not available to determine whether reservoir depletion will affect the near surface alteration signature. Due to the degree of assimilation of the seeping hydrocarbons into the SOM, if there is a depletion signature, it will manifest at a slower rate than when measured using standard gas chromatography.

Activities

1.Подберите прилагательные к существительным, переведите на русский язык:

ultraviolet weight

molecular groups

numerous changes

functional light

chemical anomalies

soluble matter

organic hydrocarbons

2.Подберите из текста антонимы к следующим словам:

Light, depth, near, to allow, numerous, often, low, expensive, organic, useful, last, similar, soluble, sometimes, visible, inorganic.

3.Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What do capturing soil gas hydrocarbons require?

2. How is similar outcome to the analysis of soil gas hydrocarbons obtained?

3. What are the advantages of hydrocarbon techniques?

4.Выпишите из текста структуры «существительное + существительное» и переведите на русский язык.

5.Задайте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам:

1) This article discusses the Nongas – phase hydrocarbon sampling method.

2) Temperature changes can enhance or degrade the hydrocarbon gas signature.

3) The hydrocarbon analysis offers an alternative to the capture and analysis of soil gas.