Problems recommended for exams

IN THIS SECTION, each test question is supplied with a set of four variants of the answer, of which exactly one is correct and the others are not.

1. Why automatic natural language processing (NPL) is important for the humankind?

A. Because NPL takes decisions in place of humans.

B. Because NPL facilitates humans to prepare, to read, and to search through many texts.

C. Because NPL permits humans not to read any texts by themselves.

D. Because NPL facilitates humans to use computers.

2. Why theoretical aspects of linguistics are necessary for computational linguistics?

A. Because they help to prepare good user’s manuals for products of computational linguistics.

B. Because they help to evaluate the performance of computational linguistics products.

C. Because they help to gather statistics of various language elements.

D. Because they help to comprehend general structure of languages.

3. How does computational linguistics (CL) coordinate with artificial intelligence (AI)?

A. CL is a part of AI.

B. AI is a part of CL.

C. CL does not coordinate with AI at all.

D. CL and AI have many tools in common.

4. How does computational linguistics (CL) coordinate with computer science (CS)?

A. CL is a part of CS.

B. CS is a part of CL.

C. CS is a tool for CL.

D. CL is a tool for CS.

5. What does general linguistics study?

A. Laws of orthography.

B. Laws and structures of languages.

C. Rules of good word usage.

D. Rules of good style.

6. What does phonology study?

A. Sounds of music.

B. Sounds uttered by animals.

C. Sounds forming words for their distinguishing.

D. Sounds of alarm.

7. What does morphology study?

A. How to combine words to sentences.

B. How to combine sounds or letters to words.

C. How to form abbreviations.

D. How to form composed words like rascacielos.

8. What does syntax study?

A. How to combine parts of words to words.

B. How to compose a text of paragraphs.

C. How to compose a paragraph of sentences.

D. How to combine words to phrases and sentences.

9. What does semantics study?

A. How humans think.

B. How humans code the meaning in their brains.

C. How humans perceive the outer world.

D. How human express their wishes.

10. What does historical linguistics study?

A. Biographies of eminent linguists.

B. Theories of language origin in the prehistoric times.

C. Evolution of different languages in the course of time.

D. History of development of grammars.

11. What does contrastive linguistics study?

A. Controversies between different linguistic theories.

B. Differences between various languages.

C. Antonyms like pequeño–grande ‘small–big’.

D. Similarities of various non-cognate languages in their structures.

12. What part of linguistics studies peculiarities of Spanish in the Yucatan peninsula?

A. Historical linguistics.

B. Dialectology.

C. Sociolinguistics.

D. Comparative linguistics.

13. What does lexicography study?

A. Rules of orthography.

B. Rules of good word usage.

C. Pronunciation of words.

D. Description of all words in languages.

14. What does computational linguistics study?

A. How to count words and other linguistic elements in texts.

B. How to create programs for automatic text processing.

C. How to teach a foreign language with the aid of a computer.

D. How to prepare correct text with the aid of a computer.

15. How is computational linguistics (CL) related with applied linguistics (AL)?

A. CL is a part of AL.

B. AL is a part of CL.

C. AL is equal to CL.

D. AL and CL are independent branches of linguistics.

16. What are constituents in linguistic description?

A. Arbitrary parts of a sentence.

B. Contiguous groups of words in a sentence.

C. Words with the most important meaning in a sentence.

D. All words in a sentence except for auxiliary ones.

17. What does a constituency tree contain as its nodes?

A. Various words.

B. Various grammatical categories.

C. Various sentences.

D. Various word endings.

18. What mathematical means did Chomsky propose?

A. Hierarchy of generative grammars.

B. Algorithms of language analysis.

C. Normative grammars for several languages.

D. Modified version of English grammar.

19. What can transformation grammars describe?

A. How to shorten context-free sentences.

B. How to repeat context-free sentences.

C. How to transit from a context-free sentence to its negative or interrogative version.

D. How to generate context-free sentences.

20. What is valency in linguistics?

A. A label at a word.

B. A link from one word to another.

C. A prepositional phrase.

D. A part of a labeled tree.

21. What is the difference between syntactic and semantic valencies?

A. Syntactic valencies link some words into pairs, while semantic valencies link other pairs.

B. Syntactic and semantic valencies link the same pairs of words, but in opposite directions.

C. Syntactic valencies describe the links between the same words as semantic valencies, but on different levels.

D. Syntactic and semantic valencies are essentially the same.

22. What is the notion of head in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar?

A. The principal subconstituent.

B. The center subconstituent.

C. The leftmost subconstituent.

D. The constituent that covers all its subconstituents.

23. What is unification in computational linguistics?

A. Standardization of features of wordforms.

B. Reducing wordforms to their dictionary forms.

C. Revealing similarities of features of different wordforms and uniting feature sets.

D. Uniting structures of several sentences into a common structure.

24. What is dependency tree in computational linguistics?

A. The same as constituency tree.

B. A labeled hierarchy of immediate links between wordforms in a sentence.

C. Hierarchy of meanings represented by words in a sentence.

D. Hierarchy of features assigned to wordforms in a sentence.

25. What applications of computational linguistics are the most developed now?

A. Grammar checking.

B. Spell checking.

C. Style checking.

D. Language understanding.

26. What applications of computational linguistics are the least developed now?

A. Grammar checking.

B. Language understanding.

C. Style checking.

D. Information retrieval.

27. What linguistic knowledge is used for automatic hyphenation?

A. How to use various fonts for different words.

B. What letters are vowels and consonants.

C. How to use lowercase and uppercase letters in writing.

D. How to combine usual words and numbers in a text.

28. What linguistic knowledge is used for spell checking?

A. How to use lowercase and uppercase letters in writing.

B. What are the laws of morphologic variations for words in this language.

C. What are rules of hyphenation in this language.

D. What words can stay adjacent in a text.

29. What linguistic knowledge is sufficient for grammar checking?

A. What syntactical constructions are correct in this language.

B. What words are supposedly correct in this language.

C. What phrases are commonly used in this language.

D. What words can stay adjacent in a text.

30. What linguistic knowledge is used for style checking?

A. What punctuation marks are appropriate in such a context.

B. How to arrange parts of a text in a proper sequence.

C. What words are more appropriate in a context.

D. How to split a text to adequate parts.

31. What linguistic knowledge is used in information retrieval systems?

A. Inverse files of terms.

B. Dictionaries and thesauri, consisting of terms.

C. Quick search algorithms.

D. Keyword sets at each document.

32. What are the main characteristics of information retrieval systems?

A. Response time.

B. Recall and precision.

C. Necessary size of memory for delivery.

D. User-friendliness of the interface.

33. How can we better determine automatically the theme of the document?

A. By considering the “hottest” themes for the present moment.

B. By considering the origin of the document.

C. By considering the words, which the document uses.

D. By considering the addressee of the document.

34. What is automatic text generation?

A. Deriving a text from some formal specifications.

B. Selecting entries in a preliminary prepared list of phrases.

C. Generating phrases basing on statistics of various language elements.

D. Derivation process of some generative grammar.

35. What is extraction of factual data from a text?

A. Determining what is the time of creation and the size of the text file.

B. Determining what audience this text is oriented to.

C. Determining qualitative and quantitative features of events, persons or things, which are touched upon in the text.

D. Determining linguistic means used in the text.

36. What is language understanding by a computer?

A. Transforming text into a binary code.

B. Transforming text into a graph representation.

C. Transforming text into a form that conserves the meaning and is directly usable by purposeful automata.

D. Transforming text into a table representation.

37. What are the main difficulties in creation of systems for language understanding?

A. Modern computers are insufficiently quick to solve the problem.

B. The ways of coding of meaning in texts are very complicated and are not sufficiently investigated.

C. Modern computers have insufficiently big memory to solve the problem.

D. Syntactic analysis gives too many variants.

38. What is WordNet (EuroWordNet)?

A. A usual dictionary, but in electronic form.

B. A thesaurus with a developed network of semantic links.

C. An electronic dictionary of synonyms.

D. An electronic dictionary in which we can find the part—whole links between words.

39. What linguistic knowledge does optical character recognition require?

A. How to use lowercase and uppercase letters in writing.

B. What strings of letters are correct words in writing.

C. What are rules of hyphenation in this language.

D. What words can stay adjacent in a text.

40. What linguistic knowledge does speech recognition require?

A. What variations of intonation do exist in this language.

B. What variations of logical stress do exist in this language.

C. What sequences of sounds are correct words in speech.

D. What words can stay adjacent in a speech in this language.

41. What is natural language?

A. Principal means for expressing human thoughts.

B. Principle means for text generation.

C. Bi-directional transformer Meaning Û Text.

D. Principal means of human communication.

42. What is a model in general?

A. It is an important part of the modeled system.

B. It imitates the most important features of the modeled system.

C. It includes the modeled system as the most important part.

D. It is connected with the modeled system within a system of higher rank.

43. What is the reduced model of a language?

A. It reflects all linguistic levels, but to different degree.

B. It models linguistic levels most important for the applied system.

C. It models surface linguistic levels.

D. It models deep linguistic levels.

44. What aspect of language is the least explored by modern linguistics?

A. Morphology.

B. Syntax.

C. Phonology.

D. Semantics.

45. What is a lexeme?

A. A set of letters.

B. A string of letters.

C. A set of wordforms with the same meaning.

D. A common meaning of several wordforms.

46. What entity forms the entry in a common vocabulary?

A. A word.

B. A wordform.

C. A lexeme.

D. A morph.

47. How many word occurrences are in the sentence Yo te amo, pero tú no me contesta como yo ‘I love you but you do not return me my love’?

A. Twelve.

B. Ten.

C. Nine.

D. Seven.

48. How many wordforms are in the sentence Yo te amo, pero tú no me contesta como yo ‘I love you but you do not return me my love’?

A. Twelve.

B. Ten.

C. Nine.

D. Seven.

49. How many lexemes are there in the sentence Yo te amo, pero tú no me contestas como yo ‘I love you but you do not return me my love’?

A. Twelve.

B. Ten.

C. Nine.

D. Seven.

50. What pair of the following ones consists of synonyms?

A. escoger, optar ‘choose, opt’.

B. tener, obtener ‘have, obtain’.

C. fuerza, debilidad ‘power, weakness’.

D. árbol, manzana ‘tree, apple’.

51. What are synonyms?

A. The signifieds are different, but the signifiers are equal.

B. The signifiers are different, but the signifieds are equal.

C. The signifieds are different, and the signifiers are different.

D. The signifieds are equal, and the signifiers are equal.

52. What are homonyms?

A. The signifieds are different, but the signifiers are equal.

B. The signifiers are different, but the signifieds are equal.

C. The signifieds are different, and the signifiers are different.

D. The signifieds are equal, and the signifiers are equal.

53. By what method used in order to enrich natural languages the Spanish words escuela and teatro have acquired the meaning ‘corresponding building’?

A. By metaphor.

B. By metonymy.

C. By loaning from other language.

D. By assigning a new meaning to an old word at random.

54. How many components does a linguistic sign have?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. More than three.

LITERATURE

IN THIS SECTION we list recommended and additional literature for more profound study of the topic of this book, as well as bibliographic references. The reader is also encouraged to study other publications of the authors of this book, which can be found on www.Gelbukh.com.

RECOMMENDED LITERATURE

1. Allen, J. Natural Language Understanding. The Benjamin / Cummings Publ., Amsterdam, Bonn, Sidney, Singapore, Tokyo, Madrid, 1995.

2. Cortés García, U., J. Béjar Alonso, A. Moreno Ribas. Inteligencia Artificial. Edicions UPC, Barcelona, 1993.

3. Grishman, R. Computational linguistics. An introduction. Cambridge University Press, 1986.

4. Jurafsky, D., J. H. Martin. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Prentice-Hall, 2000; see www.cs.colorado.edu/~martin/slp.html.

5. Manning, C., H. Schütze, Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, MIT Press, 1999; www-nlp.stanford.edu/fsnlp.

6. Mel’čuk, I. A. Dependency Syntax: Theory and Practice. State University of New York Press, NY, 1988.

7. Pollard, C., and I. A. Sag. Head-driven Phrase Structure grammar. CSLI Publ., Stanford. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1994.

8. Sag, I. A., and T. Wasow. Syntactic theory: Formal Introduction. CSLI Publ., Stanford University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1999; see also http://hpsg.stanford.edu/hpsg.

9. Sell, P. Lectures on Contemporary Syntactic Theories. CSLI Publ., Stanford, 1985.

ADDITIONAL LITERATURE

10. Baeza-Yates, R., B. Ribeiro-Neto. Modern Information Retrieval. Addison Wesley Longman and ACM Press, 1999.

11. Beristáin, Helena. Gramática estructural de la lengua española. UNAM. Limusa Noriega Editores. México, 1996.

12. Chomsky, N. Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton, 1957.

13. Fillmore, C. J. The case for case. In: Bach, E., and B.T. Halms (eds.), Universals in linguistic theory. NY, Chicago, San Francisco, 1968

14. Fuentes, J. L. Gramática moderna de la lengua española. Biográfica Internacional, Colombia, 1988.

15. Gartz, Irene. Análisis de las estructuras del español. Editorial Trillas, México, 1991.

16. Leroy, M. Las grandes corrientes de la lingüística, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1982.

17. Mel’čuk, I. A. Dependency in Linguistic Description. Benjamin Publ. Company, 1999.

18. Saussure, Ferdinand de. Curso de lingüística general. Editorial Fontamara, México, 1996.

19. Steele, J. (ed). Meaning–Text Theory. Linguistics, Lexicography, and Implications. University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, 1990.